# data[].attributes.headline
Who is Norman Mineta? And the larger contributions of the Asian American Community in San Jose.

# data[].attributes.subject
Who is Norman Mineta? And the larger contributions of the Asian American Community in San Jose.

# data[].attributes.body
I live in the East Bay and teach in San Jose. A majority of my students and many people do not know who he is, or if they do they only know that there is an airport named after him. I am looking for sources about the larger contributions of the Asian American Community in San Jose.

Also to add on to the topic, using Mexican Repatriation as the precursor to Japanese internment, which then connects to the Global War on Terror launch in 2001, which is still ongoing. Specifically finding sources of Mexican Repatriation in San Jose.

# data[].attributes.headline
School buildings / infrastructure / bonds / LEA splits in the area served by El Monte UHSD

# data[].attributes.subject
School buildings / infrastructure / bonds / LEA splits in the area served by El Monte UHSD

# data[].attributes.body
EMUHSD has had multiple bonds and is renovating almost of all of the campuses; at the same time, MVSD, the K-8 district that feeds my HS, is closing 4 schools. How did we get to this point, and why doesn't El Monte have a unified school district when the existing system seems to reinforce inequalities?

# data[].attributes.body
The Fifth-Graders Who Put Mexican Repatriation Back Into History Books

https://www.yesmagazine.org/democracy/2016/08/04/the-fifth-graders-who-put-mexican-repatriation-back-into-history-books/
I just learned of this story and shared with my US and WH classes. What interested me was the fact that it was 5th graders that wanted more information about this topic.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=J1SaYaU6du8&feature=youtu.be

# data[].attributes.headline
Filipino Community in Stockton and the San Joaquin County region.

# data[].attributes.subject
Filipino Community in Stockton and the San Joaquin County region.

# data[].attributes.body
Perhaps using Dawn Mabalon's book "Little Manila" to create lessons from.

# data[].attributes.body
As our leaders cheer with excitement about the Billion Dollar Initiatives/ Development, working people in El Monte continue to experience hikes the the cost of living. Enrollments are plummeting and schools are closing, yet our leaders toast in the name of progress. We also have the biggest bus terminal (metro) east of the Mississippi making a hub city. We now have Starbucks on every corner. We are losing quality teaching jobs and gaining low-wage/retail jobs, some progress! And Covid has only exacerbated this issue. We see the pain of this displacement in our students.

# data[].attributes.body
As a native of San Diego, for multiple generations, I want to study the shift of culture and communities throughout San Diego county. The area my mother grew up in has significantly changed in the last 50-70 years. That interests me

# data[].attributes.headline
Urban design, gentrification, segregation in Los Angeles or ethnic enclaves in Los Angeles - OC 

# data[].attributes.subject
Urban design, gentrification, segregation in Los Angeles or ethnic enclaves in Los Angeles - OC 

# data[].attributes.headline
Filipinos in San Diego/Southern California

# data[].attributes.subject
Filipinos in San Diego/Southern California

# data[].attributes.body
My school as a large population of filipino students. I would like to dive more into the immigration of filipinos to San Diego or Southern California in general. That is a very broad topic, but I don't know enough on the topic right now to narrow it down.

# data[].attributes.body
I live in the San Joaquin Valley and teach the only Ethnic Studies class in my district (1 of 4 high school) . Our 2nd unit was on Native Americans and I would like to have more information for my students next semester.

# data[].attributes.body
With the passage of the Immigration Act of 1990, preference was given to immigrants with high technology-based skills, advanced degrees, and exceptional professional talents. Contributing to the "brain drain” in India, colleges throughout the United States hosted a significant number of Indian students, making India one of the top five sending countries. By 2000, Asian Indians constituted the fourth-largest immigrant community in the United States.

# data[].attributes.body
It something that I know many of our social science teachers at my site discuss, however, it is difficult finding local information about how it affected our own community. Our county and public library have some resources, but it is still fairly limited, considering how large of an issue it was.

# data[].attributes.body
I just attended a student developed webinar where there was a linguistics professor guest speaker who is doing work documenting and revitalizing the  Kumeyaay language. As this is specific to my region (San Diego) I thought it would be an interesting topic. You don't really heat too much about because as I learned the language has virtually disappeared from SD and is found more in Mexico. Currently, I think it is discussed as apart of elem. school curriculum, but I haven't ever seen it included in required high school social science curriculum.

# data[].attributes.headline
Legacy of Redlining, Housing Discrimination, and gentrification in the Bay Area

# data[].attributes.subject
Legacy of Redlining, Housing Discrimination, and gentrification in the Bay Area

# data[].attributes.body
With a focus on the City of San Leandro: https://www.eastbaytimes.com/2007/06/02/san-leandro-report-details-racist-past/

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Gentrification: a process of neighborhood change that includes economic change in a historically disinvested neighborhood -by means of real estate investment and new higher-income residents moving in - as well as demographic change - not only in terms of income level, but also in terms of changes in the education level or racial make-up of residents.

1. Historic conditions, especially policies and practices that made communities susceptible to gentrification

2. Disinvestment and investment patterns of the central city taking place today as a result of these conditions.

3. Impact on communities

Historic conditions:

Redlining: From the 1930s through the late 60s, standards set by the federal government and carried out by banks explicitly labeled neighborhoods home to predominantly people of color as "risky" and "unfit for investment." This practice meant that people of color were denied access to loans that would enable them to buy or repair homes in their neighborhood.

White flight: Other housing and transportation policies of the mid-20th century fueled the growth of mostly white suburbs, and the exodus of capital from urban centers, in a phenomenon often referred to as "white flight." The mortgage component of the GI Bill is an example of a program that fueled white flight. The program guaranteed low-cost mortgage loans for returning WWII soldiers. However, discrimination limited the extent to which black veterans were able to purchase homes in the growing suburbs. In fact, the FHA largely required that suburban developers agree to not sell houses to Black people in order for the developers to access these guaranteed loans.

Urban renewal: Left behind in central city neighborhoods, low-income households and communities of color bore the brunt of highway system expansion and urban renewal programs, which resulted in the mass clearance of homes, businesses, and neighborhood institutions, and set the stage for widespread public and private disinvestment in the decades that followed.

Foreclosure crisis: In more recent history, the foreclosure crisis contributed to making places vulnerable to gentrification. In low-income communities of color, disproportionate levels of subprime lending resulted in mass foreclosures, leaving those neighborhoods vulnerable to investors seeking to purchase and flip homes. Of foreclosures completed in 2007-2009, there were: 790 foreclosures for African-Americans, 769 foreclosures for Latinos, and 452 for Non-Hispanic Whites per 10,000 loans.

Central city disinvestment and investment patterns: Today, both people and capital are flooding back into these historically disinvested neighborhoods. Why?
Relative affordability

In many US cities, the rental market has gotten increasingly expensive, and even moderate income earners are on the hunt for lower housing costs.

For example, in San Francisco, the median rent of a typical 2BR apartment went up nearly 70% between 2011 and 2017.

On the ground, gentrification may look like:

Real estate speculation, with investors flipping properties for large profits, as well as high-end development, and landlords looking for higher-paying tenants.

Increased investment in neighborhood amenities, like transit and parks.

Changes in land use, for example from industrial land to restaurants and storefronts.

Changes in the character of the neighborhood as community run businesses are replaced by businesses catering to new residents' needs.

Impact of gentrification on communities:

Cities tend to have older, historic housing stock that appeals to new residents.

Cities offer proximity to commercial and job centers where jobs, restaurants and art spaces are increasingly located.

Revitalization - cities are investing in some of these neighborhoods with improved transit access and infrastructure in part to draw in newcomers.

What's next?
Gentrification is complex - to understand it, there are three key things to consider:

While increased investment in an area can be positive, gentrification is often associated with displacement which means that in some of these communities, long-term residents are not able to stay to benefit from new investments in housing, healthy food access, or transit infrastructure. You can learn more about the forms displacement takes and its long-term impacts on families from our displacement explainer video and accompanying resources page : urbandisplacement.org/pushedout Another impact of displacement to consider is cultural displacement. Even for long-time residents who are able to stay in newly gentrifying areas, changes in the make-up and character of a neighborhood can lead to a reduced sense of belonging, or feeling out of place in one's own home.
Additional resources: Read/Explore Listen/Watch

There Goes the Neighborhood: Season One - a KCRW, The Nation, and WNYC Studios podcast about the gentrification of Brooklyn.

There Goes the Neighborhood: Season Two - a KCRW, The Nation, and WNYC Studios podcast about the gentrification of Los Angeles.

The View From Here: Place And Privilege - Capital Public Radio's latest multimedia documentary project explores the history, politics and economics of housing affordability in Sacramento.

City Rising - A KCET and Link TV one-hour broadcast special and multi-media project that analyzes six California communities undergoing gentrification: Boyle Heights and South Central in Los Angeles, Long Beach, Santa Ana, Oakland and the Oak Park neighborhood of Sacramento.

On the whole, we cannot ignore that the adverse impacts of gentrification, ranging from individual health effects to the suburbanization of poverty, are only the most recent wave in a pattern of urban restructuring that has been imposed upon and negatively affected low income and communities of color over generations.

Public, private, and non-profit sector leaders have the opportunity to implement strategies that give long-time residents a chance to benefit from increased investment in their communities, and even be a part of driving how some of the changes in their neighborhoods take place.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
What Are Gentrification and Displacement - Urban Displacement

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Table of Contents These videos were created in collaboration with the San Francisco Federal Reserve Bank and the Great Communities Collaborative, an initiative of the San Francisco Foundation. Take a look at the gentrification and displacement page on the San Francisco Federal Reserve Bank's site.

# data[].attributes.headline
Who is Norman Mineta? And the larger contributions of the Asian American Community in San Jose.

# data[].attributes.subject
Who is Norman Mineta? And the larger contributions of the Asian American Community in San Jose.

# data[].attributes.body
I live in the East Bay and teach in San Jose. A majority of my students and many people do not know who he is, or if they do they only know that there is an airport named after him. I am looking for sources about the larger contributions of the Asian American Community in San Jose.

Also to add on to the topic, using Mexican Repatriation as the precursor to Japanese internment, which then connects to the Global War on Terror launch in 2001, which is still ongoing. Specifically finding sources of Mexican Repatriation in San Jose.

# data[].attributes.headline
The 1966 formation of The Black Panther Party in Oakland, CA, and their fight for social justice.

# data[].attributes.subject
The 1966 formation of The Black Panther Party in Oakland, CA, and their fight for social justice.

# data[].attributes.body
This part of local history is discussed in classrooms and is visible via historical artifacts such as plaques, monuments, and buildings named after the Black Panthers.  Many of the figures who participated in the BPP are still alive, and their work remains visible in the community.

The BPP is remembered differently throughout Oakland.  In West Oakland and many parts of East Oakland the Black Panthers are revered.  In the more affluent Oakland hills - a place where the group seldom operated - the legacy of the BPP is felt much differently.

# data[].attributes.headline
Transit, Public Transit and Segregation in LA

# data[].attributes.subject
Transit, Public Transit and Segregation in LA

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Sylvia Mendez has lived in California for eight decades and has seen many changes in her time there. She remembers how one time in the early 1940s her parents walked into a restaurant and were ignored by the waiter.

"My father who spoke very good English said, 'Miss, why aren't we being served?' and the waitress said it was because they didn't serve Mexicans there, so we had to get up and leave," Mendez said. Even though the restaurant didn't have a sign that said outside that specified the policy at the time of "no dogs or Mexicans allowed in this restaurant."

The history of segregation against Mexicans is not widely known, yet for decades Mexicans and Mexican-Americans were not allowed to go to movie theaters unless they sat in the balcony and they were not allowed to enter swimming pools over the weekend while white people swam. They had to wait until Mondays "when the water was dirty and after we got in the pool they would take out the water and put new water in for the white children," Mendez said.

Public schools were also segregated. There were "whites only" schools and Mexican schools.

In 1945 when the Mendez kids were rejected from enrolling in their community school, Gonzalo Mendez, Sylvia's father, took the issue to court.

Mendez v. Westminster became the first case in U.S. history to rule on desegregation, forcing schools in Orange County to integrate in 1947. The landmark U.S. Supreme Court decision that later ended legal segregation in all public schools nationwide used some of the arguments used in the Mendez case.

At 79 years old, Sylvia Mendez visits classrooms to talk to students about her experience and about the Mendez case because most students know don't about it.

She was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 2010.

Featured image: Years ago, 'Juan Crow' laws, patterned after American Jim Crow laws, enforced the racial discrimination practiced against Mexican Americans. Signs reading 'No Mexicans Allowed' dotted numerous restaurants and other public accommodations. (From the Russell Lee Photography Collection, courtesy of The Dolph Briscoe Center for American History, The University of Texas at Austin. This photo was part of the Life and Death on the Border 1910-1920 exhibition, organized by the Bullock Texas State History Museum.)

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
'No Mexicans Allowed:' School Segregation in the Southwest - Latino USA

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Sylvia Mendez has lived in California for eight decades and has seen many changes in her time there. She remembers how one time in the early 1940s her parents walked into a restaurant and were ignored by the waiter. "My father who spoke very good English said, 'Miss, why aren't we being served?'

# data[].attributes.body
Harvey Milk has recently resurfaced as an LGBTQ+ historical figure. I'd like to explore more about the political, economic, and social contribution of the San Francisco community that has been identified as a safe haven for the gay community.

# data[].attributes.headline
Why Northern California and Southern California seem so very different culturally and politically. 

# data[].attributes.subject
Why Northern California and Southern California seem so very different culturally and politically. 

# data[].attributes.headline
Chinese Railroad workers and their roots in Sacramento region.

# data[].attributes.subject
Chinese Railroad workers and their roots in Sacramento region.

# data[].attributes.body
how certain cities - for example, Compton and Inglewood, became victimized through hip-hop - origin of gang culture in LA - Black/Brown rivalry

# data[].attributes.body
UFW and Cesar Chavez is celebrated and included but most stories and lesson exclude the large contribution from our Latinas. Chicanas played a strong role in organizing. Dolores Huerta is a queen!

# data[].attributes.body
The internment removed many Japanese community members from our small town and it's never even mentioned in our community.

# data[].attributes.body
Bruce's Beach in the South Bay