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benchmarking
- the systematic comparison of organizational processes and performance to create new standards or to improve processes
- not just a comparative tool, it also stimulates questioning and learning

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criteria for judging the importance of potential measures :
1. strategic importance to firm
2. actionabillity
3. validity
4. appropriateness
5. clarity
6. cost-effectiveness

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in the input-process-output model :
- input
= measures are the time and required, such as people or information technology
-process
= measures ate indicators of efficiency of the innovation process within an organization,such as the time required to bring a innovation to market
-output
= measures are directly related to the commercial impact of innovations, such as revenues generated by a new service or product

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the reason why companies end up with different technologies :
- the specialized needs of one lines of products drive improvements in other lines
- partial investments/installations
- different standards of technologies

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-improvement projects similar to new product or process projects and need to be implemented following approaches similar to those R&D management

- improvement performance require the management of a wide range of issues, including ideas, technologies, culture and organization change

- learning and change management become indispensable parts of the implementation process

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1. Reliability
- is centred on the frequency of breakdowns
2. Maintainability
- is focused on the time og breakdowns
3. Availability
- is the consequence of reliability and maintainability . it is measured by the proportion of time during which a product is effectively available for operational use

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2. identify prioroties and develop a business case to improve utilization   

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2. identify prioroties and develop a business case to improve utilization   

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1. Measure technology utilization / performance

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1. Measure technology utilization / performance

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- in the short term = technology may have a sustantial but far less visible impact on the business
- in the long term = the firm may have a better product , with broader international application,based on shared new core technologies, providing the foundation for a new generation of protitable, standardized products

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1. Measure technology utilization / performance
2. Identify prioroties and develop a business case to improve utilization
3. Implement changes

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Definition :
technology utilization might  be considered in the lines of re-engineering and total quality management (TQM), since the goal is either maintance or continuous improvement of the use of existing technologies

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the evaluation must be carries out in any combination of the following effectiveness dimensions :
1. benefits
2. system
3. availability
4. capability
5. supply

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communication must be formal and informal and should be :
- introducing new products from the development lab to the production floor
- providing the optimum level of documentation on existing products
- becoming multilingual,fluent in the language of customers,marketers,
engineers and designers
- facilitation orderly and cost-effective changes to products now in production

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Modes :

1. Over-the-wall mode

2. Receivers-as-concultants mode

3. Team mode

4. Apperenticeship mode

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- when the full production starts,feedback starts to flow either from internal production departments or from markets/ customers, which creates another round of evaluation and improvement activity

- there are difficulties in measuring the success of the technology transfer

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- physical installation and adjustments take place mainly before the transfer process starts
- tests are carried out at different levels and depending on the results,new sets or arrangements are undertaken
- transfer include tangible as well intangible knowledge

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- formal technology transfer relies on legal documentation , a contract including binding conditions on what will be transferred, between whom,when, how and for what price
- the pre-transfer should consider all inputs ans make a procurement plan accordingly

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1. Determing the transfer method , actors and timing 

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1. Determing the transfer method , actors and timing 

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- before a technology transfer decision is made, the maturity of evolving technologies needs to be assessed prior to incorporating the technology of interest into a system or sub-system

- once the decision is made to transfer a technology, there are number of possible methods can be used, informal and formal

- informal process = technical infomation exchange through published material,in the form of printed or electronic media,meetings,symposia, individual exchanges or reverse engineering

-formal process = based on legal arrangements between the participants in the transfer process

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factor affect the success of technology transfer

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factor affect the success of technology transfer

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high level of technical understanding where transfer is done

feasiblity findings of the technology are high

advanced development activities overlap with the new technology

growth potential of the application is high

the existence of an advocate of the transerred technology

the existance of advanced technology activities in a development laboratory to complement the transferred technology

external pressures form competitors and markets enforcing quick adoption

joint programmes between technology developer and technology buyer

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typical strategics:

1. low cost

2. niche

3. product differentiation

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early major type is matter of :
- attending industry confrences and trade shows
-frequent mentions in industry magazines
-being installed in other companies in the same industry
-alliances with other key suppliers to the industry

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technology marketing
= blue ocean strategy
- builds its positioning according to the adopter type

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innovators lead the change and are important for communicating the benefits of a new innovation
early adopters are willing to try out new ideas
early majority adopters are willing to accept change more quickly than the average
early majority adopters will only use new ideas has become mainstreams or is in common use

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Technology marketing
= getting the market ready involves bulding awareness of the new technology as well
as forming relationships with customers and suppliers

Technology products
= complex and expensive,educating customers beforehand may imporve the perception of the product

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1. The characteristics of an innovation that may influence its adoption

2. The desicion-making process that occurs when individuals consider adopting a new idea,product or practice

3. The characteristics if individuals that make them likely to adopt an innovation

4. The consequences for individuals and society of adopting an innovation

5. The communication channels used in the adoption process

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5 Main Elements that related to The Diffusion Process

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5 Main Elements that related to The Diffusion Process

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1. surveys

2. focus group

3. market search

4. interviews

5. customer service feedback

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1. requirements specification

2. contract or order

3. customer meetings

4. warranty and repair data

5. customer representatives

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Company may choose its exploitation method among =

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Company may choose its exploitation method among =

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1. Internal employment in own products/ processes/marketing

2. External contract out manufacture to others

3. Contrat in manufactute,marketing or product design for others

4. Joint venture

5. Licensing out

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1. Complementary assets

2. Dominant design

3. Apporiability regime

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1. Product

2. Price

3. Promotion

4. Place

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The major method of external technology transfer are :

OEM's

Turnkey plants

Licensing (in & out )

Acquisition

Collaborative R&D

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1. Determining the transfer method,actors & timing

2. Pre-transfer activities.

3. Transfer activities

4. Evolution and improvements.

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the process by which technology ,knowledge and information developed by a creator is applied and utilized by an applied (Khalid,2000).

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The way across the chasm is to target the company's resources to one or two specific niche markets where it can dominate rapidly and force out competitors.

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Based on tangible or intangible characteristic such as image that will distinguish the firm from its competitors

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to finding the right customers and learning their characteristic in order to decide on the marketing features to direct to the varying customer segments, for which  it is important to understand the adopter types.

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Preparing the market refers to readying customers and other companies for the change by educating the market on a product or service.

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Ford and Saren (1996) provide a framework for choosing an exploitation method based on seven criteria : 

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Ford and Saren (1996) provide a framework for choosing an exploitation method based on seven criteria : 

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1. Company's relative standing

2. Categories of technology

3. Urgency of exploitation

4. Need for support technologies

5. Commitment / investment

6. Technology life cycle position

7. Potential application

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Technology exploitation can take one of three possible routes :

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Technology exploitation can take one of three possible routes :

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In-house development

- the production & distribution of technology are carried out within the company.

Joint commercialization

- production & distribution are carried out in collaboration with other organizations through joint venture or other form of alliance.

Selling technology

- can take place at any stage of technology development, including idea, prototype & license sale.

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The process of introducing a new product or service into the market.

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The process of exploitation is concerned with generating profit or archieving others benefits from technology.