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Latino American discrimination dates back to around 1848, at the end of the Mexican-American war. 55% of Mexico’s territory now belonged to the United States, and the people living there were now Mexican Americans. Immigration to the states was not flourishing yet, but the rise of labor, which led to the need for workers, created a need for recruiters to go to Mexico and convince people to emigrate to the US in order to help fit the growing country’s labor worker needs. This being said, Latinos were heavily discriminated against, they were banned from many white establishments (such as restaurants, bars, and general public places). Their housing and schooling were all, though not by legal stature, segregated and they were seen as lower-class citizens by white Americans. Discrimination came from any number of prejudiced backing, be it differences in race or language, and the general public perpetuated the idea that Latin Americans were undeserving of the American citizenship many of them had, and mob violence against them began to rise. During the great depression, many Americans felt that Mexican Americans were taking their jobs, and thus there was a mass deportation of about 2 million Mexican Americans by the United States. This deportation was called “repatriation” and continued for some time before it ended. When the voting rights act of 1965 was passed, it should have included America-born Latinos, however they had to face the challenge of the language barrier, which prevented specifically Spanish speakers from voting. There has been much work to find equality for Latin Americans in all aspects of American life, yet to this day, many Latin Americans face such discrimination in the form of deportation, lack of equality in housing and healthcare, and financial issues.

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 Founding of Japanese-Mexican Labor Association (JMLA) (1903) - Emily

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 Founding of Japanese-Mexican Labor Association (JMLA) (1903) - Emily

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On February 11, 1903, 500 Japanese and 200 Mexican laborers founded the Japanese-Mexican Labor Association (JMLA). Later, this union became the first to win a strike against the California agricultural industry, which was a potent force even at the time. They fought for better pay and the freedom to buy goods wherever they wished rather than be faced with unreasonable company store prices; after a violent shooting on March 23 where a Mexican worker ended up dead, the company conceded and gave into the labor demands increasing wages.

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This is an image of Mexicans immigrating into the United States.

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The Fallout of the Mexican Revolution (1910-1920) - Emily

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The Fallout of the Mexican Revolution (1910-1920) - Emily

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Due to the Mexican Revolution, war refugees and political exiles fled to the United States to escape the violence. Mexicans also left rural areas searching for stability and employment attracted to the United States by the new industries in the U.S. Southwest, particularly mining and agriculture. As a result, Mexican migration to the United States rose sharply, and legal migrants grew from around 20,000 migrants per year during the 1910s to about 50,000 – 100,000 migrants per year by the 1920s was reached. This was the first time that America had recieved such a large number of Mexican refugees and began the increase in immigration.

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Increase In Demand for Workers (1917)- Emily 

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Increase In Demand for Workers (1917)- Emily 

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Factories in war-related industries needed more workers due to WWI when most American men left to join the war effort. Latinos from the Southwest begin moving north in large numbers for the first time. They find ready employment as machinists, mechanics, furniture finishers, upholsterers, printing press workers, meat packers, and steel mill workers. This significant increase in job opportunities for Mexican Americans encouraged Mexican immigration as Latinos searched for the American dream. However, working conditions in these factories are often subpar, resulting in many injuries and low wages.

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This is a cartoon drawn, depicting the El Monte Strike. 

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Latino unions in California led the El Monte Strike, possibly the most significant agricultural strike at that point in history, to protest the declining wage rate for strawberry pickers. By May 1933, wages dropped to nine cents an hour. In July, growers agreed to a settlement including a wage increase to 20 cents an hour, or $1.50 for a nine-hour day of work. The wages were also divided by race, with white workers making 25 cents an hour, whereas Mexican workers making 15. The strike included workers from Chino, Medina Court, and La Puente, and over 2,000 workers were refusing to work, which rose to 7,000 only a week later.  This was one of the most significant strikes that pushed Latin Americans to fight against the oppression and unfair treatment they were subjected to due to their race.

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Fair Employment Practices Committee (1941)- Emily

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Fair Employment Practices Committee (1941)- Emily

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The U.S. government forms the Fair Employment Practices Committee to handle employment discrimination cases. Latino workers file more than one-third of all complaints from the Southwest. Discrimination against Latinos became prevalent within the United States, with Mexican Americans routinely being discriminated against with wages, working conditions, and job opportunities. Mexican Americans were not given equal treatment and were treated as second-class citizens by their employers.

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Introduction of the Fair Employment Practice Bill (1944)- Emily

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Introduction of the Fair Employment Practice Bill (1944)- Emily

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Senator Dennis Chávez of New Mexico introduced the first Fair Employment Practices Bill, which prohibited discrimination due to race, creed, or national origin. This bill ultimately failed; however, it did provide hope for minorities in the country and became an essential predecessor to the Civil Rights Act, which was put into place in 1964.

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Mexican-American parents challenged the segregation of Latino students in separate schools by suing the state of California. The California Supreme Court ruled in the parents' favor in Mendez v. Westminster, arguing segregation violates children's constitutional rights. This case significantly displayed the inequalities and embedded racism for Mexican-American immigrants. It was a significant victory for the Latinx community and a predecessor for Brown v. The Board of Education.

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During "Operation Wetback" from 1953 and 1958, the U.S. Immigration Service arrested and deported more than 3.8 million Latin Americans who had legally gained citizenship to the United States. This operation used military-style tactics to remove Mexican immigrants, some of whom were legal American citizens, from the United States. Operation Wetback was designed to send Mexican immigrants back to Mexico despite the United States setting up programs to bring them into the U.S. This was a clear violation of the rights of Latinx immigrants and showed how severely the United States treated them as second-class citizens deporting them illegally and violating their Civil Rights.

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The Hernandez v. Texas case of 1950 protected the right to a fair trial for Mexican Americans. Peter Hernandez, was convicted of murdering Joe Espinosa by a white jury. A team of Hispanic lawyers took up his case, and they ended up taking it to the Supreme Court, marking this as the first time any Hispanic Lawyers had argued a case in front of the Supreme Court, making this a significant event for Hispanic representation in court.

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Newspaper Coverage of the Hernandez Case - Tiba

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Newspaper Coverage of the Hernandez Case - Tiba

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A newspaper cover about the Supreme Court case of Hernandez v Texas

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The Equal Educational Opportunity Act of 1974 - Tiba

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The Equal Educational Opportunity Act of 1974 - Tiba

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As the number of immigrants in the United States rose, the need for the implementation of bilingual education in classrooms grew. Many children of immigrants were not fluent in English, as they did not speak it at home, and this led to discrimination from within classrooms as well. Many of these classrooms and schools were segregated to begin with, and the education offered to immigrants and their children paled in comparison to that which was offered to the white population. The Equal Educational Opportunity Act prohibited racial discrimination within schools and banned school segregation, stating that school districts needed to be able to provide for their non-native English speaking students

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California's Proposition 187 (1994) - Tiba

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California's Proposition 187 (1994) - Tiba

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This proposition, suggested by anti-immigrant organizations, allowed for the prohibition of undocumented immigrants from access to education and healthcare and stated that if anyone was suspected to be undocumented, it was well within the rights of those around them to report them to the Immigration and Naturalization Services (INS). This was a huge blow to many undocumented residents and brought challenges to those who were suspected of being undocumented, even though they may have in fact been American citizens or residents with documents

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Overturning California's Proposition 187 (1997) - Tiba

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Overturning California's Proposition 187 (1997) - Tiba

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Just three years after the proposition was passed, it was repealed by courts. After much protesting by people who this proposition affected, it was ruled invalid as it was seen as unconstitutional. It violated the 14th amendment's Equal Protection Clause, which provided protection to all people regardless of citizenship status.

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Anti-Latino propaganda depicting the struggles faced by Latin Americans who wished to exercise their right to vote as US citizens.

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In an effort to make voting more inclusive, this set of provisions further emphasized the fact that there is no longer any form of literacy test or device that can be used to deny voting rights to any US citizen, and that voting materials need to be available in various languages so as to not discriminate against citizens who may not be native English speakers.

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The Hamilton Mixtape: Immigrants (We Get The Job Done)

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Immigrants (We Get the Job Done) - Tiba/Emily

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Immigrants (We Get the Job Done) - Tiba/Emily

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The Hamilton mixtape is a song about immigration into the United States and some takes on immigrants' power and their importance in American society. This video displays how immigrants are still the faces behind many industries within the United States—primarily written by Lin Manuel Miranda, a Latin American who often talks about the importance of immigrants within the United States and the rights they deserve. We found it essential to include this in our Padlet to demonstrate the lasting prejudice against Latin Americans in our country, showcasing how this is an ongoing issue that has yet to be thoroughly dealt with, and Latin Americans remain discriminated against and subject to poor work conditions.

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The Hamilton Mixtape: Immigrants (We Get The Job Done)

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One main issue we discovered while looking over Latinx civil rights was the limited support for undocumented citizens in the United States. Often times in the United States immigration policies are unwelcoming to foreign-born Latinos most intensely because of the direct impact on them due to race, such policies would also likely affect US-born Latinx who are citizens by birth because such policies signal social exclusion of members of their ethnic-identity group generally. As the 2016 US presidential election showed, some white Americans embrace more liberal immigration policies such as the path to citizenship for the undocumented welcoming refugees. The country needs to work to ease the path to citizenship for undocumented immigrants in the United States and create a better system to welcome refugees into our country. In order to do this, we should provide support for undocumented immigrants to gain citizenship by providing financial aid and organizations dedicated to this issue of helping these immigrants become official United States citizens. It is essential that the United States also places refugees who have just entered the country in similar programs to achieve success in America. The country should look for alternative ways for refugees to succeed in the country rather than deport them.  Another issue we discovered while observing the history of Latin American civil rights was the lack of health care support in the Latinx community. As Latinx immigrants moved into the country, healthcare access became a significant issue. Frequently, especially in the workplace, Latinx workers were subjected to unsafe working conditions and not provided the benefits of healthcare that other workers were provided. In order to ensure that all of these families can receive health care, mainly to prevent the cycle of poverty that can often occur within immigrant families who work hard to achieve the American dream. Our solution to this issue is providing education and aid to the Latinx population to provide them with more accessibility to healthcare. Expanding Medicaid and making it more accessible as well as working to improve understanding despite the language barrier should be a main focus for the United States. In 2018, Latinos accounted for nearly one-third of all Medicaid enrollees and the expansion of Medicaid would disproportionately improve their healthcare access. Furthermore, providing programs that may assist immigrants, and working to achieve more financial aid to those Latinx families which are in poverty. Providing aid to this minority is extremely important and well deserved after years of being mistreated and deprived of healthcare for many who immigrated to the United States. The final issue which we uncovered while evaluating the civil rights history of the Latinx community is the lack of financial relief which is provided to this minority. While welcoming Latinx immigrants into the country, we need to relieve families struggling with financial issues. Especially after the pandemic, Latinx families struggle to provide for their children, or the cycle of poverty that we had previously seen in history will continue. In order to help Latinx families to improve their lives as well as end the cycle of poverty that a large number of these families are facing, the country needs to ensure proper transportation, materials, and lunches for these children. The United States needs to work on more plans to create relief, such as observing communities that qualify for relief funding and ensuring those communities are granted the funding needed until they are no longer struggling. This is similar to the past when hard-working Latinx immigrants struggled to provide for their families and move up in the country due to a lack of assistance by the government in relief funding, education, health care, and immigration policies. These are issues as a country we must work to improve to provide equality and justice for Latin Americans.

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Latin American discrimination is nothing new, and though progress has been made, there is still a long way to go in the fight for their civil rights and equality. As the United States moves toward attempting to create a land of equal opportunity for improving particularly Latino access to healthcare, ease of immigrations, and financial relief.