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Please upload your result on itslearning in PDF or Word format.

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Yay, you are done writing! But wait: Before you put the pen down, you should proofread and revise your text. Check the following:
- Have you really focused on the analysis of linguistic devices at all times?
- Have you clarified the effect of all linguistic devices (using the document in Preperation Step 4) & given examples?
- Have you focused on the task and on your central claim?
- Have you followed all the formal requirements, used linking words (Writing Step 1) and appropriate language (Useful phrases and sentence starters)?
- Have you structured your introduction, main part and conclusion correctly and have you included all the relevant content? (Writing Step 2-4)

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Now that you have put everything you have found down on paper in an orderly fashion, it is time to summarize the most important points for your conclusion. Use "fresh language" (new expressions) and relate to your central claim to round off the text. Make sure not to include any further points that were not mentioned before! Your conclusion should follow logically from your findings. If it doesn't, something must have gone wrong in your preparation. In that case, go back to Preparation Step 5 and find the problem.

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If you have done some good preparation and pre-structuring according to the steps above (esp. in Preparation Step 5), you should be able to concentrate on language now. For this, consider Writing Step 1, the list of linking words and the rules for quoting. You should also use a variable, competent writing style. This is not so difficult if you know the right sentence starters and elements. Luckily, you can easily find them in the list on the right!

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- For quotations use quotation marks. In English: “...” (not: „…“).
- You always need to indicate the lines (and page numbers if possible) for every one of your examples taken from the text. Use (l. 1) if you refer to one line and (ll. 1-4) if you refer to several lines.
- Embed your quotes correctly to move the reader from the quoted text back into the paragraph smoothly. Some examples:
1. Set-off quotes: “Cheese is the most stolen food in the world,” according to Jane Smith.
2. Built-in quotes: In the interest of animal sleeping habits, Jane Smith proposes that “dolphins sleep with one eye open.”
3. Introduced with a colon: In her book about pets, Jane Smith discusses the benefits of owning a dog: “Dog owners are less likely to suffer from depression and have lower levels of stress than people who do not own dogs.”

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💡 List of linking words categorised by area of use 

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💡 List of linking words categorised by area of use 

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In diesem Artikel soll Dir erklärt werden, was Linking Words sind und wie diese verwendet werden. Tatsächlich handelt es sich bei Linking Words nämlich um eine sehr wichtige grammatikalische Kategorie, die dabei helfen kann, Deine Hausarbeiten und Aufsätze stilistisch aufzuwerten.

Aber auch im allgemeinen Sprachgebrauch lassen Sie eine Unterhaltung fließender ablaufen und erlauben harmonische Übergänge zwischen den einzelnen Sätzen. Das sorgt für besseres Leseverständnis und vermeidet unnötige Monotonie.

Was sind Linking Words eigentlich?

Linking Words (auch „Connecting Words" genannt) sollen, wie Dir der Name schon verrät, einen „Link" - also eine Verbindung schaffen. Sie dienen grundsätzlich dazu, einen Text fließender zu gestalten und für den Leser einen roten Faden zu spannen.

Wenn Du nämlich jeden Satz immer mit ganz ähnlichen Wörtern oder gar immer mit „The" anfängst, dann leidet nicht nur der Stil drunter, Deine Leser (und Lehrer) werden sich dabei schwertun, mit Aufmerksamkeit bei der Sache zu bleiben. So kann man also zusammenfassen, dass Linking Words einerseits den sprachlichen Ausdruck Deines Texts unterstützen und andererseits mehrere Hauptsätze in Beziehung zueinander stellen sollen.

Diese Linking Words kommen besonders häufig vor

Je nachdem, was Du mit einem bestimmten Satz ausdrücken möchtest, gibt es natürlich verschiedene Linking Words, die Dir zur Verfügung stehen. Um die recht große Auswahl an Linking Words übersichtlich zu gestalten, werden diese nach Anwendungsbereich in verschiedenen Kategorien zusammengefasst. Die wichtigsten Anwendungen sind:
-Hauptsätze in Reihenfolge setzen
-Information weitergeben
-einen Unterschied verdeutlichen
-etwas betonen
-etwas vergleichen
-eine Schlussfolgerung bilden
-etwas begründen
-Beispiele nennen Anwendungsbeispiele und Alternativen first, second, third (erstens, zweitens, drittens) in the first place (erstens) previous to (vorherig) next (als Nächstes) while (während) last (zuletzt) finally (schließlich) at the beginning (am Anfang) and then (und dann) afterwards (anschließend) in addition (außerdem) extra (zusätzlich) additionally (zusätzlich) besides (außerdem) last but not least (zu guter Letzt) furthermore (des Weiteren) as well as (ebenso wie) on top of this (außerdem) moreover (darüber hinaus) besides (zudem) but (aber)
despite of (trotz)
however (trotzdem, dennoch)
although (obwohl)
after that (danach)
whereas (wohingegen)
in spite of (trotz)
whereas (hingegen)
still (trotzdem)
on the one hand ... on the other hand (auf der einen Seite ... auf der anderen Seite)
on the contrary (im Gegenteil)
though (obwohl)
in contrast to (im Gegensatz zu)
while (während, hier aber nicht zeitlich gemeint!) undoubtedly (zweifellos)
indeed (in der Tat)
besides (außerdem)
in addition to (außerdem)
obviously (offensichtlich)
on the whole (alles in allem)
in fact (tatsächlich)
clearly (eindeutig)
especially (besonders) for example (zum Beispiel)
for instance (beispielsweise)
such as (wie zum Beispiel)
including (dazu gehören)
that is (das heißt)
namely (nämlich/und zwar) thus (daher, demnach) so (also)
finally (schließlich)
generally speaking (im Allgemeinen)
overall (insgesamt)
therefore (deshalb, deswegen)
to summarise (zusammenfassend)
on the whole (alles in allem)
altogether (insgesamt)
consequently (folglich)
for that reason (aus diesem Grund)
in summary (zusammenfassen)
in conclusion (schließlich)
as a result (demzufolge)
to sum it up (zusammenfassend as (weil): They had to change their reservation as they missed their plane.
since (da): She finsihed her article in the morning since she had forgotten about the deadline.
because (weil): She was scared because she was alone. .
because of (wegen): Because of the kids' playdate, I couldn't sleep in. like (wie)
for instance (beispielsweise)
just as (genauso wie)
in contrast (im Gegensatz)
such as (wie etwa)
compared to (im Vergleich zu)
just like (genau/so wie)
by way of example (als Beispiel)
similar to (ähnlich wie)
for once (ausnahmsweise)

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Alle Linking Words in Englisch - Liste (sortiert)

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In diesem Artikel soll Dir erklärt werden, was Linking Words sind und wie diese verwendet werden. Tatsächlich handelt es sich bei Linking Words nämlich um eine sehr wichtige grammatikalische Kategorie, die dabei helfen kann, Deine Hausarbeiten und Aufsätze stilistisch aufzuwerten. Aber auch im allgemeinen Sprachgebrauch lassen Sie eine Unterhaltung fließender ablaufen und erlauben harmonische Übergänge zwischen den einzelnen Sätzen.

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Writing Step 1: Consider the formal requirements of an analysis

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Writing Step 1: Consider the formal requirements of an analysis

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Be careful! There are quite a few formal rules that you will have to follow when writing an analysis:
- use present tense
- write neutrally (do not use "I", "we" or state your opinion)
- write complete and grammatically correct sentences & check your spelling
- do not use colloquial language ("stuff", "kinda") or abbreviations ("They'll lose")
- be precise (no "thing" or "somehow")
- quote correctly (infobox on the right)
- use linking words to combine ideas and sentences (use the list on the right)

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Your introduction should include a sentence with general information (author, title, text type and date of publication) and your central claim (main statement). You may also include the linguistic devices you will mainly analyze in the following.

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Preparation Step 5: Structure your notes before starting to write.

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Preparation Step 5: Structure your notes before starting to write.

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You may now be thinking: Now let's get on with the writing. But stop! First you should organize your notes to bring structure into your text in advance. This should correspond to the following:
-  Begin with a central claim (your main statement/ hypothesis) that responds to the task. It is the outcome of all of your findings. This has to be your starting point for structuring your text, as every paragraph of your main part will serve to support your central claim.
- Each paragraph of your main part should contain one supporting argument for your central claim
- Combine similar devices meaningfully instead of just listing them. f.ex. several stylistic devices might be used to show that a character is trustworthy, humble, etc.
- Make sure to include all stylistic devices with 1. their name, 2. an example from the text (textual evidence: quotes!) and 3. their effect
- Consider all relevant aspects for the task.

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Preparation Step 4: Use the close reading technique to get a deep understanding of the text.

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Preparation Step 4: Use the close reading technique to get a deep understanding of the text.

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Reading again? Yes! After reading the text twice quickly, you have a good overview and have already gained some insights. However, since you want to examine the linguistic devices thoroughly, you should now take another close look at the relevant passages and take notes on your findings. How do the linguistic means you have found influence the reader's perception of seventeen-year-old Raven?
Note that different rhetorical devices have different effects. The attached document gives you an overview.

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🤔 HELP: Skimming, scanning and close reading? 

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🤔 HELP: Skimming, scanning and close reading? 

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This video will help you remembering:

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Skimming, Scanning & detailliertes Lesen - Unterschied einfach erklärt & Beispiele - Englisch Tipps

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Preparation Step 3: Scan the text, identifying the linguistic means and highlighting the examples relevant to the task.

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Preparation Step 3: Scan the text, identifying the linguistic means and highlighting the examples relevant to the task.

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Scanning is another speed-reading technique. This time, however, you will focus on the effect that is mentioned in the task (here: (rhetorical devices and point of view →) perception of the protagonist).
Highlighting the relevant passages and expressions will help you focus when taking and structuring your notes.

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Preparation Step 2: Skim the text to get a general impression and look up words you don't know.

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Preparation Step 2: Skim the text to get a general impression and look up words you don't know.

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Skimming means reading through the text quickly for a first time to note only the most important points. (e.g. the plot, general tone, style, atmosphere and structure) It serves as a good preparation for a more detailed reading. Have a look at the video on the right if you need to recall these reading techniques.
Use a(n online) dictionary to check unknown words. Please find the text attached!

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...and what other linguistic devices can we analyze?

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...and what other linguistic devices can we analyze?

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In addition to choice of words and atmosphere you can also examine a certain character (characterization), style and register, tone, rhetorical devices and the point of view. A task usually tells you what to focus on.

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Before we start: What is a narrative analysis again?

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Before we start: What is a narrative analysis again?

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At the beginning, it is very important to keep the goal of an analysis in mind. You analyze linguistic devices (language, not content!) used in a text to create an effect on the reader. For example, words like "gloomy", "grey", "pale" and "lonely" can create a hopeless atmosphere and thus shape the image of a certain place. In this case, a task might ask you to analyze the choice of words and atmosphere used to portray, for example, a place in a rural region of Ireland.
Got it?
Linguistic devices → effect on the reader's perception of something/ someone in the text

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Preparation Step 1: Study the task well. 

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Preparation Step 1: Study the task well. 

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You need to read the task carefully to make sure you understand what you will be looking for in the text. This week's task is "Analyze the point of view and the rhetorical devices the author used to influence the reader’s perception of the protagonist Raven at the age of seventeen." Thus, you only focus on these two aspects that create a certain image of the protagonist.

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...in the course of the whole process of writing a narrative analysis! You will be guided through preparation, note-taking, structuring, writing and proofreading. Everything you need is in this padlet and something to write. (A typed document would be great, but a handwritten text is fine, too.)
This week's assignment serves as an exercise for you and some texts will be graded. It is due on Friday 15th Jan.