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According to Winston what are the only two organizations that Julia could be apart of and why does he think that? Why was it so difficult for Julia and Winston to meet up and talk to each other? What clues did the author show that makes you believe that Julia was an unusual character ar first? How does the note change Winston's lifestyle? Was their bias in Winston’s interpretation of the note?

Winston’s kind heat is what triggered the first interaction between him and Julia. SInce she was in a sling and fell on her arm he helped her up. When he finds that she passed him a note that read “I love you.” This causes Winston to uncover the true meaning of the note. He wanted to find another way to meet with her and talk. When he got home he was thinking about all the places were they could meet and crossed them off based on the discreteness of the area and the amount of telescreens and possible mics. I feel as though Winston is so intrigued with this girl he just met because of his curiosity. In the book, it even said that the whole span of the time from which he didn’t receive the note he didn’t write in his diary and that he suddenly got a new feeling for life. He opposes the Though Police, Big Brother, and the Party, and he suspects that Julia is either an agent for the Thought Police or apart of an underground organization possibly the Brotherhood. Winston also doesn’t have feelings for his wife so it’s also possible that he wanted she if the feelings that Julia had for him was genuine and real. When they both kept going to the canteen, they didn’t talk each other for 3 day and Julia didn’t show up for 3 straight either. During this time Winston was having anxiety thinking that Julia changed the way she felt about him. Winston thought this multiple time in the 3 chapters/books. Winston could have this anxiety for one because of constantly having to watch his every move because of the telescreens and hidden mics, knowing he could get vaporized if he got caught. Another reason Winston could have this anxiety is because he doesn’t know Julia’s full intentions. When they talk for the first time at the canteen Julia engaged in conversation with Winston first and proceeded to give him a place to meet after work I believe. This is what made me first think that Julia isn’t apart of the Thought Police, because she said to approach her when there was a crowd of people so they could blend in, because that area has a lot of telescreens. I believe that if Julia was then she wouldn’t be so cautious and would’ve already knew a secret place to arrest Winston. When they meet for the third time she gave Winston a specific place to meet and he described is as if she had map in her head. I think that WInston kept on meeting Julia because his questions weren’t answered and he had an attraction to her. He also mentioned later on there isn’t really any women in his life. When Winston reads the note he can’t help but keep his mind on what the note read. In the text, it says that he couldn’t focus all day at work because of it. Since he doesn’t really love his wife and the sole reason he opposes the parties he does his mainly because no one can love besides Big Brother and the Party. I believe this shows bias because he warps he mind into thinking that he loves Julia and how they could meet up. Even when she doesn’t show up and questions did she change her mind about her feelings, he still proceeds to go back to canteen to try and meet up with Julia hoping that the feelings she has is real.

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Is Winston aware of his feelings regarding the world that he lives in?

Winston, careful as to not get caught, stares at the red and marble diary he had bought a while ago. It had been sitting in a drawer, its smooth paper untouched. He stares and stares, thinking about what to write on the blank pages. He had forgotten what he had been wanting to say. Finally, after some time passed, he started to write. He wrote and wrote until his hand cramped up and couldn’t write longer. He was confused as to why he had written this monologue, one so long and full of feelings he didn’t know about. “He did not know what had made him pour out this stream of rubbish.” (12). An event that happened earlier, the Two Minutes Hate, had gotten to his head, more than he had thought. He spilled out the words, not caring about his handwriting. He judges himself, asks why he would write something so horrible. The memory of people chanting “B-B...B-B....” repeating over and over. And then, as though it was automatic, he started to write down a series of “DOWN WITH BIG BROTHER’s” all over the page.

Winston was unaware of his feelings. He didn't know why he started a diary, something that could get him executed, or even wrote the words that definitely would. He didn’t think about it and then decided to write it. He just did. This believes me to think that he is not aware of the way he feels whatsoever. As someone who lives in this world, he can’t go against the government. He poured out the feelings he didn’t know that he had. When he finally realizes why he had decided to write in the diary today, he spends his time thinking about the incident that occurred earlier.

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How does Winston's actions show his opposition of Big Brother? Of which form did Big Brother prohibit? How does the start of the first part of part 1 chapter 1 relate to the end of part 4 chapter 1?

Based on the things happening in the book it reminds of the movie Captain America: Civil War. In the book Winston is opposed to the Thought Police and wants the ability to be able to speak his mind. In the movie, the avengers are split up into two groups those who are willing to work under the government’s order and those who refuse to and want to choose their fights and battles and keep their free will. When Winston gets  nervous about the knock on his door after writing in his diary it’s kind of the relationship between Tony and Cap since the beginning of MCU. Cap was nervous/didn’t know how to tell Tony that his best friend was the murderer of his father. The reason Cap didn’t tell Tony is shown near the end of the movie when it was to much for Tony to handle and ended up fighting both Cap and Bucky. Big Brother prohibited all forms of love and that is the main reason that Winston doesn’t like them. Big Brother hopes to keep love between the party members and Big Brother, to keep those two parties at large and to maintain control for longer. Winston creates Comrade Ogilvy to replace Comrade Withers who was executed by an opposing party. In Captain America: Civil War, Tony made Rhoady some artificial legs because of the fall he took in the movie. This connection shows the replacement of two things that were important to Tony and Winston, his friends are important to Tony the same way Winston’s comrades are important to him.

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1. Why is the Party so in favor of collectivism?

2. Why does Winston keep indulging himself in the antiques store?

The Party appears to be heavily against individualism. They are constantly promoting that “BIG BROTHER IS WATCHING YOU” to remind the citizens of Oceania that they have no freedom because “FREEDOM IS SLAVERY.” Essentially, they believe that they are saving everybody because being free will lead to unsuccess since they will no longer be supported by the rest of the community. 1984 was written after World War II and during the war there was forced labor (slavery), which makes this remark to slavery quite relevant. Pertaining to the war, it was briefly hinted that Oceania uses military time since it would say “...the clocks were striking thirteen” (1). Using military time indicates that they were used to living during strict, war times (WWII). They also all call each other “comrade,” which is what the Russians would call each other (Russians fought in WWII). Therefore, they are probably living life from a Russian point of view. This would make sense for why the Party would hate Goldstein (who is Jewish and Russians were antisemitic). In addition, there’s a repetition of the word “victory” in all of Oceania’s common items, such as the “victory mansions,” “victory gin,” “victory cigarettes,” “victory coffee,” etc. There’s a day in Europe known as “Victory Day” in which the citizens celebrate Germany surrendering and ending WWII. The word “victory” tends to have a positive connotation behind it. However, these items are described in a negative way. For instance, the victory mansions were said to have “...smelt of boiled cabbage and old rag mats” (1), and the victory gin would give “...off a sickly, oily smell…like nitric acid, and moreover, in swallowing it one had the sensation of being hit on the back of the head with a rubber club” (5). These distasteful details must mean that Oceania (Russia) was unhappy that they failed to spread communism throughout the rest of Europe (which is why the Party loves collectivism so much). This answers why the Party is always bad mouthing capitalists.

Winston starts to indulge himself at an antiques store in the Prole region of London, Airstrip 1. The antiques shop contains goods that store memories from the past. Winston is always thinking back to how he can’t remember his past because there are holes and gaps that don’t answer how and why the Party is in power in the present. He can never tell what date it is and must want to understand why the time period is as it is. Once Winston gets a taste of what the past is like, he craves more of it and wants to “...take the risk of visiting the shop again” (100). He is probably trying to gain some sort of connection with his unknown past to feel a sense of belonging in a world that believes “IGNORANCE IS STRENGTH.” While he is there, Winston and the shopkeeper sing the “Oranges & Lemons” song (released in 1981) that talks about what fruits would have been unloaded near the church. They sing this song to resemble the memories they could have had if they weren’t being unified into this collectivist society.

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1. How important is a romantic relationship to Winston?

2. What does a “loving” relationship look like between Winston and Julia?

3. To what extent is honesty valued in their relationship?

4. How does Julia weaponize sex against the Party members?

Throughout 1984, Winston appears to be very desperate for an affair, (a new romantic relationship) because his marriage is failing with Katherine. Once Winston receives the note from Julia saying, “I love you,” he spends all of his time trying to get together with her. He contemplates following her home or sending her postcards in the mail to reply back to her message, but he knows that wouldn’t work with the Party watching all of their actions (and not even knowing her name at the time). He considers that “She might have been vaporized, she might have committed suicide, she might have been transferred to the other end of Oceania -- worst and likeliest of all, she might simply have changed her mind and decided to avoid him” (111). He is more focused on the fact that she might have lost interest in him than if she is dead, which tells me that he doesn’t care if it is with her or any other woman, he just wants someone to date. During lunch at the canteen, he would attempt to sit with Julia, at a table where nobody would hear them. In one of his failed attempts, Wilsher disrupts his plan by inviting him to sit with him. Winston becomes so utterly enraged that he “...had a hallucination of himself smashing a pickax right into the middle of…” (112) Wilshers face just because he simply smiled at him. Winston has shown his impatience with violent thoughts in the past, and even now these impure thoughts linger when the smallest inconvenience occurs. He is willing to kill someone just so he could try to get a date with Julia, which was never confirmed to happen 100%. 1984 is written in third-person limited, yet it’s still easy to understand that Winston finds great significance in a the blossoming relationship between him and Julia since “At the sight of the words I love you desire to stay alive had welled up in him, and the taking of minor risks suddenly seemed stupid” (109). Julia’s love for him is the only reason that he still wants to stay alive. In this society, rules are very strict and the citizens don’t have a cultural norm of a love like this, meaning this would give him hope that he can gain something good from the society that he loathes. The perspective this is written in doesn’t go into Winston’s thought process behind his need for love, but even the limited words that state he wants to stay alive, tells me enough. I don’t need to know the reasoning to understand that he truly finds it important. The author shows how the societal norm of being married without happiness (in Oceania) can lead to people risking their lives for a romantic love.

Eventually, Winston and Julia begin to have an affair and form what they would consider a “loving” relationship. Because sex was frowned upon and essentially banned, they seemed to value it to a great extent. They craved what they couldn’t have. Due to their culture, their sexual desires have been supressed and that is the primary expectation that they have for their relationship. There is no talking stage or any milestones to experience. Julia even said “I love you” before they had the chance to get to know each other. They didn’t spend any time contemplating their feelings for each other like most people do. In addition, instead of what Americans would consider the norm, Winston and Julia decide to sneak out as often as they can to have sex with each other. However, even though they start their relationship off physically, Winston admits that he wouldn’t have sexual desires when they kissed and he would focus more on her freckled face than her naked body (that he was so entranced by when he had dreams in the past of raping her). He also admitted that even though it would have no benefits, he would’ve pushed his wife off a cliff for Julia. They have known each other for such a short time, but he is still forming what a “loving” relationship would look like in a society that considers this to be abnormal.

In Winston and Julia’s relationship, Winston seems to truly value honesty. When Julia asked him what he thought of her before they got together, he admitted, “‘I hated the sight of you,’ he said. “I wanted to rape you and then murder you afterwards. Two weeks ago I thought seriously of smashing your head in with a cobblestone. If you really wanted to know, I imagined that you had something to do with the Thought Police’” (121). They had just gotten to know each other's names at the time, and right after he unleashes all of this heavy information onto Julia about everything he ever thought of her. In their culture, secrets such as this would be forbidden, so it must have come off easily for him to unload his private thoughts without hesitation.

Even though it would be odd to want your partner to sleep with as many men as they please (as this would be frowned upon in our society), Winston encourages Julia to do so. Winston finds out that Julia has been sleeping with lots and lots of Party members (which isn’t allowed) and this reveals that the Party isn’t as pure as they come off to be. They are always advocating that sex is bad, but they are so corrupted that they don’t even follow their own beliefs. By having Julia sleep with all of these Party members, Winston will be able to slowly take them down. He wants to expose them. In this society, sex isn’t soley used for love, it is also used as a weapon to control people. Winston had just found a relationship that he has been yearning for, but he takes this opportunity to start to thirst for domination, telling me that power is more important to him than love.

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How does an author create a believable world?

The author creates a believable world by making experiences and characters relatable. For example, when Winston is writing in hysteria. The author writes in bold capitals “DOWN WITH BIG BROTHER” four times. The author also includes some key yet contradicting details of this frantic writing. “It was no longer the same cramped awkward handwriting as before.” As a writer I can relate to this because when I get into my “zone” my hand just writes, and writes very well. Another example of when the author creates a believable world is when he demonstrates hope through Winston. Hope is a feeling anyone can relate to and makes the reader feel immersed. During the rally at the screen when the masses were scolding an image of Goldstien, aka public enemy #1, Winston met eyes with a peer and this swift moment of eye contact left Winston with an abundance of hope. “All that they did was to keep alive in him the belief, or HOPE, that others besides himself were the enemies of the party.” Then he continued saying “perhaps the Brotherhood really existed!” This is surely a feeling that creates a realistic atmosphere within the fictional world George Orwell created. He utilized emotions to help the reader relate to the characters which makes it so believable. If you can imagine yourself with those emotions, you can imagine or believe yourself to be in that situation.

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Why is Winston looking to know the context of where he is? What has Winston done to reveal his lost knowledge, what techniques does he use? What prompts Winston to feel anti-party ideas?

Winston looks to know about the past and his early childhood because he realizes that he can’t recall his childhood or any moment before the party starts. He notices that the party alters stories and narratives and changes the way people view certain events to better their standing with all party members. This leads Winston into seeking knowledge elsewhere and finding proles. He tries to extract information out of old proles hoping that they know about life outside of the political party's rule. Winston seeks to know if the things the party say happened actually did and that the past was as bad as the party says it was. Winston’s anti-party sentiment comes from the realization that all his feelings and emotions need to be bottled up to stay alive, and he feels trapped in the society he lives in. The fact that children snitch on their parents and that the party alters the past to help themselves look better rubs, Winston, the wrong way and he wants to somehow expose it all and for future generations to live in a more free environment.

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How does what happened at the end relate back to the beginning? What contrast is there between the way Winston acts and his party's morals? How does Winston connect what he felt with Julia versus his previous wife?

The end of page 136 relates back to the beginning of the book because it shows the clear contrast of how different things were now versus what they were then. Winston in the beginning hadn’t done anything to betray the party and was a good citizen in terms of his actions and didn’t ever go against the ideas of the party. Now Winston is sneaking out with a girl who isn’t his wife and is going to a place he isn’t allowed to be and doing indecent things with her that would defy the celibacy that Julia claims. The contrast between Winston's actions and his party’s morals is clear and defined. The party doesn’t want anyone feeling emotion or showing love/affection to anyone. This is contrasted with how Winston tells Julia how much he likes her and how he allows Julia to sneak out with him and commit indecent acts together. Also, Winston constantly thinks about how much he hates the party and how much he despises the things that the party makes people do. He fears the party's ability to contaminate people's minds with false information and turn people against each other. Lastly, Winston contrasts the feelings he had with his previous wife and how much he hated being with her to how much he liked Julia. He is very happy with the person that Julia is and how she acts. This is the opposite of how Winston felt and talked about his previous wife, who he said was a rule follower and hated anything to do with intimacy. He made him feel like he was dating a wall and he couldn’t stand the way she went about life.

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Is Julia’s reaction to how Winston first thought about her in character for her?

When Winston and Julia decide to spend time with each other for the first time, Julia asks him how he felt about her before she gave him the note. He decides not to lie, and tells her the truth. “‘I hated the sight of you,’ he said. ‘I wanted to rape you and then murder you afterwards. Two weeks ago I thought seriously of smashing your head in with a cobblestone. If you really want to know, I imagined that you had something to do with the Thought Police.’ (120). Winston’s true feelings about the girl are only reciprocated with a laugh. “The girl laughed delightedly, evidently taking this as a tribute to the excellence of her disguise. ‘Not the Thought Police! You didn’t honestly think that?’” (121). She evidently ignores him admitting to wanted to rape and murderer her, and instead goes for the fact that he thought she was with the Thought Police. For someone who fakes being in the Anti-sex group when in reality enjoys the action, it makes some sense. She’s the one who came up to Winston with no prior true interactions, and admitted her love for the man. Any normal person would take a step back and wonder if this is the right person to be with. But in a world where love is limited, I believe a statement like that could easily be ignored by someone like Julia. She knows secret spots with no microphones, places with no cameras, and can easily not get caught by the thought police. There’s a darker side to her, so her reaction does seem to be in character.

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1. How does the author use diction to communicate Winston’s inner thoughts and feelings?

2. How does the author use irony to showcase Winston’s “abnormal” love life?

3. How does the author develop Winston's values over time so that he becomes less selfish?

George Orwell chooses and styles his words in a manner that creates a detailed and dramatic description of Winston’s true thoughts. Throughout the story, Winston struggles to make decisions in his life. In one situation, he had to decide if he should use the room above the antique store for his love affair with Julia. In his brain, he is thinking, “Folly, folly, his heart kept saying: conscious, gratuitous, suicidal folly! Of all the crimes that a Party member could commit, this one was the least possible to conceal” (137). He uses the word “folly” to express how foolish he thinks he is being, rather than straight-up saying something like “what a foolish idea!” In just that one sentence he used that word three times. He then continues on to say it on the next page. This word is so random and rarely used that it just shows how abrupt his thoughts are. The author is making Winston sound very afraid by not only using the forgotten word: “folly,” but also by using “big” words like “conscious,” “gratuitous,” and “suicidal.” Winston is clearly thinking in a very logical mindset. In addition, the author styles his sentences in an oddly personal way. For instance, to elaborate on Winston's feelings for Julia, Orwell states, “The smell of her hair, the taste of her mouth, the feeling of her skin seemed to have got inside him, or into the air all round him. She had become a physical necessity, something that he not only wanted but felt he had a right to” (139). He makes it clear with his senses that Winston yearns for every aspect of Julia because she fuels his will to live (similarly, in the last reading, Winston explained that Julia gives him the desire to live on). Following this, Winston “...wished that they were a married couple of ten years’ standing. He wished that he were walking through the streets with her just as they were doing now, but openly and without fear, talking of trivialities and buying odds and ends for the household. He wished above all that they had some place where they could be alone together without feeling the obligation to make love every time they met” (139). The author is constantly phrasing his sentences with “he wished” to show that Winston craves a normal relationship with Julia, but knows he can’t because of the society he lives in. He doesn’t use the word “hope” because he knows their relationship has no chances of surviving, but he “wished” that it did.

The author also uses irony to remind the readers that due to the Party’s ruling, Winston has no knowledge of what love “should” look like. At one point, Julia expresses that she can’t have sex with him for a day. He worries because “When she said she could not come, he had the feeling that she was cheating him” (139). For this relationship, this would be considered ironic since he knew for a fact that she was sleeping with the other Party members (as we learned in the last reading) and he was even thrilled to hear it because it proved that the Party is corrupt and impure. These two ideas conflict each other: should he be happy that the Party is doing wrong or should he be disappointed that his girlfriend is having sex with other men? Another time when the author used irony is when he expressed Winston wondering if, “...in the abolished past it had been a normal experience to lie in bed like this, in the cool of a summer evening, a man and a woman with no clothes on, making love when they chose, talking of what they chose, not feeling any compulsion to get up, simply lying there and listening to peaceful sounds outside. Surely there could never have been a time when that seemed ordinary” (143). Winston is thinking that this scenario would never be possible in his society, yet this is considered a normal relationship in our own world. 1984 was written somewhat in terms of real life and him thinking this just shows how different our two worlds are regarding a romantic relationship. Additionally, Winston appears to be the “woman” in his relationship with Julia, which is ironic to the time because the book was written in 1949, which was a time of very stereotypical, heterosexual relationships. Even in the year 1984 (when this takes place), it would be odd to see a man be depicted as more vulnerable. However, for this relationship, Julia initiated their love life with the note, planned their meetups, and was less fearless. For example, during this reading, Winston gets very scared of the rats in their room while Julia doesn’t mind them. When Julia was trying to reassure him, Winston exclaimed, “Don’t go on!” and then closes “his eyes tightly shut” (144). This kind of vulnerability wouldn’t be seen as big of a thing today, but considering when this story was written and when it takes place, the author is making Winston’s role in this relationship ironic.

Throughout this reading, Winston’s values change drastically pertaining to what it means to be selfish. One way that Winston’s values change is that he learns to appreciate being loyal to one another rather than to the government. He realized “What mattered were individual relationships, and a completely helpless gesture, an embrace, a tear, a word spoken to a dying man, could have value in itself” (165). The Party has brainwashed him into thinking that he needs to hold complete faith in his government and not worry about others. However, “For the first time in his life he did not despise the proles or think of them merely as an inert force which would one day spring to life and regenerate the world. The proles had stayed human…And in thinking this he remembered, without apparent relevance, how a few weeks ago he had seen a severed hand lying on the pavement and had kicked it into the gutter as though it had been a cabbage stalk” (165). Winston's character develops from being unfazed by people being dead to caring about others. Even back when Winston was a child, he was selfish and didn’t care for others. For instance when the chocolate rations were put in place, he would steal the chocolate from his mother and sister. The author mentions that “He knew that he was starving the other two, but he could not help it; he even felt that he had a right to do it. The clamorous hunger in his belly seemed to justify him” (162). His mother and sister ended up disappearing right after this occurred. As he grew up, he came to think that he “...murdered her. Not physically” (160). More so, he got his family “killed” because he was a selfish kid who caused trouble for them. Similarly, he realizes that he is being selfish by dating Julia in secret and that the best thing for them “... to do would be simply to walk out of here before it’s too late, and never see each other again” (165). He loves her and she makes him want to live, but he knows that they are being selfish and will only get each other killed, like he got his mother and sister “killed.” Winston is finally starting to mature and is no longer getting consumed by his appetite or his sexual desires.

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How does this part of 1984 connect with Persepolis by Marhane Satrapi?

In the beginning of this reading, we see that Winston and Julia rent out a room to be able to spend time together without as many restrictions as usual. He goes there first, waiting for her to arrive. When she does, she walks in with a bag full of different things that are banned from the public. She brings real sugar, white bread, jam, milk, and real coffee. All of these things are from the inner party, and she had stolen them for Winston and herself. As the connector, this reminds me of when Marji’s parents in the book Persepolis, travel to Turkey and bring her different items that are banned in Iran. In the chapter “Kim Wilde,” Marji’s parents think of ways to sneak in different things they knew Marji would love. Some of these things include posters of her favorite celebrities, a jean jacket, Nike sneakers, a Michael Jackson button, and etc. All of these things had been essentially banned in Iran, as they weren’t following the dress code and other rules and regulations. When Marji had received them, she was ecstatic. Her tongue was drawn outside of her mouth while she was looking up, a way to show how excited and happy she was to receive these things. In 1984, Winston was excited to finally have all of these real foods again. He was happy that she was able to steal from the Inner Party, as it was something that was dangerous to do. Just like how her parents bringing these items to Iran was dangerous to do. They both live in societies where things they want and like are banned, so having to sneak them are good ways to get what they want.

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1. How does the descriptive word choice build suspense to the narration of Winston’s experiences?

2. What is the difference between Newspeak and Oldspeak?

3. How easy is it for Winston and Julia to give their lives to the Brotherhood?

4. Is his language (about his disgust and admiration for the figures around him) believable?

In the beginning of this reading, the narrator describes what Winston and Julia are experiencing as they finally meet O’Brien to confront him about his political standing. The first passage reads, “The room they were standing in was long-shaped and softly lit. The telescreen was dimmed to a low murmur; the richness of the dark-blue carpet gave one the impression of treading on velvet. At the far end of the room O’Brien was sitting at the table under a green-shaded lamp, with a mass of papers on either side of him. He had not bothered to look up when the servant showed Julia and Winston in” (167). Right here, the narrator is describing the setting in a very detailed, suspenseful manner. To describe the mysterious lighting, they use words/phrases such as “softly lit,” “dimmed to a low murmur,” and “green-shaded lamp.” “Softly lit” and “dimmed” both make the situation sound very sketchy and top-secret since they are meeting in a dark setting. What do these word choices do for the reader? These are very soft-toned words that make the reader feel nervous since they already know Winston and Julia shouldn’t be meeting O’Brien and now they are partaking in risky behavior. By using words like “richness” and “the impression of treading on velvet,” the narrator sets the scene at ease and lures the reader deeper into the story because they are connecting to the reader's senses. Additionally, the next passage starts by saying, “Winston’s heart was thumping so hard that he doubted whether he would be able to speak” (167). The narrator was already already connecting to their senses, but now they are deepening this connection by including the “thumping” of Winston’s heart and how his heart would beat so hard that he wouldn’t be able to speak. This carries from the last passage to the next smoothly, while still sustaining that suspense.

During this reading, we are also being introduced to Newspeak. Before, the author would include examples of select words being translated from Oldspeak to Newspeak. However, now there is a small paragraph of jargon that O’Brien reads to Winston and Julia that says, “Items one comma five comma seven approved fullwise stop suggestion contained item six doubleplus ridiculous verging crimethink cancel stop unproceed constructionwise ante-getting plusful estimates machinery overheads stop end message” (168). All the words written in this passage are in fact English words. How are the words similar and how do they differ? How do these words still pass on a message? Some words have remained the same, such as “stop,” “end,” “message,” “cancel,” “ridiculous,” “approved,” etc. These words may have been untouched, but I think they may be used in a different context. The ending says, “stop end message,” so maybe this is a new way to say that you’re signing off/saying goodbye to the recipient. It’s utilizing three words rather than writing a sentence or two to write the conclusion. These words have been revised to be simpler to reduce the words that are needed to pass on the message. I’m pretty sure I mentioned this in a previous response, but that must be the purpose of Newspeak: to make communicating simpler. I also just realized that the word “comma” is being used rather than an actual “,” symbol. This seems more complicated because you would have to write a whole word rather than one character, but somehow this is simpler for them. Why? Maybe it minimizes miscommunication because someone could have read a comma symbol as a period by accident, which would cut off from the rest of the sentence. If this is the case, then my previous idea that “stop end message” is a goodbye message could be wrong, and maybe it is actually equivalent to a “.” symbol. Although, I guess either idea makes sense since it still ends the message. I know that Newspeak is supposed to make communication easier, but this sounds a lot more complex. Is it really worth it to rewrite Oldspeak with all these new editions of Newspeak? Is there any other benefit from easier communication?

Once O’Brien starts to interview Winston and Julia to test their loyalty, we can see that they are truly willing to give their lives. The interview goes as follows: “You are prepared to give your lives?” “Yes.” “You are prepared to commit murder?” “Yes.” “To commit acts of sabotage which may cause the death of hundreds of innocent people?” “Yes.” “To betray your country to foreign powers?” “Yes.” “You are prepared to cheat, to forge, to blackmail, to corrupt the minds of children, to distribute habit-forming drugs, to encourage prostitution, to disseminate venereal diseases -- to do anything which is likely to cause demoralization and weaken the power of the Party?” “Yes.” “If so, for example, it would somehow serve our interests to throw sulphuric acid in a child’s face -- are you prepared to do that?” “Yes.” “You are prepared to lose your identity and live out the rest of your life as a waiter or a dock worker?” “Yes.” “You are prepared to commit suicide, if and when we order you to do so?” “Yes.” “You are prepared, the two of you, to separate and never see one another again?” “No!’ broke in Julia” (172-173). After each question, they respond with a simple “Yes.” Even though O'Brien had just asked them a complex, ethical question, they didn't even hesitate. These questions aren’t sugar-coated either, they are straight to the point. “Giving your lives” means willingly donating their freedom (which I guess they are used to from the Party’s strict laws); “murder” is literally killing someone illegally; “the death of hundreds of innocent people” is pure, unjustified genocide; “To betray your country” goes against everything the Party values in their society; “cheat,” “forge,” “blackmail,” “to corrupt the minds of children,” “distribute habit-forming drugs,” “encourage prostitution,” and “to disseminate venereal diseases” are all prison/death-worthy crimes; “to lose your identity” literally strips them of everything they have worked for; and “to commit suicide” means killing themselves after all they have worked for just from one single command as well. Not one word in any of these questions could be taken lightly in the slightest. Nevertheless, one word: “Yes.” is enough to answer these questions. How is this so? Winston and Julia are so desperate to end the Party’s reign, that they would kill others and kill themselves to support their cause. Even still, in the last question regarding whether Winston and Julia could ever separate, they replied with their first “No!” They can commit any of these atrocious, unethical crimes, yet they aren’t willing to separate. It even defies their hatred for the Party. It doesn’t make much sense though because if they are willing to commit these crimes that could separate them or commit suicide, then they would ultimately be separated instantaneously. This means they clearly aren’t listening to O’Briens powerful choice of words and that’s why they could agree to the terms of the contract so easily. They are too blinded by love. I think the powerful word choice is more so for the readers to understand the depths of what Winston and Julia are willing to do rather than to directly ask Winston and Julia. No matter what, Winston saw O’Brien as a powerful figure and “...it was impossible to believe that he could be defeated” due to his demeanor. His powerful looks and language tied together to persuade Winston and Julia immediately.

Lastly, the language makes the fact that Winston despises and admires the figures in power around him believable. How so? Well, the narrator uses words that I either rarely hear of or have never heard of in my life to emphasize Winston’s reaction to those around him. For instance, when Winston was judging O’Brien’s character, he said, “When he spoke of murder, suicide, venereal disease, amputated limbs, and altered faces, it was with a faint air of persiflage” (175). The key word that stood out here for me was “persiflage.” I had to look it up right away just to understand its meaning (definition: light, frivolous banter). This word choice kind of makes Winston sound slightly fearful (but also in a kind of admiring way) of O’Brien’s power and authority because he is judging the way O’Brien talks about their roles in the Brotherhood. Then again, there was a man “haranguing the crowd” (lecturing the crowd in an aggressive and critical manner) at the demonstration during Hate Week. “Haranguing” was also a new vocabulary word for me. In this passage, Winston was already judging the man’s “little Rumpelstiltskin figure,” “disproportionately long arms,” “bony arm” that “clawed the air menacingly,” and his “metallic” voice. He is judging this man strictly on his looks with these rude words. The addition of the word “haranguing” makes him sound even more critical of the man's actions. He similarly used randomly unfamiliar words such as “tepid,” “syntax,” and “delirium” (which I know the meaning of, but it still isn’t used that often), but these weren’t used in direct context to the figures he admires or is disgusted by.

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How does 1948 show the dangers of working against the Inner Party and how can this be related to situations in real life?

How does 1984 relate to the Iranian Revolution?

When Winston and Julia finally meet up with O’Brien to discuss The Brotherhood, they are told of many different dangers that come with opposing the regime. “‘You are prepared to give your lives?’ ‘Yes.’ ‘You are prepared to commit murder?’ ‘Yes.’ ‘To commit acts of sabotage which may cause the death of hundreds of innocent people?’ ‘Yes.’ ‘To betray your country to foreign powers?’ ‘Yes.’ ‘You are prepared to cheat, to forge, to blackmail, to corrupt the minds of children, to distribute habit-forming drugs, to encourage prostitution, to disseminate venereal

diseases—to do anything which is likely to cause demoralization and weaken the power of the Party?’ ‘Yes.’ ‘If, for example, it would somehow serve our interests to throw sulphuric acid in a child’s face—are you prepared to do that?’ ‘Yes.’ ‘You are prepared to lose your identity and live out the rest of your life as a waiter or a dock-worker?’ ‘Yes.’ ‘You are prepared to commit suicide, if and when we order you to do so?’ ‘Yes.’ ‘You are prepared, the two of you, to separate and never see one another again?’ ‘No!’ broke in Julia.” (172). This quote shows just how much they might have to face if they want to join the group that opposes the party. And despite that, they still join The Brotherhood in the end. When the author decides to write all of the things they must be prepared to do, it is written in a way for the reader to take in what is being said while also being able to notice how ready Winston and Julia were to commit to all of this. I believe it ties into history by showing how dangerous it can be to go against a regime, when all they do is control the way you and others live. For example, anyone that had tried to oppose the Nazi’s during World War II would have faced major consequences. This also goes for World War I and other things such as the Iranian Revolution in 1979. During the Iranian Revolution, people that opposed the regime were tortured or even killed. They had to be ready to face the consequences, just like how Julia and Winston are right now. The government in Iran had oppressed its people. When you go against it, you can’t expect to be safe.

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“Julia uttered a tiny sound, a sort of squeak of surprise.  Even in the midst of his panic, Winston was too much taken aback to be able to hold his tongue. “You can turn it off!” he said. “Yes,” said O’Brien, “we can turn it off. We have that privilege.”

ThoughtsMy thoughts while reading this was that Winston and Julia are now seeing the full grasp of the inner party's power, and the corruption at the top level. The people who are above everyone else are able to do things that regular party members could only dream of. Being able to talk privately without the monitoring of Big Brother.

QuestionsWhere does this lead Winston’s thoughts?How can Winston use this to his advantage?What new information will come in light of this discovery?

EpiphaniesI realized after reading this passage that rebelling against the political party and big brother was actually a lot easier and more achievable than I had thought before. The ability for Winston to come into O’Briens office and be away from the political party, and not have to risk being caught like going to the old prole’s house is huge.

For Discussion:Winston is now able to fully discuss his plans for the future and what to do against the party to find freedom. He now has the backing of O’Brien and this leads to even further avenues down the road for potential discovery.`

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Passage:
“There was a gasp and a thump behind him, and he received a violent kick on the ankle which nearly flung him off his balance. One of the men had smashed his fist into Julia’s solar plexus, doubling her up like a pocket ruler. She was thrashing about on the floor, fighting for breath. Winston dared not turn his head even by a millimeter, but sometimes her livid, gasping face came within the angle of his vision. Even in his terror it was as though he could feel the pain in his own body, the deadly pain which nevertheless was less urgent than the struggle to get back her breath. He knew what it was like: the terrible, agonizing pain which was there all the while but could not be suffered yet, because before all else it was necessary to be able to breath. The two of the men hoisted her up by knees and shoulders and carried her out of the room like a sack. Winston had a glimpse of her face, upside down, yellow and contorted, with the eyes shut, and still with a smear of rouge on either cheek; and that was the last he saw of her.
He stood dead still. No one had hit him yet. Thoughts which came of their own accord but seemed totally uninteresting began to fit through his mind. He wondered whether they had got Mr. Charrington. He wondered what they had done with the woman in the yard. He noticed that he badly wanted to urinate, and felt a faint surprise, because he had done so only two or three hours ago. He noticed that the clock on the mantelpiece said nine, meaning twenty-one. But the light seemed too strong. Would not the light be fading at twenty-one hours on an August evening? He wondered whether after all he and Julia had mistaken the time -- had slept the clock round and thought it was twenty-thirty when really it was nought eight-thirty on the following morning. But he did not pursue the thought further. It was not interesting” (223-224).

Thoughts:
During this scene, the Party had just caught Winston and Julia having their love affair. His lover, who is the only reason he continues to live on, is being violently snatched away from him. Even still, “he stood dead still” and watched her as she was carried away without trying to do something. I wonder why he isn’t trying to save the love of his life. He was willing to risk dating her, knowing this could happen, yet once the two of them were caught, he did nothing. I feel like if he loved her that much, then he would have tried to help her or at least go down with her or at least be planning something in his head. However, he is wasting his time and thinking of Mr. Charrington’s safety (and Mr. Charrington isn’t even on their side, he is Thought Police), the woman in the yard, the clock, and his urge to pee.

Questions:
Why isn’t Winston doing anything to try to save Julia from the Thought Police? Doesn’t he realize she is most likely going to be killed? He admitted that he understands her pain as she is being tossed about, but why isn’t he being more sympathetic? Why is he thinking about his acquaintances while he is in the middle of a life or death crisis?

Epiphanies:
Since Winston is in the middle of a crisis, he will be having a wide range of emotions surging through him, causing him to have certain psychological reactions. He seems to be somewhat in denial. He is aware of the situation and the fact that it is dangerous; however, he must be in denial to the fact that Julia is in real danger. He sees her being taken away, but it’s not processed in his brain that she might die. I think since they were in their only safe space in all of Oceania, they were so in shock by this disruption, that he is just trying to understand what is happening in the first place. Fear and avoidance is a natural response to danger, so it makes sense for him to not want to interfere since Julia just got the air knocked out of her when she got punched in the abdomen. He must be feeling helpless because he is basically alone compared to the numerous Thought Police. Therefore, he is withdrawing himself from the situation and distracting himself with irrelevant thoughts. He also probably feels extremely guilty because in an earlier reading he brought up the idea to Julia that they should end their relationship before they get caught and killed for being too selfish (like what just happened). This connects back to him being selfish with the chocolate rations and his poor mother and sick sister. He must feel like he hasn’t grown as a person because his selfishness may get Julia killed now like he feared before.

For Discussion:
Winston just watched the love of his life get abruptly snatched away from him. Rather than trying to fight back, he remains still. How can his childhood trauma affect his mentality in the future? Is the fear of him getting hurt preventing him from revolting or is his guilt holding him back? How do these negative feelings overpower the strength of his love for Julia?

It is mentioned that “He knew what it was like” when Julia was being brutally assaulted. Nevertheless, he didn’t even attempt to help her. Why do people tend to be bystanders when they can sympathize with the victim? What’s their biggest fear at the moment?

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‘We are the dead,’ he said. ‘We are the dead,'' echoed Julia dutifully. 'You are the dead,’ said an iron voice behind them. They sprang apart. Winston’s entrails seemed to have turned into ice. He could see the white all round the irises of “You are the dead,’ repeated the iron voice. ‘It was behind the picture,’ breathed Julia. ‘It was behind the picture,’ said the voice. ‘Remain exactly where you are. Make no movement until you are ordered.’ It was starting, it was starting at last! They could do nothing except stand gazing into one another’s eyes. To run for life, to get out of the house before it was too late—no such thought occurred to them. Unthinkable to disobey the iron voice from the wall. There was a snap as though a catch had been turned back, and a crash of breaking glass. The picture had fallen to the floor uncovering the telescreen behind it. ‘Now they can see us,’ said Julia. ‘Now we can see you,’ said the voice. ‘Stand out in the middle of the room. Stand back to back. Clasp your hands behind your heads. Do not touch one another.’ They were not touching, but it seemed to him that he could feel Julia’s body shaking. Or perhaps it was merely the shaking of his own. He could just stop his teeth from chattering, but his knees were beyond his control. There was a sound of trampling boots below, inside the house and outside. The yard seemed to be full of men. Something was being dragged across the stones. The woman’s singing had stopped abruptly. There was a long, rolling clang, as though the washtub had been flung across the yard, and then a confusion of angry shouts which ended in a yell of pain. ‘The house is surrounded,’ said Winston.  ‘The house is surrounded,’ said the voice. He heard Julia snap her teeth together. ‘I suppose we may as well say good-bye,’ she said. ‘You may as well say good-bye,’ said the voice.”

Just when Winston and Julia think they are safe, that they are ready for their future, they are caught. They are caught by the Thought Police, something they did not expect to happen so soon. “‘We are the dead,’ he said. ‘We are the dead,'' echoed Julia dutifully. 'You are the dead,’ said an iron voice behind them.” (221). Orwell decides for this scene and the next few, the words both Winston and Julia say are repeated by the soldiers. No matter why it was done, it gives the atmosphere a darker, scarier feeling. They had just been caught, and everything they say is being repeated. It feels unsettling, as if the Thought Police easily knew what they were saying for a while. We know there is no privacy and that they've barely ever had it, and that is emphasized by the repetition. When they are ordered, the author decides to have their words be short, clear cut, and to the point. There is no silliness, no emotion, or anything in those words other than seriousness. This tone from the soldiers effectively creates an atmosphere that has the reader scared for Winston and Julia. And the fact that it continues on for a while reduces the hope readers have that Julia and Winston will make it out. “‘I suppose we may as well say good-bye,’ she said. ‘You may as well say good-bye,’ said the voice.” The author includes this to hint at them being split up without actually saying so. They make a great transition from Julia and Winston sharing their love and ready to risk their lives to Julia and Winston about to lose them. The repetition from the police shows the power that Julia and Winston lack in this situation. What they think and say on their own is being said by the thought police, even though it isn’t their words. It shows the power that the thought police have.

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Passage:
“Without any warning except a slight movement of O’Brien’s hand, a wave of pain flooded his body. It was a frightening pain, because he could not see what was happening, and he had the feeling that some mortal injury was being done to him. He did not know whether the thing was really happening, or whether the effect was electrical produced; but his body was being wrenched out of shape, the joints were being slowly torn apart. Although the pain was the fear that his backbone was about to snap. He set his teeth and breathed hard through his nose, trying to keep silent as long as possible. ‘You are afraid,’ said O’Brien, watching his face, ‘that in another moment something is going to break. Your especial fear is that it will be your backbone. You have a vivid mental picture of the vertebrae snapping apart and the spinal fluid dripping out of them. That is what you are thinking, is it not, Winston?’ Winston did not answer. O’Brien drew back the lever on the dial. The wave of pain receded almost as quickly as it had come” (245).

Thoughts:
Winston is currently imprisoned by the Party and being interrogated by O’Brien. O’Brien seems to hold all of the power during this interrogation. With just a “slight movement” of his hand he could send a “frightening pain” through Winston’s body, to the point that he thought he had a “mortal injury.” The author arranged the sentences so that the reader first can feel Winston’s pain. Winston’s thoughts are being written out so that the readers could understand that he feels like he is being “slowly torn apart,” which automatically connects them to his senses. Imagery is being set with each action Winston performs to try to counter the pain (ie. setting his teeth, breathing deeply, holding silent). Then, the author follows Winston's perspective with O’Brien disrupting him by “reading” Winston’s mind. O’Brien was able to recite about every fear Winston had of being torn apart. Reading this surprises the reader because it was like having your own thoughts interrupted. The atmosphere is very tense and suspenseful as the reader has no idea what is going to happen next since O’Brien has just asserted his dominance. He just traumatized Winston with pain to show him that he should be intimidated and then he turned the dial down to show that he was just “testing” the equipment (he hasn’t even begun yet). O’Brien and Winston had once had an alliance and now there’s no telling where their relationship can lead to in this scene (their relationship is developing from being on the same-footing to being hostile). The fact that Winston is focusing so much on the pain itself and not O’Brien betraying him, shows that Winston never fully trusted him and isn’t that surprised. Especially, since he always said he believed that O’Brien was against the Party; nevertheless, he was never 100% sure about how much he should really trust him. The author is staying true to Winston’s feelings towards him here. It’s just ironic that O’Brien of all people was the Party member to be torturing Winston about opposing the Party after what the author was making him up to be for the past 200-something pages.

Questions:
What is O’Brien’s purpose in this book? How is he significant to the storyline? How did O’Brien know what Winston was thinking? Does this connect to how the Party always needs to know what people think? What does the torture machine symbolize?

Epiphanies:
Since the readers are never introduced to Big Brother (or any other possibly significant leaders in the Party), O’Brien might as well function as one of those members. He is a reminder that “BIG BROTHER IS ALWAYS WATCHING YOU” (just like Mr. Charrington was). Whenever Winston thinks he finds stability, he loses it. O’Brien was always lurking in the background (which should have been an automatic sign of being watched) and a mysterious character to Winston. He felt drawn to him and was so sure that he would side with him, and he did (or so he thought). He was made so believable to not truly be on the Party’s side, which shows that nobody can be trusted (regardless of appearances). The author is probably trying to apply this to teach Winston a lesson, but also to teach the readers a lesson about trusting people in the government. In addition, O’Brien probably knew what Winston was thinking because he has created a bond with him and has already gotten into his head, and he has also probably already done this kind of torture on other prisoners. Connecting back to what I said earlier, he is probably so good at mind reading since he is an inner Party member and they always have to know everything. Additionally, I think that the torture machine that O’Brien was using to pull Winston apart was supposed to represent how easy it is for the Party to get into peoples heads and brainwash them. When O’Brien turned up the dial, Winston would be in utter pain, all from one hand movement. Then, once the dial was turned down, the “wave of pain receded almost as quickly as it had come” (the Party can make you think one thing one minute and then change your mind in an instant). Winston even admitted that “he could not see what was happening” and had no idea if he was in danger or not. One touch of the dial and O’Brien could make him believe he was dying (even though he wouldn’t be) or put him at ease by taking away the pain. This is like how the Party uses the Ministry of Truth to control what the people know by making them believe they are in danger from the enemies of the Party (ie. Goldstein). They never actually have proof that they are in danger, they just believe the Party because of the power they wield.

For Discussion:
Did you ever think O’Brien was ever not on Winston’s side? What signs did you see? If Mr. Charrington and O’Brien (who were somewhat trustworthy) betrayed Winston, do you think anyone else will turn out to be an enemy? If so, who? Why?

Why did the author make the scene so tense? What does this add to the relationship that Winston and O’Brien have?

In real life, people never know about the inner-workings of the government. Do you think that all of the government members can fully be trusted, if they can deceive people just like O’Brien did? Could this be some sort of global issue? If so, what is it? How does this affect public knowledge?

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“How many times he had been beaten, how long the beatings had continued, he could not remember. Always there were five or six men in black uniforms at him simultaneously. Sometimes it was fists, sometimes it was truncheons, sometimes it was steel rods, sometimes it was boots. There were times when he rolled about the floor, as shameless as an animal, writhing his body this way and that in an endless, hopeless effort to dodge the kicks, and simply inviting more and yet more kicks, in his ribs, in his belly, on his elbows, on his shins, in his groin, in his testicles, on the bone at the base of his spine. There were times when it went on and on until the cruel, wicked, unforgivable thing seemed to him not that the guards continued to beat him but that he could not force himself into losing consciousness. There were times when his nerve so forsook him that he began shouting for mercy even before the beating began, when the mere sight of a fist drawn back for a blow was enough to make him pour forth a confession of real and imaginary crimes. There were other times when he started out with the resolve of

confessing nothing, when every word had to be forced out of him between gasps of pain, and there were times when he feebly tried to compromise, when he said to himself: ‘I will

confess, but not yet. I must hold out till the pain becomes unbearable. Three more kicks, two more kicks, and then I will tell them what they want.’ Sometimes he was beaten till he could hardly stand, then flung like a sack of potatoes on to the stone floor of a cell, left to recuperate for a few hours, and then taken out and beaten again.”

How does this scene of 1984 connect to Persepolis?

In this passage, Winston is recalling the harsh torture he was and is being put through by the Party. He had been caught opposing the regime and was put in confinement to be tortured. He remembers the pain he had been through each time he was tortured by the men in black uniforms. Kicks, punches, etc, all aimed to hurt him enough to confess his and of other’s sins. This reminds me of the scene in Persepolis by Marjane Satrapi where Ahmadi was taken in by the government and tortured in order to confess of his sins and where the other rebels were. Ahmadi was whipped, peed on, ironed, and beaten in many different ways before he was killed. Both Winston and Ahmedi live in a society where they are being told what to do, what not to do, how to think, how to live, etc. They feel trapped. They go against their separate regimes, hoping to do good. In Winston’s case, I believe it was for himself. In Ahmadi’s case, it was most likely for himself as well as for others. Winston had gone against the party for his own reasons. It wasn’t so that others could live a better life. He didn’t care about killing others for his own good. “‘You are prepared to commit murder?’ ‘Yes.’ ‘To commit acts of sabotage which may cause the death of hundreds of innocent people?’ ‘Yes.’” Winston wanted to go against the part for his own freedom in a way. For his revenge, for his own feelings. Ahmadi had wanted to go against the regime for his friends and family. For the people of Iran. This is why he worked with others. Why he did not confess.

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Passage:
“The mask was closing on his face. The wire brushed his cheek. And then -- no, it was not relief, only hope, a tiny fragment of hope. Too late, perhaps too late. But he had suddenly understood that in the whole world there was just one person to whom he could transfer his punishment -- one body that he could thrust between himself and the rats. And he was shouting frantically, over and over:

‘Do it to Julia! Do it to Julia! Not me! Julia! I don’t care what you do to her. Tear her face off, strip her to the bones. Not me! Julia! Not me!’” (286).

Thoughts:
O’Brien had just sent Winston to the mysterious Room 101. Essentially, it is another torture room. However, rather than being shocked by the electrocution machine, he has to face his biggest fear: rats. O’Brien is seconds away from placing a cage on Winston’s head that will release rats onto his face. He frightens him by threatening that they will devour his eyes, cheeks, and tongue. In this passage, Winston is trying to figure out a way to escape. Once the cage was close enough, he decided to sacrifice Julia by begging O’Brien to put her in his shoes. His amygdala (the area of the brain where the fear response begins) is being overstimulated. Since he is in danger, his heart rate and blood pressure must be rising, his breathing accelerating, his pupils dilating. Stress hormones like cortisol and adrenaline are going to be released and he isn’t going to be thinking rationally. Being anxious can eventually lead to desperation and aggressive behaviors as well, which would make him blurt out Julia’s name so easily. He has also been constantly shocked by O’Brien for who knows how long, so he must be very mentally drained. Additionally, he is known to think of himself first whenever he is in danger, such as when Winston and Julia first got caught and he could only think of what the Thought Police may do to him. Overall, fear naturally makes people irrational.

Questions:
Why is Julia the first person that comes to mind, and why was there only “one” person that he could have chosen from? Is he making this decision with malicious intent or is he thinking from the Party’s point of view? Why doesn’t he care what the Party does to her, and why does he wish such brutality?

Epiphanies:
I feel like Winston blurted out Julia as his replacement for two possible reasons: one, because he may have felt some inner hate towards her for betraying him immediately after being caught; and two, because he knew that the Party would automatically accept that response since they know how proud he was to not have betrayed her, and that if he did, he would have truly converted over to their side. Either idea sounds pretty realistic. Winston isn’t a perfect human being. I also just realized that there is a recurring motif here: Winston is always being selfish. For example, he was selfish when he was a child and stole the chocolate rations from his poor mother and sick sister; when he dated Julia even though he was married and the Party doesn’t allow dating unless they arrange it themselves; when he didn’t help Julia when they were caught (but that can be kind of justified by his fear/shock); and now when he willingly sacrificed Julia’s safety (yet again justifiable by fear). However, this is still a common theme arising throughout the book. The author is probably trying to communicate examples of the psychology of a person who lives in a totalitarian world. Back to the main point, the second idea is probably more accurate since Julia was the “one” person he could give up. By saying that he “suddenly understood,” it meant that he probably just realized the purpose behind the Party using this torture technique on him. This fear tactic would make him sacrifice the one thing in this world he cares about, and then he would be submissive to the Party’s influence. There was no malicious intent (at least not intentionally or directly), it’s just so that he can feed into the Party’s motive. The only malicious intent I am picking up on is when he says that they can “Tear her face off, strip her to the bones,” which is extremely brutal. Then again, this may be all to show him completely surrendering to the Party and he is just desperately trying to convince them. I also just realized that he might have PTSD (caused by rats) and was motivated by it because when he was with Julia in the room above the antiques shop, he seemed deathly afraid of them as well.

For Discussion:
Why do you think Winston just sacrificed Julia’s safety? Do you agree or disagree with my ideas? Do you have any other ideas behind what motivated him to say Julia’s name?

Do you think that Winston has any mental disorders that cause him to act irrationally whenever he is in danger or is it because he is deathly afraid?

If you were in his shoes, what would you do? Would you say Julia’s name? Someone else's name? Accept your fate? Find a way to physically retaliate and escape? Reason with O’Brien?

So many people in movies and real life will betray their loved ones in an instant whenever they are in danger (ie. when being held at gunpoint). Why do you think this is such a common habit?

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“The voice from the telescreen was still pouring forth its tale of prisoners and booty and slaughter, but the shouting outside had died down a little. The waiters were turning back to their work. One of them approached with the gin bottle. Winston, sitting in a blissful dream, paid no attention as his glass was filled up. He was not running or cheering any longer. He was back in the Ministry of Love, with everything forgiven, his soul white as snow. He was in the public dock, confessing everything, implicating everybody. He was walking down the white-tiled corridor, with the feeling of walking in sunlight, and an armed guard at his back. The long-hoped-for bullet was entering his brain. He gazed up at the enormous face. Forty years it had taken him to learn what kind of smile was hidden beneath the dark moustache. O cruel, needless misunderstanding! O stubborn, self-willed exile from the loving breast! Two gin scented tears trickled down the sides of his nose. But it was all right, everything was all right, the struggle was finished. He had won the victory over himself. He loved Big Brother.”

How can the ending of the story relate to the Iranian Revolution?

How does the Iranian Revolution show the effects of brainwashing alongside 1984?

While there is no specific thing I can relate these few chapters to, I can relate it to many different instances where people had gone against their oppressors, only to be “brainwashed” into siding with them. Here, we see Winston coming out of probably the darkest moments of his life, into something brand new. What he thought of Big Brother before is no longer. The hatred, his will, his ideas, all gone and replaced with the love for Big Brother. After countless torture sessions and brainwashing implications, Winston had become a new man. No longer in love with Julia, no longer against the party, no longer lost with himself. He fought the constant battle he was fighting against and found new meaning in his life. What I can relate this to is when people go against their oppressors and start to believe in them. There were probably many instances in history such as during battles and wars where they would capture prisoners, brainwash them, and set them “free.” In the Iranian Revolution, torturing was a method used to get information out of people right before killing them. While they might not be brainwashed, the people affected by this person dying might be. Someone living in Iran that goes against the regime might think that it really isn’t as safe as they thought when it comes to going against the regime. This results in them no longer fighting, which helps out the government in the end. While it isn’t a direct from the government to the people thing, it affects the people mentally to the point where they don’t have to “brainwash” everyone directly.

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The proles are human beings,” he said aloud.  “We are not human.” “Why not?” said Julia, who had woken again. He thought for a little while. “Has it ever occurred to you,” he said, “that the best things for us to do would be simply to walk out here before it’s too late, and never see each other again?” Thoughts I thought about how Winston is having a deep realization that everything he does is basically clockwork, and not human. The people in the party are taught that the proles are dirty and live in poverty compared to them, but Winston just now makes the connection that they are the only human left. While Winston and the party members aren’t allowed to act freely the proles are able to do, eat, act, anyway, they want, and can make love to whomever they choose. Questions What does this mean for Winston and his actions in the future? How might Winston be looking at this situation knowing what he knows now? Winston talks about how his actions of being human endanger him but he still does them, why? Epiphanies Winston's action in the future will be heavily skewed with the idea that he doesn’t want to be a machine, and I suspect he will try his hardest to do everything in his power to live as much of a human as he can. Winston views the situation as unfair and he wants to rebel against it, even when Julia isn’t open to rebellion and she thinks it's stupid, Winston has an idea of future people being able to be free. Winston still tries to be human even when it puts his life on the line because he reasons that not being human isn’t living in the first place. For Discussion: The book seems to have an external battle of man vs machine. Winston struggles with the idea of trying to become human in a society of basically human robots. He wants to break the chains, but even the girl he loves doesn’t view it as possible. The idea that Winston's ideal is shared with just himself isn’t enough for him so he seeks the idea of rebellion in others like O'Brien. It’s important to note that most of Winston’s motivation comes from breaking the chains and so I presume this will be a theme until the end.

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George Orwell, (born June 25, 1903, Motihari, Bengal, India-died January 21, 1950, London, England), English novelist, essayist, and critic famous for his novels Animal Farm (1945) and Nineteen Eighty-four (1949), the latter a profound anti- utopian novel that examines the dangers of totalitarian rule.

Born Eric Arthur Blair, Orwell never entirely abandoned his original name, but his first book, Down and Out in Paris and London, appeared in 1933 as the work of George Orwell (the surname he derived from the beautiful River Orwell in East Anglia). In time his nom de plume became so closely attached to him that few people but relatives knew his real name was Blair. The change in name corresponded to a profound shift in Orwell's lifestyle, in which he changed from a pillar of the British imperial establishment into a literary and political rebel.

Early life

He was born in Bengal, into the class of sahibs. His father was a minor British official in the Indian civil service; his mother, of French extraction, was the daughter of an unsuccessful teak merchant in Burma ( Myanmar). Their attitudes were those of the "landless gentry," as Orwell later called lower-middle-class people whose pretensions to social status had little relation to their income. Orwell was thus brought up in an atmosphere of impoverished snobbery. After returning with his parents to England, he was sent in 1911 to a preparatory boarding school on the Sussex coast, where he was distinguished among the other boys by his poverty and his intellectual brilliance. He grew up a morose, withdrawn, eccentric boy, and he was later to tell of the miseries of those years in his posthumously published autobiographical essay, Such, Such Were the Joys (1953).

Orwell won scholarships to two of England's leading schools, Wellington and Eton, and briefly attended the former before continuing his studies at the latter, where he stayed from 1917 to 1921. Aldous Huxley was one of his masters, and it was at Eton that he published his first writing in college periodicals. Instead of matriculating at a university, Orwell decided to follow family tradition and, in 1922, went to Burma as assistant district superintendent in the Indian Imperial Police. He served in a number of country stations and at first appeared to be a model imperial servant. Yet from boyhood he had wanted to become a writer, and when he realized how much against their will the Burmese were ruled by the British, he felt increasingly ashamed of his role as a colonial police officer. Later he was to recount his experiences and his reactions to imperial rule in his novel Burmese Days and in two brilliant autobiographical sketches, "Shooting an Elephant" and "A Hanging," classics of expository prose.

Against imperialism

In 1927 Orwell, on leave to England, decided not to return to Burma, and on January 1, 1928, he took the decisive step of resigning from the imperial police. Already in the autumn of 1927 he had started on a course of action that was to shape his character as a writer. Having felt guilty that the barriers of race and caste had prevented his mingling with the Burmese, he thought he could expiate some of his guilt by immersing himself in the life of the poor and outcast people of Europe. Donning ragged clothes, he went into the East End of London to live in cheap lodging houses among labourers and beggars; he spent a period in the slums of Paris and worked as a dishwasher in French hotels and restaurants; he tramped the roads of England with professional vagrants and joined the people of the London slums in their annual exodus to work in the Kentish hopfields.

Those experiences gave Orwell the material for Down and Out in Paris and London, in which actual incidents are rearranged into something like fiction. The book's publication in 1933 earned him some initial literary recognition. Orwell's first novel, Burmese Days (1934), established the pattern of his subsequent fiction in its portrayal of a sensitive, conscientious, and emotionally isolated individual who is at odds with an oppressive or dishonest social environment. The main character of Burmese Days is a minor administrator who seeks to escape from the dreary and narrow-minded chauvinism of his fellow British colonialists in Burma. His sympathies for the Burmese, however, end in an unforeseen personal tragedy. The protagonist of Orwell's next novel, A Clergyman's Daughter (1935), is an unhappy spinster who achieves a brief and accidental liberation in her experiences among some agricultural labourers. Keep the Aspidistra Flying (1936) is about a literarily inclined bookseller's assistant who despises the empty commercialism and materialism of middle-class life but who in the end is reconciled to bourgeois prosperity by his forced marriage to the girl he loves.

Orwell's revulsion against imperialism led not only to his personal rejection of the bourgeois lifestyle but to a political reorientation as well. Immediately after returning from Burma he called himself an anarchist and continued to do so for several years; during the 1930s, however, he began to consider himself a socialist, though he was too libertarian in his thinking ever to take the further step-so common in the period-of declaring himself a communist.

From The Road to Wigan Pier to World War II

Orwell's first socialist book was an original and unorthodox political treatise entitled The Road to Wigan Pier (1937). It begins by describing his experiences when he went to live among the destitute and unemployed miners of northern England, sharing and observing their lives; it ends in a series of sharp criticisms of existing socialist movements. It combines mordant reporting with a tone of generous anger that was to characterize Orwell's subsequent writing.

By the time The Road to Wigan Pier was in print, Orwell was in Spain; he went to report on the Civil War there and stayed to join the Republican militia, serving on the Aragon and Teruel fronts and rising to the rank of second lieutenant. He was seriously wounded at Teruel, with damage to his throat permanently affecting his voice and endowing his speech with a strange, compelling quietness. Later, in May 1937, after having fought in Barcelona against communists who were trying to suppress their political opponents, he was forced to flee Spain in fear of his life. The experience left him with a lifelong dread of communism, first expressed in the vivid account of his Spanish experiences, Homage to Catalonia (1938), which many consider one of his best books.

Returning to England, Orwell showed a paradoxically conservative strain in writing Coming Up for Air (1939), in which he uses the nostalgic recollections of a middle-aged man to examine the decency of a past England and express his fears about a future threatened by war and fascism. When World War II did come, Orwell was rejected for military service, and instead he headed the Indian service of the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC). He left the BBC in 1943 and became literary editor of the Tribune, a left-wing socialist paper associated with the British Labour leader Aneurin Bevan. At this period Orwell was a prolific journalist, writing many newspaper articles and reviews, together with serious criticism, like his classic essays on Charles Dickens and on boys' weeklies and a number of books about England (notably The Lion and the Unicorn, 1941) that combined patriotic sentiment with the advocacy of a libertarian, decentralist socialism very much unlike that practiced by the British Labour Party.

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George Orwell | Biography, Books, Real Name, Political Views, & Facts

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George Orwell, English novelist, essayist, and critic famous for his novels Animal Farm (1945) and Nineteen Eighty-four (1949), the fictionalized but autobiographical Down and Out in Paris and London (1933), and Homage to Catalonia (1938), an account of his experiences in the Spanish Civil War.

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https://app.nearpod.com/?pin=IFZT3

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No mobile devices in your classroom? No worries! You can enjoy Nearpod from any web browser :) Create, engage, and assess your students in every lesson!

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“i wonder what a lemon was, ive seen oranges. Theyre a kind of a round fruit with yellow skin”

ThoughtsThis shows how well the generations have been indocrinated. The context is the main character and julia were talking about how their grandparents would sing them songs about lemons. Julia does not know what a lemon is but Winston does. I think that this is very good implementation of the author to show how deep the party has indoctrinated people in only a few generations. This reminds me of when in the 1940s hitler made the generation of children and nazis belive that the jews were bad. This is also indocrination.
QuestionsHow did the party achive this?How are they able to eliminate the existence of something as fundamental as a lemon from the minds of people?Why did the party do this?Are the people just too poor to know what a lemon is?Where exactly are they that there is no lemons?Did the party teach the generations that lemons were fake?
Epiphanies
I realized they are so deep in the party tht they dont even know nature. They are at such a disconnect. The Higher ups probably have lemons, but since they are at constant conflict, trade has been slow, therefore lemons cannot be shipped. To cover the narrative and their “strong” rep, the party must make them not exist. And if lemons did exist, the party would be credited with making them.

For Discussion:

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Passage 2:

'You are prepared to give your lives?'

'Yes.'

'You are prepared to commit murder?'

'Yes.'

'To commit acts of sabotage which may cause the death of hundreds of innocent people?'

'Yes.'

'To betray your country to foreign powers?'

'Yes.'

'You are prepared to cheat, to forge, to blackmail, to corrupt the minds of children, to distribute habit-forming drugs, to encourage prostitution, to disseminate venereal diseases -- to do anything which is likely to cause demoralization and weaken the power of the Party?'

'Yes.'

'If, for example, it would somehow serve our interests to throw sulphuric acid in a child's face -- are you prepared to do that?'

'Yes.'

'You are prepared to lose your identity and live out the rest of your life as a waiter or a dock-worker?'

'Yes.'

'You are prepared to commit suicide, if and when we order you to do so?'

'Yes.'

'You are prepared, the two of you, to separate and never see one another again?'

'No!' broke in Julia.

ThoughtsThis is a big moment in the book.  It is almost like a contrast because the rules to be in the brotherhood almost require the same lengths to go to as the party. It requires the same dedication. For the party people will give their all,  work, spread propaganda from anti sex to against eurasia. In comparison, the brotherhood requires you to potentially kill, suicude, and betray your country.  The most impactful aspect that these two have in common is 'You are prepared to lose your identity and live out the rest of your life as a waiter or a dock-worker?' this is exactly what the party has done to people. The brotherhood is also engaged in this. This is very interesting and makes me think : what purpose is there to life  if youre just going to lose your identity in this world?
Julia was ready to do everything but separate from winston.
QuestionsWhat is the purpose of the people in this book if they all paths lead to the same place?

EpiphaniesI realized that all the paths lead to the same place.

For Discussion:

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’We are the dead,’ he said. ’We are the dead,’ echoed Julia dutifully. ’You are the dead,’ said an iron voice behind them. They sprang apart. Winston’s entrails seemed to have turned into ice. He could see the white all round the irises of Julia’s eyes. Her face had turned a milky yellow. The smear of rouge that was still on each cheekbone stood out sharply, almost as though unconnected with the skin beneath. ’You are the dead,’ repeated the iron voice. ’It was behind the picture,’ breathed Julia. ’It was behind the picture,’ said the voice. ’Remain exactly where you are. Make no movement until you are ordered.’ It was starting, it was starting at last! They could do nothing except stand gazing into one another’s eyes. To run for life, to get out of the house before it was too late — no such thought occurred to them. Unthinkable to disobey the iron voice from the wall. There was a snap as though a catch had been 128 turned back, and a crash of breaking glass. The picture had fallen to the floor uncovering the telescreen behind it. ’Now they can see us,’ said Julia. ’ Now we can see you,’ said the voice. ’ Stand out in the middle of the room. Stand back to back. Clasp your hands behind your heads. Do not touch one another.’ They were not touching, but it seemed to him that he could feel Julia’s body shaking. Or perhaps it was merely the shaking of his own. He could just stop his teeth from chattering, but his knees were beyond his control. There was a sound of trampling boots below, inside the house and outside. The yard seemed to be full of men. Something was being dragged across the stones. The woman’s singing had stopped abruptly. There was a long, rolling clang, as though the washtub had been flung across the yard, and then a confusion of angry shouts which ended in a yell of pain. ’The house is surrounded,’ said Winston. ’The house is surrounded,’ said the voice. He heard Julia snap her teeth together. ’I suppose we may as well say good-bye,’ she said. ’You may as well say good-bye,’ said the voice

Thoughts:

The painting can symbolize the party and how it is behind everything. It is behind winstons memories and it is his memories. Winston doesnt even exist. This relates to later in the book when winston is being tortured by O’brien and is told the party is always right and that winston doesnt exist. Only the party does. So when winston sees this painting, he sees his memories, but really it is the party behind it.

Questions:

How does the author create anxiety and tension?

Epiphanies:

I realized the party is everywhere and that maybe they are right. There is only the party. There is no individual.