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The distribution of coefficient for Z between n-organic solvent and water is 8.6. Calculate the concentration of Y remaining in the aqueous phase after 50.0 mL of 0.2 M Y is treated by extraction with the following quantities of n-organic solvent: one 60.0 mL & two 30.0 mL

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Some people eliminate caffeine from their diet due to negative health effects, pregnancy, headaches or other health reasons. Others may basically direct their admission and stick to only a couple caffeinated drinks each day. However, you may still want to enjoy a fizzy beverage from time to time. Do you know some fizzy beverages or carbonated drinks contain caffeine? So how to know the amount of caffeine contained in the drinks?

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Liquid-liquid extraction is a process that takes advantage of the relative solubility of solutes. Liquid extraction is based on the transfer of a solute substance from one liquid phase into another liquid phase according to the solubility. Extraction will become a very useful tool if you choose a suitable extraction solvent. We can use extraction to separate  a substance selectively from a mixture or to remove unwanted impurities from a solution. In the practical use, usually one phase is a water or water-based (aqueous) solution and the other an organic solvent which is immiscible with water. The success of this method depends on the difference in solubility of a compound in various solvent. For a given compound, solubility differences between solvents is quantified as the distribution coefficient. Liquid extraction is more effective when the extraction is repeated with small solvent.

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NURIN AISYAH BINTI MOHD YUSRI (D20201095400)
SARAH NURAQILLAH BINTI SABRI (D20201093709)

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A solute has a distribution coefficient of 9.0 between water and hexane. 20 grams of the solute dissolved in 60.0 mL of water. Calculate the concentration of the solute moved to hexane, following extraction with one and two extraction with 10.0 mL of hexane.

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Organic solvent: Dichloromethane (DCM)

Apparatus & material: separatory funnel, funnel tap, erlenmeyer flask, beverages sample, ring and retort stand, sodium sulfate

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Hassan, A., Ashfaq, M. ., Khan, A. ., & Khan, M. S. . (2020). Isolation of Caffeine from Carbonated Beverages. Journal of Tropical Pharmacy and Chemistry, 5(1), 33–38. https://doi.org/10.25026/jtpc.v5i1.234

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Experiment 10. (2017, June 25). 403 Forbidden. https://groups.chem.ubc.ca/vlabs/exp10/

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1. Prepare the sample of beverages and transfer it into a separatory funnel which is supported by a ring attached to the retort stand.

2. Add DCM into the separatory funnel. You will see two layers of solvent which is water as the upper layer and DCM as the bottom layer. (DCM denser)

3. Then, close the separatory funnel with a stopper and shake it to allow mixing of solution and increase the contact area between the two phases. In this step the caffeine will move to the phase in which it is more soluble (DCM).

4. Drain only the bottom layer into an Erlenmeyer flask and add sodium sulfate into the DCM solution and left it overnight to form white crystal.

5. The crystal will be collected and weighed. Then we can calculate the percentage of caffeine in the carbonated drink.

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By doing separation by liquid extraction, we can extract the caffeine from the carbonated drinks and know the amount of caffeine contained in the soft drinks.

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Liquid-liquid extraction is also known as solvent extraction involves the separation of the constituents (solutes) of a liquid solution by contact with another insoluble liquid. Solutes are separated based on their different solubilities in different liquids. Separation is achieved when the substances constituting the original solution is transferred from the original solution to the other liquid solution. Figure shown the process.

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Liquid-liquid extraction is also known as solvent extraction involves the separation of the constituents (solutes) of a liquid solution by contact with another insoluble liquid. Solutes are separated based on their different solubilities in different liquids. Separation is achieved when the substances constituting the original solution is transferred from the original solution to the other liquid solution. Figure shown the process.

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The Figure showed a feed liquid (the "first" liquid) containing the desirable compound that is to be separated together with other compounds. Then an immiscible extraction liquid (the "second" liquid) is added and mixed with the feed liquid through agitation. The species re-distribute themselves between the 2 liquid phases. Agitation of the 2 phases is continued until equilibrium, and then agitation is stopped and the liquids are allowed to settle until both phases are clear. The 2 phases can then be separated.

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There are 2 requirements for liquid-liquid extraction to be feasible:

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There are 2 requirements for liquid-liquid extraction to be feasible:

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1. Component(s) to be removed from the feed must preferentially distribute in the solvent.
2. The feed and solvent phases must be substantially immiscible.

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The simplest liquid-liquid extraction involves only a ternary system. The solution which is to be extracted is called the feed, and the liquid with which the feed is contacted is the solvent. The feed can be considered as comprising the solute A and the "carrier" liquid C. Solvent S is a pure liquid. During contact, mass transfer of A from the feed to the solvent S occurs, with little transfer of C to S.

The solvent (with the solute) is then permitted to separate from the carrier liquid. The solvent-rich product of the operation is called the extract, and the residual liquid from which solutes has been removed is the raffinate.

In some operations, the solutes are the desired product, hence the extract stream is the desirable stream. In other applications, the solutes may be the contaminants that need to be removed, and in this instance the raffinate is the desirable product stream.

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Liquid-liquid extraction is an important separation method in research and chemical analysis. 

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Liquid-liquid extraction is an important separation method in research and chemical analysis. 

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As a commercial process, it is frequently used in the chemical and mining industries and in the downstream recovery of fermentation products. (antibiotics, amino acids, steroids)

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Its applications to food are restricted to isolated cases, such as the transfer of carotenoid pigments from organic solvents to edible oils or the production of “terpeneless” essential citrus oil by extracting the oxygenated compounds of the essential oil with aqueous ethanol.

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2.3: Liquid-liquid extraction. (2021, June 20). Retrieved from https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Book%3A_How_to_be_a_Successful_Organic_Chemist_(Sandtorv)/02%3A_COMMON_ORGANIC_CHEMISTRY_LABORATORY_TECHNIQUES/2.03%3A_LIQUID-LIQUID_EXTRACTION