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Main way of prevention in Africa and Southeast Asia. Washed and re-treated with insecticide each 6-12 months.

West Kenya: reduced child mortality rates by 25%.

Long-lasting insecticide-treated nets (LLINs): fibres of the net has insecticide, or it’s formed around the fibres. This lasts three years or more, and frequent washing could be bad for it.

But in 2011: LINNs used for over 2.5 years in Senegal showed that around 37% mosquitoes were resistant to the insecticide, raising suspicions about this method, although its effectiveness is to be determined by further research.

Less acquired immunity cuz less bites

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“Altruistic” vaccine: stop spread but not the infection or symptoms through preventing parasites from reproducing in the gut of mosquitos.

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“Altruistic” vaccine: stop spread but not the infection or symptoms through preventing parasites from reproducing in the gut of mosquitos.

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 Antidisease vaccine: blocks the immune response to malaria, causing most of the symptoms.

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 Antidisease vaccine: blocks the immune response to malaria, causing most of the symptoms.

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2013: PfSPZ, made of attenuated P. faciparum sporozoites, demonstrated early clinical succes, providing high protection.

2015: the first vaccine RTS,S developed by GlaxoSmithKline gained approval in europe. This vaccine is for children from 6 weeks to 17 months, and based on data from 16,000 children in Africa, it successfully prevented infection in 46% of children from 5 - 17 months and 27% of infants 6 - 12 weeks. This vaccine was a recombinant vaccine, meaning that it presented P. faciparum proteins for antibody production.

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P. faciparum, an unicellular protozoan parasite of humans, is why malaria could cause deaths, unless treated properly. This protozoan infects a larger percentage of the red blood cells, specifically around 10 times of other parasites. P. falciparum also adheres to capillaries, causing obstruction of blood flow, and this could also affect the brain (cerebral malaria kills the most often).
Some strands of P. falciparum are also drug resistant.

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After mating, embryos called ookinetes are formed, and they imbed in the mosquito's gut.
After 9-14 days of maturing, oocysts are developed.
Oocysts break open, and release thousands of sporozoites (image) into the salivary glands, ready to infect the next person.

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While most merozoites reproduce asexually, a few produce sexually, a stage called gametocyte.
In this stage, they mate only when they enter a mosquito's gut after the the mosquito bites an infected person.

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These merozoites break out of the liver back into the bloodstream and invades red blood cells, destroying them as merozoites grow and divide.

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In the liver, over the course of 1-2 weeks, the schizonts multiply into thousands of other forms, called merozoites.

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The blood carries the immature parasite to the liver, where it infects liver cells and matures into forms called schizonts.

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caused by 5 related protozoan (single-celled) parasites

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mosquito
- sexual phase of life cycle: sperm + egg

infected when drinks blood of someone infected
drop of blood tiny: lots of parasites
parasite form cannot survive in mosquito, but a few turned into a different type of cell in human blood, dormant ones
triggered when blood cools in mosquito. female form matures into egg. male form takes longer to mature into sperm.
fertilization, next generation of plasmodium
fertilized cell glide and explore environment, migrates into outer stomach, transforms into cyst, each explodes into many __-, moves to salivary glands and infects people

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a tropical disease prominent in Africa and parts of Asia.

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-Loss of red blood cells, reducing infected persons' ability to carry oxygen. This causes fatigue. Incubation period could be 7-30 days.
-Stage 1: chills, fever, headache, muscle ache, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, & abdominal cramps. Lasts 4-10 hours, attacks occurring in cycles. Usually the attacks coincide with merozoites being released into the blood, which is 48-72 hour intervals.
-Other symptoms: patients will generally have anemia due to the destruction of red blood cells, enlargement of the spleen (organ that deals with getting rid of degenerate red blood cells), and bodily weakness.

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Once inside the red blood cell, the malaria parasite residing within a vacuole increases in size and over the duration of its 24-72 hour life cycle, digesting 70% of hemoglobin obtained from the red cell cytoplasm generating amino acids needed for protein synthesis. (NCBI)

Essentially, rupture happens within 24-72 hours of invasion of cells.

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The beginning: Plasmodium protist infects vector

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The beginning: Plasmodium protist infects vector

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-plasmodium: the parasitic protist that causes malaria. It's eukaryotic and heterotrophic (must consume other things for food). Being parasitic: not beneficial.
- helps the vector (mosquitos) improve sense of smell, so that it could find people more easily

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female mosquitos - vector: transmits the disease
Through the bite, immature forms of the parasite (sporozoites) are injected into the bloodstream.

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Draining and filling marshes, swamps, stagnant pools, and standing freshwater in general so that the mosquitoes cannot preed.

Insecticides and traps could also kill mosquitoes