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Respiration

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Azotobacter chroococcum
(nitrogen fixing bacteria)
https://www.sciencephoto.com/media/931572/view/azotobacter-chroococcum-sem

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Pseudomonas aeruginosa (denitrifying bacteria)
https://www.cdc.gov/hai/organisms/pseudomonas.html

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Nitrosomonas europaea (nitrifying bacteria)
https://alchetron.com/Nitrosomonas

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Respiration

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Respiration

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Respiration

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Chemical Bond Energy
Death & feces

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Chemical Bond Energy
Death & feces

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Chemical Bond Energy
Death & feces

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Chemical Bond Energy
Death

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Chemical Bond Energy

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Chemical Bond Energy

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Chemical Bond Energy

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Sweet William
(Dianthus barbatus)

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German Yellow Jacket (Vespula Germanica )

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1. An example of predator and prey is the long-bodied Cellar Spider and the German Yellowjacket. The yellowjacket can get stuck in the spider's web, leaving him to get eaten.

2. An example of interspecific competition is the beaver and squirrel. They both eat the crabapples, and therefore  compete for the resource as they are both herbivores.

3. The effect of this source of food disappearing would be that they would fight over other sources, where one of the two species would succeed at obtaining more of the other food sources, causing this second one to decline greatly in numbers and perhaps even die off, while the better adapted species would increase in numbers. This is what is called the competitive exclusion principle. The effect on the entire ecosystem is that whatever producers the dominant creature eats will decline in numbers, affecting any other herbivore that also eats these plants. They will decline due to lack of food and this affects the secondary and tertiary consumers as there are less animals to eat, leading them to also decline in population. Also, the creature that is more adapted at getting to the other food sources can displace the other creature, causing them to look for a new habitat and niche. This would be a trophic cascade as all biotic creatures are affected and abiotic factors will also change due to the the possible influx of the new creature arriving and leaving the ecosystem.

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Blue Jay
(Cyanocitta cristata)

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(Vulpes vulpes)

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Activity 3 A. Question 4. Energy Flow Food Chart

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Activity 3 A. Question 4. Energy Flow Food Chart

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Highlighted food chain: Blue

1. Energy enters through the ecosystem's producers from the sun in the form of solar radiation.

2. The energy is transferred through consumption between trophic levels as chemical bond energy (around 10% will be transmitted to the higher level).

3. Energy leaves the ecosystem in the form of heat through respiration and in the form of chemical-bond energy through organisms' death & feces at all trophic levels.

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Activity 2. Organism Identification Table

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Activity 2. Organism Identification Table

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Northern White cedar (Thuja occidentalis)

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Mute Swan
(Cygnus olor)

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Sweet William
(Dianthus barbatus)

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Winged Euonymus (Euonymus alatus)

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Painted Turtle
(Chrysemys picta)

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Ostrich fern
(Matteuccia struthiopteris)

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Long-bodied Cellar Spider (Pholcus phalangioides)

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Eastern Hemlock
(Tsuga canadensis)

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German Yellow Jacket (Vespula Germanica )

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Common snowberry (Symphoricarpos albus)

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Blue Jay
(Cyanocitta cristata)

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Tall Ryegrass
(Lolium arundinaceum)

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American Beaver
(Castor canadensis)

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Red fox
(Vulpes vulpes)

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Siberian crabapple
(Malus baccata)

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Common Dandelion (Taraxacum officinale)

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Eastern Gray Squirrel (Sciurus carolinensis)

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Meadow Mushroom
(Agaricus campestris)

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White Clover
(Trifolium repens)

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Earthworm
(Lumbricus terrestris)