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Queen Elizabeth was a powerful queen who was seen as very dangerous by a lot of people. Therefore Shakespeare toys with the idea of women being dangerous when given a position of power through the roles of Goneril and Regan.

King James succeeded the throne after Elizabeth I died and due to Elizabeth having no heir. King James of Scotland became, King James of Great Britain. This stimulated a lot of political and religious turmoil as the Scots and English didn’t always have the same beliefs. Shakespeare shows the flaws of king Lear possibly to portray the significance of good kingship to the new King James.
The dividing of the map at the start could also link contextually as Shakespeare emphasises the significance of unification - linking to the unification of Great Britain.
The great chain of being and natural order were religious beliefs commonly held at the time. God is at the top of the chain and if someone was to disrupt or challenge Gods power this would result in them being punished. This links to Lear’s selfish and ignorant leadership and motives.

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Agree- It could be argued that due to both Lear and Gloucester’s blinding hubris, a punishment needs to occur in order to enlighten them of their tragic flaws. A storm and plucking of the eyes (both horrifying punishments) is what triggers an Anagnorisis In the old men.

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Disagree: Old age and fragility make them vulnerable to the manipulation of the younger generation. 
Agree- banishment of Cordelia
Gloucester’s blindness to Edmund’s deceit and machinations; Edgar's righteous 

DISAGREE: Act four scene seven: “I fear I am not in my perfect mind”, 
Act four scene six: “How stiff is my vile sense, that I stand up and have ingenious feeling of my huge sorrows”

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Agree: A contemporary Shakespeare audience would expect Lear and Gloucester to receive a lesson due to their fatal flaws. As Lear usurps God's power when passing on the throne, and Gloucester's act of committing adultery would come into conflict with the commonly christian society. Therefore, ethically the audience would expect to see a punishment  

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Agree: A contemporary Shakespeare audience would expect Lear and Gloucester to receive a lesson due to their fatal flaws. As Lear usurps God's power when passing on the throne, and Gloucester's act of committing adultery would come into conflict with the commonly christian society. Therefore, ethically the audience would expect to see a punishment  

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King Lear Act 1 Scene 4 | Shakespeare Learning Zone | Royal Shakespeare Company

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In this scene, Goneril has confronted her father with her complaints about the ‘hundred knights and squires’ who are staying with him in her castle. Take a look an extract from this scene and watch it in performance here.

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SCENE IV. Before GLOUCESTER's castle. KENT in the stocks.

Enter KING LEAR, Fool, and Gentleman

KING LEAR
'Tis strange that they should so depart from home,
And not send back my messenger.

GETLEMAN
As I learn'd,
The night before there was no purpose in them
Of this remove.

KENT
Hail to thee, noble master!

KING LEAR
Ha! Makest thou this shame thy pastime?

KENT
No, my lord.

FOOL
Ha, ha! he wears cruel garters. Horses are tied
by the heads, dogs and bears by the neck, monkeys by
the loins, and men by the legs: when a man's
over-lusty at legs, then he wears wooden
nether-stocks.

KING LEAR
What's he that hath so much thy place mistook
To set thee here?

KENT
It is both he and she;
Your son and daughter.

KING LEAR
No.

KENT
Yes.

KING LEAR
No, I say.

KENT
I say, yea.

KING LEAR
No, no, they would not.

KENT
Yes, they have.

KING LEAR
By Jupiter, I swear, no.

KENT
By Juno, I swear, ay.

KING LEAR
They durst not do 't;
They could not, would not do 't;'tis worse than murder,
To do upon respect such violent outrage:
Resolve me, with all modest haste, which way
Thou mightst deserve, or they impose, this usage,
Coming from us.

KENT
My lord, when at their home
I did commend your highness' letters to them,
Ere I was risen from the place that show'd
My duty kneeling, came there a reeking post,
Stew'd in his haste, half breathless, panting forth
From Goneril his mistress salutations;
Deliver'd letters, spite of intermission,
Which presently they read: on whose contents,
They summon'd up their meiny, straight took horse;
Commanded me to follow, and attend
The leisure of their answer; gave me cold looks:
And meeting here the other messenger,
Whose welcome, I perceived, had poison'd mine,--
Being the very fellow that of late
Display'd so saucily against your highness,--
Having more man than wit about me, drew:
He raised the house with loud and coward cries.
Your son and daughter found this trespass worth
The shame which here it suffers.

FOOL
Winter's not gone yet, if the wild-geese fly that way.

Fortune, that arrant whore,
Ne'er turns the key to the poor.
But, for all this, thou shalt have as many dolours
for thy daughters as thou canst tell in a year.

KING LEAR
O, how this mother swells up toward my heart!
Hysterica passio, down, thou climbing sorrow,
Thy element's below! Where is this daughter?

KENT
With the earl, sir, here within.

KING LEAR
Follow me not; stay here.

Exit

GENTLEMAN

How chance the king comes with so small a train?

FOOL
And thou hadst been set i' the stocks for that
question, thou hadst well deserved it.

KENT
Why, fool?

FOOL
We'll set thee to school to an ant, to teach thee
there's no labouring i' the winter. All that follow
their noses are led by their eyes but blind men; and
there's not a nose among twenty but can smell him
that's stinking. Let go thy hold when a great wheel
runs down a hill, lest it break thy neck with
following it: but the great one that goes up the
hill, let him draw thee after. When a wise man
gives thee better counsel, give me mine again: I
would have none but knaves follow it, since a fool gives it.

But I will tarry; the fool will stay,
And let the wise man fly:
The knave turns fool that runs away;
The fool no knave, perdy.

KENT
Where learned you this, fool?

FOOL
Not i' the stocks, fool.

Re-enter KING LEAR with GLOUCESTER

KING LEAR
Deny to speak with me? They are sick? they are weary?
They have travell'd all the night? Mere fetches;
The images of revolt and flying off.
Fetch me a better answer.

GLOUCESTER
My dear lord,
You know the fiery quality of the duke;
How unremoveable and fix'd he is
In his own course.

KING LEAR
Vengeance! plague! death! confusion!
Fiery? what quality? Why, Gloucester, Gloucester,
I'ld speak with the Duke of Cornwall and his wife.

GLOUCESTER
Well, my good lord, I have inform'd them so.

KING LEAR
Inform'd them! Dost thou understand me, man?

GLOUCESTER
Ay, my good lord.

KING LEAR
The king would speak with Cornwall; the dear father
Would with his daughter speak, commands her service:
Are they inform'd of this? My breath and blood!
Fiery? the fiery duke? Tell the hot duke that--
No, but not yet: may be he is not well:
Infirmity doth still neglect all office
Whereto our health is bound; we are not ourselves
When nature, being oppress'd, commands the mind
To suffer with the body: I'll forbear;
And am fall'n out with my more headier will,
To take the indisposed and sickly fit
For the sound man. Death on my state! wherefore

Looking on KENT

Should he sit here? This act persuades me
That this remotion of the duke and her
Is practise only. Give me my servant forth.
Go tell the duke and 's wife I'ld speak with them,
Now, presently: bid them come forth and hear me,
Or at their chamber-door I'll beat the drum
Till it cry sleep to death.

GLOUCESTER
I would have all well betwixt you.

Exit

KING LEAR
O me, my heart, my rising heart! but, down!

FOOL
'Twas her brother that, in pure
kindness to his horse, buttered his hay.

Enter CORNWALL, REGAN, GLOUCESTER, and Servants

KING LEAR
Good morrow to you both.

CORNWALL
Hail to your grace!

KENT is set at liberty

REGAN
I am glad to see your highness.

KING LEAR
Regan, I think you are; I know what reason
I have to think so: if thou shouldst not be glad,
I would divorce me from thy mother's tomb,
Sepulchring an adultress.

To KENT

O, are you free?
Some other time for that. Beloved Regan,
Thy sister's naught: O Regan, she hath tied
Sharp-tooth'd unkindness, like a vulture, here:
Points to his heart

I can scarce speak to thee; thou'lt not believe
With how depraved a quality--O Regan!

REGAN
I pray you, sir, take patience: I have hope.
You less know how to value her desert
Than she to scant her duty.

KING LEAR
Say, how is that?

REGAN
I cannot think my sister in the least
Would fail her obligation: if, sir, perchance
She have restrain'd the riots of your followers,
'Tis on such ground, and to such wholesome end,
As clears her from all blame.

KING LEAR
My curses on her!

REGAN
O, sir, you are old.
Nature in you stands on the very verge
Of her confine: you should be ruled and led
By some discretion, that discerns your state
Better than you yourself. Therefore, I pray you,
That to our sister you do make return;
Say you have wrong'd her, sir.

KING LEAR
Ask her forgiveness?
Do you but mark how this becomes the house:
'Dear daughter, I confess that I am old;

Kneeling

Age is unnecessary: on my knees I beg
That you'll vouchsafe me raiment, bed, and food.'

REGAN
Good sir, no more; these are unsightly tricks:
Return you to my sister.

KING LEAR
[Rising] Never, Regan:
She hath abated me of half my train;
Look'd black upon me; struck me with her tongue,
Most serpent-like, upon the very heart:
All the stored vengeances of heaven fall
On her ingrateful top! Strike her young bones,
You taking airs, with lameness!

CORNWALL
Fie, sir, fie!

KING LEAR

REGAN
O the blest gods! so will you wish on me,
When the rash mood is on.

KING LEAR
No, Regan, thou shalt never have my curse:
Thy tender-hefted nature shall not give
Thee o'er to harshness: her eyes are fierce; but thine
Do comfort and not burn. 'Tis not in thee
To grudge my pleasures, to cut off my train,
To bandy hasty words, to scant my sizes,
And in conclusion to oppose the bolt
Against my coming in: thou better know'st
The offices of nature, bond of childhood,
Effects of courtesy, dues of gratitude;
Thy half o' the kingdom hast thou not forgot,
Wherein I thee endow'd.

REGAN
Good sir, to the purpose.

KING LEAR
Who put my man i' the stocks?

Tucket within

CORNWALL
What trumpet's that?

REGAN
I know't, my sister's: this approves her letter,
That she would soon be here.

Enter OSWALD

Is your lady come?

KING LEAR
This is a slave, whose easy-borrow'd pride
Dwells in the fickle grace of her he follows.
Out, varlet, from my sight!

CORNWALL
What means your grace?

KING LEAR
Who stock'd my servant? Regan, I have good hope
Thou didst not know on't. Who comes here? O heavens,

Enter GONERIL

If you do love old men, if your sweet sway
Allow obedience, if yourselves are old,
Make it your cause; send down, and take my part!

To GONERIL

Art not ashamed to look upon this beard?
O Regan, wilt thou take her by the hand?

GONERIL
Why not by the hand, sir? How have I offended?
All's not offence that indiscretion finds
And dotage terms so.

KING LEAR
O sides, you are too tough;
Will you yet hold? How came my man i' the stocks?

CORNWALL
I set him there, sir: but his own disorders
Deserved much less advancement.

KING LEAR
You! did you?

REGAN
I pray you, father, being weak, seem so.
If, till the expiration of your month,
You will return and sojourn with my sister,
Dismissing half your train, come then to me:
I am now from home, and out of that provision
Which shall be needful for your entertainment.

KING LEAR
Return to her, and fifty men dismiss'd?
No, rather I abjure all roofs, and choose
To wage against the enmity o' the air;
To be a comrade with the wolf and owl,--
Necessity's sharp pinch! Return with her?
Why, the hot-blooded France, that dowerless took
Our youngest born, I could as well be brought
To knee his throne, and, squire-like; pension beg
To keep base life afoot. Return with her?
Persuade me rather to be slave and sumpter
To this detested groom.

Pointing at OSWALD

GONERIL
At your choice, sir.

KING LEAR
I prithee, daughter, do not make me mad:
I will not trouble thee, my child; farewell:
We'll no more meet, no more see one another:
But yet thou art my flesh, my blood, my daughter;
Or rather a disease that's in my flesh,
Which I must needs call mine: thou art a boil,
A plague-sore, an embossed carbuncle,
In my corrupted blood. But I'll not chide thee;
Let shame come when it will, I do not call it:
I do not bid the thunder-bearer shoot,
Nor tell tales of thee to high-judging Jove:
Mend when thou canst; be better at thy leisure:
I can be patient; I can stay with Regan,
I and my hundred knights.

REGAN
Not altogether so:
I look'd not for you yet, nor am provided
For your fit welcome. Give ear, sir, to my sister;
For those that mingle reason with your passion
Must be content to think you old, and so--
But she knows what she does.

KING LEAR
Is this well spoken?

REGAN
I dare avouch it, sir: what, fifty followers?
Is it not well? What should you need of more?
Yea, or so many, sith that both charge and danger
Speak 'gainst so great a number? How, in one house,
Should many people, under two commands,
Hold amity? 'Tis hard; almost impossible.

GONERIL
Why might not you, my lord, receive attendance
From those that she calls servants or from mine?

REGAN
Why not, my lord? If then they chanced to slack you,
We could control them. If you will come to me,--
For now I spy a danger,--I entreat you
To bring but five and twenty: to no more
Will I give place or notice.

KING LEAR
I gave you all-

REGAN
And in good time you gave it.

KING LEAR
Made you my guardians, my depositaries;
But kept a reservation to be follow'd
With such a number. What, must I come to you
With five and twenty, Regan? said you so?

REGAN
And speak't again, my lord; no more with me.

KING LEAR
Those wicked creatures yet do look well-favour'd,
When others are more wicked: not being the worst
Stands in some rank of praise.

To GONERIL

I'll go with thee:
Thy fifty yet doth double five and twenty,
And thou art twice her love.

GONERIL

REGAN
What need one?

KING LEAR
O, reason not the need: our basest beggars
Are in the poorest thing superfluous:
Allow not nature more than nature needs,
Man's life's as cheap as beast's: thou art a lady;
If only to go warm were gorgeous,
Why, nature needs not what thou gorgeous wear'st,
Which scarcely keeps thee warm. But, for true need,--
You heavens, give me that patience, patience I need!
You see me here, you gods, a poor old man,
As full of grief as age; wretched in both!
If it be you that stir these daughters' hearts
Against their father, fool me not so much
To bear it tamely; touch me with noble anger,
And let not women's weapons, water-drops,
Stain my man's cheeks! No, you unnatural hags,
I will have such revenges on you both,
That all the world shall--I will do such things,--
What they are, yet I know not: but they shall be
The terrors of the earth. You think I'll weep.
No, I'll not weep:
I have full cause of weeping; but this heart
Shall break into a hundred thousand flaws,
Or ere I'll weep. O fool, I shall go mad!

Exeunt KING LEAR, GLOUCESTER, KENT, and Fool

Storm and tempest

CORNWALL
Let us withdraw; 'twill be a storm.

REGAN
This house is little: the old man and his people
Cannot be well bestow'd.

GONERIL
'Tis his own blame; hath put himself from rest,
And must needs taste his folly.

REGAN
For his particular, I'll receive him gladly,
But not one follower.

GONERIL
So am I purposed.
Where is my lord of Gloucester?

CORNWALL
Follow'd the old man forth: he is return'd.

Re-enter GLOUCESTER

GLOUCESTER
The king is in high rage.

CORNWALL
Whither is he going?

GLOUCESTER
He calls to horse; but will I know not whither.

CORNWALL
'Tis best to give him way; he leads himself.

GONERIL
My lord, entreat him by no means to stay.

GLOUCESTER
Alack, the night comes on, and the bleak winds
Do sorely ruffle; for many miles about
There's scarce a bush.

REGAN
O, sir, to wilful men,
The injuries that they themselves procure
Must be their schoolmasters. Shut up your doors:
He is attended with a desperate train;
And what they may incense him to, being apt
To have his ear abused, wisdom bids fear.

CORNWALL
Shut up your doors, my lord; 'tis a wild night:
My Regan counsels well; come out o' the storm.

Exeunt

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William Shakespeare - King Lear Act 2 Scene 4

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SCENE IV. Before GLOUCESTER's castle. KENT in the stocks. Enter KING LEAR, Fool, and Gentleman KING LEAR 'Tis strange that they should so depart from home, And not send back my messenger. GETLEMAN As I learn'd, The night before there was no purpose in them Of this remove.

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Synopsis of Act 2 Scene 4

When Lear arrives at Gloucester's castle, he is outraged both by the indignity inflicted on his servant Gaius (Kent) and the fact that Regan refuses to see him. Finally, Kent is released and Regan speaks to Lear, but only to insist that he admits that he has done wrong to Goneril. Lear falls to his knees to utter a bitterly sarcastic confession, then curses Goneril, refusing to have anything to do with her when she presently arrives.

However, once Regan will allow her father only twenty-five knights, Lear decides to go to Goneril with the fifty she allowed. But Goneril no longer sees why her father needs fifty and his daughters keep discounting Lear's retinue until he is allowed no-one. Promising revenge on them, an overcome Lear departs as a storm begins to rage. Gloucester reports that Lear has called for his horse and rushed away, yet there is no shelter from the storm for miles around. However Regan and Cornwall advise Gloucester to bar his doors to the king.

Commentary on Act 2 Scene 4

Lear's faith in the natural order is shattered in this scene and it is symbolised by the onset of the storm. Lear discovers much about himself here, as well as what it means to be human. Regan's treatment of him, particularly on the issue of his knights, makes him realise that to be human requires more than simple utilitarianism.

he wears cruel garters: A good example of a Shakespearean pun. It is a play on the word 'crewel' which means the sort of thin yarn that was used for making garters.

Coming from us: This refers to the very important point that Kent was Lear's representative and should have been treated with respect.

Ere I was risen from the place: Kent is very careful to show that he in fact treated Cornwall and Regan with the respect due to their rank. He says he presented Lear's letter on his knees.

Winter's not gone yet, if the wild geese fly that way: Flocks of wild geese were seen in Shakespeare's time as a sign of bad weather to come. The Fool is suggesting that Kent's punishment is a sign that much more trouble will follow.

O, how this mother swells up toward my heart ... Hysterica passio: Both 'mother' and 'hysterica passio' were names for hysteria (which derives from the Greek word for the womb).

We'll set ... ant: The Fool's words are rather obscure but he seems to mean that Kent could learn from the ant the answer to Lear's question about his retinue. The King is at the lowest point ('winter') of his fortunes, so it is not a good time to be employed by him, any more than the ant will work in winter when there is no food for it.

Deny to speak to me? Lear repeats with disbelief what Gloucester has just told him about the refusal of Cornwall and Regan to speak with him.

I would ... adulteress: Lear is once again commenting on natural/unnatural behaviour. If Regan were not glad to see him, then he could only surmise that Regan was not his real daughter and that his wife must have been unfaithful to him.

Sharp-toothed unkindness, like a vulture: Probably referring to the story of Prometheus whose liver was consumed every night by an eagle - as a punishment for having stolen fire from the gods. Goneril's unkindness (cruelty/unnaturalness) is eating into Lear's heart.

Ask her forgiveness? Lear emphasises how unnatural this reversal of the parent/child relationship would be. In his view it is not for the parent to seek forgiveness of his child, but rather the other way round.

Art not ashamed ... take her by the hand: As the tension mounts, Lear watches to see how his daughters react to each other.

O sides, you are too tough: Lear refers to his physical frame which is too strong to allow his heart to break (which he thinks it should).
Investigating Act 2 Scene 4...

What effect does seeing Kent in the stocks have on Lear?

How does Regan treat Lear in this scene?
What is his reaction to her behaviour?

Lear suggests that the rules of nature may be more just than family bonds or human laws. Why does he think this?

What effect on Lear does the reduction in his knights produce?
Why does this seem to have such a profound effect upon his sense of identity?

What is the relationship between Goneril and Regan's behaviour towards their father and the beginning of his descent into madness?

Prometheus ' creator of the human race; punished by Zeus for giving man fire.

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When Lear arrives at Gloucester's castle, he is outraged both by the indignity inflicted on his servant Gaius (Kent) and the fact that Regan refuses to see him. Finally, Kent is released and Regan speaks to Lear, but only to insist that he admits that he has done wrong to Goneril.

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Please plan your response to this task by closely referencing act I, scene IV and act II, scene IV and act.

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Please plan your response to this task by closely referencing act I, scene IV and act II, scene IV and act.