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Different form of English should in my opinion be taught in Swedish schools so kids don't have a "tunnel vision" view on how the English language looks like. But there should be a form of standardization when it comes to learning grammar, spelling etc, the form of English the teacher is most comfortable with would there be the best option

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Sweden would be placed in the expanding circle. Sweden dosen't have any colonial ties to the Brittish- or American empire and therfore the influence of english is mirely based on media, politics, cultur, etc. not historical.

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As many have said before, we chose to teach the English language but we all start with Swedish. If we were to stop using Swedish in public forums, then I would be worried.

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The best variant is the one that most people can understand, and gives us access to the latest advancements in, for example, science. Hopefully it's a variant that is easy to learn, but if not, so be it.

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I place it in the outer circle since we "chose" to teach and use English, we were not colonized and forced to do it. And I believe we chose to do so because of its intrinsic worth.

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When a foreign language usurps (or competes with) the role of the native language, it does so because of it's worth. English is a language that gains accessibilities to a wide range of areas (technology, medicine etcetera), since the advancements of such areas usually happen in English speaking countries (with exception to a few). But that does not exclude the resilience and creativity of the speakers, since the language does evolve and form a new identity amongst its new speakers. It becomes a New English because it gets appropriated to it's new surroundings. I may have misunderstood the question though...

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Hard to say, but my gut says no. Swedish is, all things considered, among the largest languages in the world. I think English helps diversify and develop the Swedish language but is at the present day no immediate threat to its existence.

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Honestly, any standardized variety would be fruitful, as long as there are qualified teachers, teaching materials, and teaching aids. Although, in conjunction with the previous question, it might be the most beneficial for a learner to start at the center, i.e. a variety from the inner circle. Most varieties are derived from an inner circle variety which makes it a good starting ground. Even so, more varieties and new Englishes should be introduced earlier in the education, simply knowing about them broadens perspectives as well as promotes curiosity.

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I believe linguistic imperialism becomes an issue with any global language. Where there are some languages that have more power in certain areas than others it is bound to happen. Power always comes with some kind of imbalance. Despite that, the creation of New Englishes certainly demonstrates both the resilience and creativity of the speakers. I also believe it can be seen as a "natural" way of language, it's alive and ever forming into new things because of its use, and where people are being exposed to several languages at once, new varieties and languages will take shape.

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Considering the spread of English in Sweden we can see it in both ways since we see that English has an important status in Sweden today. The population in Sweden is exposed to English on a daily basis for example at work, through movies, series, music, etc. English can also be seen as a threat to the Swedish language since we live in a world  of technology that carries with it English words that are having a huge impact on the Swedish language. The generation of today is living on their mobile phones and most of what we hear, see and learn is in English.

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In my opinion, varieties of English from countries of the inner circle where English is the primary language should be taught. English from the inner circle countries is the original English that should be taught in schools and the other varieties have evolved from them. There are already many variations of English from the inner circle countries so adding more varieties would take too much time but demonstrating that there are many more varieties is important.

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I would place Sweden in the outer circle since the English language’s status in Sweden is strong and it is an obligatory school subjekt in the compulsory and high schools in Sweden. The English language also plays an important role as a second language in Sweden. Though foreign languages taught in Sweden as modern languages such as French, Spanish or German could be involved in the expanding or extending circle.

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The English language can be considered as a linguistic imperialism since it is a global spread language, but English becomes dominant only if the majority of a country’s population allows it to be the dominant language and therefore a regional and a national language evolves. Many schools teach English and contribute to the spread of it among children and young people who are the future of their society and who adopt the English language. English is considered as a powerful language and that’s why many people want to learn it. So indirectly it can be considered as an imperialism language because of its power.

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I think Swedish schools should teach British and American English, but they should teach about other English variations as well.

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No imperialism, Yes resilience and creativity. 

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No imperialism, Yes resilience and creativity. 

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It is rather the "Old English" that has performed linguistic imperialism, through the advantages in political and economic strength it had during colonization by the US Empire and British Empire. And in todays society its linguistic imperialism is contributed through digital media. New English which is basically varities of the official language and this is a sign of creativity. People who modify the language also however show resistance or rather resilience to adapting to standard British English or standard American English.

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“The feeling that their house is haunted can scare people out of their wits.” There is no threat towards any languages. A language can keep its existence through the people who make the use of it. "Long live svenska". :)

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I do not think that English is a threat to Swedish. Sweden does not have English as its official language. However, I believe that English plays a major role in Sweden. Sweden is a multicultural country with many multilingual people. I want to believe that for many it can be easier to learn English than Swedish if you do not come from Sweden. English will benefit you more from around the world. There is a greater chance that you will come across someone who knows English than Swedish. At the same time, I think Sweden is good at preserving the Swedish language and not letting English take over. However, I believe that English is the language that takes over when it comes to social media. Many Swedish influencers choose, among other things, to make their profiles in English to get more followers and reach more people. I absolutely believe that English may threaten Swedish, but I do not see it happening in the coming years.

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Sweden is certainly placed in the expanding circle.

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I believe that schools in Sweden should stick to British and American English. That's what we're most familiar with. This is what we usually see around us on social media and more. However, I think it is important to mention that there are different variants of English such as New English. That English is not only spoken by Americans and Englishmen but that there are many different interpretations. I think the teaching that Sweden has today is good, but I wish we had gained more knowledge about new English that we get now.

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From my point of view, none of them.  I instead propose that the success of English language is grounded in two various strategic eras:

1. "The Industrial Revolution"

2. the advent of the Internet and the digitalisation

I even emphasis on the latter rather than "The Industrial Revolution".

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I would place Sweden in the expanding circle. English plays a huge role in Sweden in my mind. More and more people are open to learning and improving their English skills. But English is not an official language in Sweden. When it comes to English in Sweden, I also think you should take into account where in Sweden you live. Myself, who comes from a small village in northern Sweden, was not very familiar with the English language. We got to learn a lot in school but you never saw it in the community or among people. I want to believe that in the larger cities where job opportunities are greater, the range of the English language is also greater. In the larger cities, I also want to believe that the supply of people from different countries is greater. Many who move to Sweden usually choose a larger city with many inhabitants instead of a small village at the top of Sweden. I would not change the model in any way because I think Sweden fits in the expanding circle.

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I think in both ways. New English would not exist if it wasn't for imperialism. I believe that New English encourages new learners. I think it’s good that New English is developed because I think it will make more people open minded to speak English. I think it’s important to remember that New Englishes are good. But if someone has been speaking new English for a long time maybe they will have more trouble actually getting to learn official English as in spelling and grammar.

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I would place Swedish in the expanding circle. As for changes to the model; the model implies to me that English speakers of the same circle have the same relationship to English. That is to say that Russian English speakers and Swedish English speakers have the same relationship to English, simply because both groups belong to the expanding circle. I would like to argue that this is not the case. There are many sociopolitical factors which influence the relationship(s) that individuals and groups share with English. Because these factors vary by region, I argue that different geographical regions have distinct relationships to English. 

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I would place Swedish in the expanding circle. As for changes to the model; the model implies to me that English speakers of the same circle have the same relationship to English. That is to say that Russian English speakers and Swedish English speakers have the same relationship to English, simply because both groups belong to the expanding circle. I would like to argue that this is not the case. There are many sociopolitical factors which influence the relationship(s) that individuals and groups share with English. Because these factors vary by region, I argue that different geographical regions have distinct relationships to English. 

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Whilst i do believe there could be some benefits to learning New Englishes I still believe that British and American English should be the only ones taught in Sweden. however, i do still believe that it is important to learn about new englishes and such just like we are doing now

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The evolution of new Englishes is a natural part of the expansion of the English language. In the era of colonialism the spread of english was bound to change from what was well known in the British Isles. The idea of linguistic imperialism to me means that there is some sort of control and hierarki behind the usage of the English language. In the example of American being a "newer English" I would say it has really demonstrated linguistic imperialism through how the language was used against native people. The same can be said for Australien and it's demonstration of linguistic and cultural imperialism against the natives of Australia.

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i would place sweden in the expanding circle as we dont have english as a official language here. however, I do believe that English plays a large role in Sweden as we adopted learning the language at a very early age so the perception of English in Swedish speakers is that we are very well taught and speak very fluently. still the fact remains that we treat English as a foreign language and that it is how it is taught at school. therefore, it cannot place us any higher on the model.

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both, new englishes would never exist or rather, not be as large if not for imperialism. therefore demonstrating linguistic imperialism. although, I tend to lean more towards the idea that it is about the resilience and creativity of the speakers for the sake off letting the people speak for themselves andkeep their own identity

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Both. Achebe argues that English speakers of the outer circle perform an impressive creative feat when they adapt English in such a way that the language can encompass and express their lived experiences. Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o argues that the continued use of English in post-colonial nations is, in fact, a tool of neo-colonialism. In this case, I agree with them both.

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Both. Achebe argues that English speakers of the outer circle perform an impressive creative feat when they adapt English in such a way that the language can encompass and express their lived experiences. Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o argues that the continued use of English in post-colonial nations is, in fact, a tool of neo-colonialism. In this case, I agree with them both.

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I think based on how the world looks today that the use of a global language will only continue to grow. Whether that global language is English or some other language I will leave unsaid. I also think that the laws will follow the development and adjust to the age they exist in. Therefore I’m sure that the Swedish language and the way we use it will change along with everything else. Maybe it will take another form or disappear altogether.

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In Sweden and the rest of Europe I believe that the most common variety still is British English. Since school are supposed to prepare children for making it in the future, I think it is a good idea to teach the kind of English that children will have the most use of. However schools should pay close attention to the development of language and be open to change. One alternative could be to teach different varieties but that may be very confusing for the children. I think the best way is to teach British English but still raise awareness that there are different varieties.

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English is not the first language in Sweden so I wouldn’t but Sweden in the inner circle. Whether Sweden should be placed in the outer or expanding circle depends, in my opinion, on where in Sweden you are. To my knowledge English is not an official second language in Sweden but in some cities like Stockholm it looks like it could be. For example sings are written in both Swedish and English and many companies speak only English. In smaller cities this is not the case. According to my experience people living in bigger cities are also better at dealing with the English language than people living in smaller cities, maybe because they are in more frequent contact with it.

Against this background and would give the model more layers to enable a more detailed analysis.

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I would place Sweden in the expanded circle, as we recognize the power of English, by e.g teaching it in schools, yet the official language remains Swedish. We do not reject English, by chastising those who speak it, yet we do not encourage speaking English e.g in informal, personal settings. At this point, today, I believe we simply acknowledge its power in the global arena, and see that there are clear incentives to learn English, e.g for business or academics.

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I don’t think that the New Englishes is a new phenomenon since it already happened a long time ago with British versus American English. Thus it is a natural process that is inevitable and I don’t think this have to be negative, in terms of linguistic imperialism, but shows on the peoples’ creativity and natural development of languages.

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I believe that a standard, official English would be most fruitful for Swedish learners, as it can be used in academic and professional settings. However, it is important not to neglect the other versions of English, as these can bring insight into the complex nature of the language.

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I believe that the New Englishes are demonstrating resilience and creativity of the speakers, in face of linguistic imperialism. That is, the New Englishes display both, as they are intertwined, and I simply believe that the speakers of New English are doing the best they can.

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Ultimately, it's the will of the people that will dictate what level of dominance English will have in Sweden. The government's efforts to protect Swedish might have some short-term effect, but I'd expect that Swedish will be more or less a dead language a few centuries down the road. There is no massive movement against English among young Swedes these days, rather the opposite, so unless a massive change of sentiment were to take place, I definitely see Swedish losing the battle.

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Ultimately, it's the will of the people that will dictate what level of dominance English will have in Sweden. The government's efforts to protect Swedish might have some short-term effect, but I'd expect that Swedish will be more or less a dead language a few centuries down the road. There is no massive movement against English among young Swedes these days, rather the opposite, so unless a massive change of sentiment were to take place, I definitely see Swedish losing the battle.

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I think the most pragmatic choice would be to teach American English since it's the dominant variety in the Western world these days. While it wouldn't hurt to briefly cover other variants to show the diversity of the English language of today, it's more efficient to focus on the most usable one.

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I think the most pragmatic choice would be to teach American English since it's the dominant variety in the Western world these days. While it wouldn't hurt to briefly cover other variants to show the diversity of the English language of today, it's more efficient to focus on the most usable one.

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Sweden would have to be part of the expanding circle as the country has no history of being colonized by Great Britain. It could however be argued that the general level of English proficiency among Swedes is higher than that of some countries in the outer circle, and the prevalance of English in Swedish society makes it feel like the country deserves a place closer to the inner circle. It could be wise to construct a more quantitative model where the prevalence of English in a certain country has a higher weight than the historical context.

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Sweden would have to be part of the expanding circle as the country has no history of being colonized by Great Britain. It could however be argued that the general level of English proficiency among Swedes is higher than that of some countries in the outer circle, and the prevalance of English in Swedish society makes it feel like the country deserves a place closer to the inner circle. It could be wise to construct a more quantitative model where the prevalence of English in a certain country has a higher weight than the historical context.

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I'd say it's the latter; by applying one's own spin on English, one asserts one's power over the language and gives it a new identity that resonates with pre-existing culture and history.

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I'd say it's the latter; by applying one's own spin on English, one asserts one's power over the language and gives it a new identity that resonates with pre-existing culture and history.

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For now, I cannot see English as a threat to the Swedish language. Since the government decided to make the Swedish language the official language on its lands, that means Sweden is aware of the strength that English has, and we can see how English has vigorous present in some fields like economy and technology in a way of trying to benefit of the power of English language has but not to shade its official language.

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This is a very difficult question to answer. But I think, American and British English should be taught side by side the philological study of these languages to understand the whole story, as Adichie said in her talk we have to save ourselves from having a single story about English and make it the only story because there is never a single story. I also think that the variety of English that is spread in a specific nation should be reinforced by teaching it too.

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I would place it in the expanding or extending circle because Sweden is not the colonizer nor the colonized but the country with free will that wants to be colonized or the country that wants to taste the cake and not only smell it.

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The new Englishes are the resilience and creativity of the speakers. Because I see English entered the colonized lands as the Swiss army knife with many blades and tools but the colonized lands took apart this knife and each land took one blade and attached it to a new handle that is inspired by their own culture. And this is pure creativity and resilience.

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I do not see English as a threat to our language because our country isn’t one of the countries that got brutally affected by English colonizers we have managed to let the Swedish language live for centuries and I see it living for even more. The English language still has a long way ahead of it in order to affect the Swedish language brutally.

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I personally think that the way the schools are teaching English out to Swedish students is perfectly fine. They should only include proper English because other varieties of English is already being taught through media and other social places.

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I would probably place Sweden in the expanding circle, even though English has made a very large influence on Swedish citizens through the internet, there is still a large number where they find English a foreign language and hasn’t quote reached all the way to become a language everyone is comfortable with. I personally wouldn’t change the model because it easily portrays how the English language looks in certain areas and I don’t find it difficult to place Sweden in the model.

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I believe that the new Englishes are demonstrating resilience and creativity of the speakers, it seems to be frontly more positive  due to the fact that people will have access to different sides of the English language and evolve their creativity around speaking the language. but it can be seen as a negative thing when it comes down to learn, quote on quote ''proper English''

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Even though English is a big part of the media we consume daily, I don't think Swedish will disappear as a result. The influence of the media is of course changing the way we speak, words are added to SAOL every year that stem from English (e.g."gaslighta"). This word describes something that takes a full sentence to explain in Swedish.

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I think the current model in school is good and would not change it drastically. However I think it would be beneficial to learn more about different Englishes in high school, in an effort to understand how language can develop and change cultures around the world

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I'd place it in the 3rd and wouldn't change it. We aren't learning the language because of history, of it being an official language etc. and I don't see a need to make another circle or change the existing ones.

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The new Englishes wouldn't exist (at least not to this extent) had it not been for imperialism so in that way they are demonstrating the linguistic imperialism, by existing. I lean more toward the idea, though, that they are a demonstration of resilience and creativity. To not let a big part of ones identity be taken away, to fight it and create something new is truly powerful.

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I would say that the biggest threat English poses to Swedish are domain losses in the fields of research that evolve quicker than we have time to translate them. Other than that I don't really see English as a big threat to Swedish.

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These are the most widely used Englishes. I think having some classes introducing the concept of other Englishes would be good but using the most used versions of the language would be best for education.

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While the current model might need som more nuance it gives a precursory look at what the situation is like.

I would place Swedish in the expanding circle. While English in Sweden is a bit of a greyzone because of the number of fluent speakers, it is still being taught as a foreign language.

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I think that the way that these New Englishes have developed is a sign of resilience. The speakers are establishing dominance over the language and letting the language shape itself after them and the preexisting language and not the other way around.

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I belive the new Englishes encourage new learners. If there where just one way to speaking correct english people might be less open to learn English. Scared off by the "inner circle English" if that was the only English existing. So I think creativity in learning and using play a big role in learning any language really.

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I don’t see English as a threat to the Swedish language. Sweden as a country has a strong cultural identity where the Swedish language plays a pivotal role.

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It might be a good idea to study the concept of English varieties, but in terms of what we study to learn the language itself we should stick to American or British English because that would be most practical.

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I would place it in the Expanding Circle. We Swedes are learning the language because we want to and see benefits from it.

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I would lean more toward the latter. I would argue that taking something that was enforced on you and making it your own is a way to break free from the roots of linguistic imperialism.

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While my initial reaction would be to completely disregard English as a threat to the Swedish language, I have to take my own experiences into account. A near complete amount of all the media I, and I suspect many, consume is entirely in English. English books, English movies, English on the internet, etc. This has caused me to often use English grammar when speaking Swedish or forgetting words in the latter but knowing them in the former. I've even found myself thinking in English.

How common my situation is, I don't know, but I think it shows that an over exposure to another language can make some begin to lose their grip on their own. So, is English a threat? Maybe. I think it's important that everyone in Sweden can speak Swedish, but as to the degree of threat English poses I can only speak for myself.

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I think it is important that our education focuses on a single type of English, whether that would be British or American or any other common type. While new Englishes can be understood as English by anyone who knows the base language, I believe that the more common variants are more useful for us.

That being said, I think it is a great idea to introduce and teach about new Englishes in schools. Language evolution is a fascinating subject that could reach more people by including it in a mainstream subject like English.

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Kachru's model only builds upon categorising countries by the facts of how their relationship with English has evolved/is evolving. I don't see any need to change it, however a new more nuanced model could serve to contrast Kachru's and give a different perspective.

As for where Sweden would land in Kachru's model, it would have to be in the expanding circle. While it is true that English is commonly known in Sweden, it is still a foreign language in the sense of how it is taught and used.

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I see the laws as a way to preserve the Swedish language more than English as threatening the Swedish language. With the high number of immigrants entering Sweden in the past decade, the country has faced significant assimilation challenges. With the primary official  language being Swedish and so much of the culture being expressed through language, I think it is necessary for the government to make these laws to better integrate immigrants into Swedish society. It must be pointed out that Sweden's mother language education policy shows that it places equal value on an individual's mother language. For me the new Swedish language policy is simply to ensure the ease of communication in an increasingly multilingual society.

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Seeing as the "New Englishes" have evolved from either British or American based English, I think teaching in either of these varieties is a good base for learning the language. However, exposing students to the other varieties that exist is crucial to understanding the language and the possibilities for usage. As the varieties of English are adapted to the local environment, they show a multitude of expressions and nuances that would enhance swedish students' command of the language.

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I would place Sweden in between the inner and outer circle. I would say that because Sweden was an early adopter of English language education and the language competence is very high, it could be considered a bilingual country.

I think the model could be changed to reflect the countries who have adopted English as significant language, which in a few decades will likely be bilingual.

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If you consider multilingual countries with too many different languages to learn, then English (although possibly introduced during colonialism) has proved quite useful. These speakers definitely show resilience and creativity in adapting the language to their local environment. I think these speakers have changed their historical narrative and taken what was forced upon them, and moulded into something uniquely theirs.

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Currently, English is only used in a few domains so as of now it is not a great threat. It is also very much possible to have a multilingual or diglossic situation where Swedish remains the language of identity or L variety and English intelligibility or H variety

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I think that schools should introduce varieties from the inner circle and perhaps the outer because that's where the language is the most established. It's good to get an understanding of how cultures differ in their expression of English. However, I think most teaching should stem from American English as that is the country that English power comes from currently. There's no more important country to be able to easily communicate with. British English is also a good contestor as it is a relevant language for us in Europe, but it has a different power situation.

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The model is used to showcase the establishment of English. In Sweden, English is used in some domains such as higher education and media, but seldom in private domains. It's hard to imagine the language spreading into those domains, Swedish will likely still be the most convenient way of expressing identity while English is for intelligibility. However, if we get a diglossic situation where English spreads into more domains, then I would place Sweden in the second circle. Sweden has a close relationship to English but I don't think that's what the model tries to reflect.

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It demonstrates imperialism in the sense that it promotes the idea of English as the only option. In the case of cultures where the local language is gaining negative attitudes, when speakers exclusively use the new English to express their identity instead of the language so closely bound to their culture. In that case I think English has a negative impact.
However, new Englishes clearly show resilience and creativity when English is taken and shaped to fit a new identity, to express culture specific things. When for example speakers remove the colonial connotations of the language and make it their own that shows resilience. If the price for that is language death though, a conflict arises.

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English is a powerful language and should be recongnized as such. Thus, is it good to see it as a threat in order to think about our own language and make sure that it can co-exist with English in Sweden without pushing Swedish aside. Admitting that English is a threat does not mean one has to go to war with it. In order for Swedish to survive it need to adapt like any other language in the modern era, while keeping a balance on what adaptation can be implemented to the language and what to leave out.

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Yes, however, I would say that it is not the English language per se that is threatening the Swedish language. I think social media usage is a threath both to Swedish and English. Nowadays, children spend a large amount of time on social media where they encounter both informal English and informal Swedish.

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I think it is evident to learn about the different varieties in School. In addition, learning about the different varities might extend students knowledge about the English language. However, I believe that it is important that students in Sweden should be taught standard British English. Learning a new language should be seen as an opportunity to express yourself AND an opportunity to understand others. Nothing else.

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New Englishes demonstrates resilience and creativity 

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New Englishes demonstrates resilience and creativity 

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I believe that New Englishes demonstrates resilience towards ''the inner circle'', also, it demonstates the need for culture and identity. Adapting vocabulary and grammar reflects this as well.

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I personally think that teaching are more Swedish variation of English (Sweglish) would not benifit people trying to learn English. When learning any language, one should be prepared to adapt to the language in its entirety, in order to recongnize that it is differnt from our own Language. This means learning the language origin which is Brittish and Swedens´connection to English through history has come from The UK. I would be strange if Canadian English would be taught when our English roots does not originate from there.

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Change the model, it needs to be nuanced 

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Change the model, it needs to be nuanced 

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I would still place Sweden in the expanding circle since English doesn't have an official status. However, the English language is vital.  Moreover, it is crucial to be able to master the language in order to receive higher education. Therefore, the expanding circle should include information about the status of the English language. In addition, it is possible that the current circle is incomplete. One could argue how it would be necessary to add more layers to THE circle, considering the spread of English.

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Sweden does not have English has a official second language like many other countries do, yet Sweden of one the top countries when it comes to speaking English. For this reason there should be a seperate part of the inner circle that reflects this. Likewise, countries that does have English has a official second language should still be measured by the ability of English by that countries natives. Having close ties and better speaking ability by the natives should weigh as much, if not more, as an official decloration.

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I think that New Englishes can contribute in positive and negative ways. A new variation of English still introduce people to English which creates a bond to official English and can introcution to English education seems less far away. Regardless of their English speaking abilities. Then again it can also function as a barrier for people learning English, espacially if they have been used to speaking a New English variant for a long time. The process of re-learing can feel daunting and make people trying to learn English feel put of by it. Especially if they belive that there is no need to learn official English.