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German immigrants moved to the Midwest mostly to work in large cities like Cincinatti and Cleveland. They brought their own culture with them and were not treated great

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Irish immigrants from the potato famine were largely responsible for the Erie Canal because they did the manual labor. They stayed on the East coast mostly

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Enlightenment ideas from Europe spread and influence many aspect of society. John Locke influenced the Declaration of Independence, and many other ideas spread throughout the US

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1848, led by Elizabeth Cady Stanton
This was an organized convention for women's suffrage. Along with other attempts to gain women's suffrage like the Declaration of Sentiments, women campaigned unsuccessfully for suffrage in the wake of ideas of equality

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A Protestant preacher. He spread Methodism through his preaching. One major aspect of his teaching was that the church was not necessary for salvation. His message appealed to many and led to the rapid growth of Methodism

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This was a revival in religious beliefs led by evangelicals. It led to strengthening of faiths and new branches of Christianity. George Whitefield was a major figure in leading this.

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The South adopted a new system of labor by using the wage labor system. Laborers were payed a certain amount of money every day, but African Americans were forced into almost slavery with this system because shops charged high prices for goods and forced African Americans to work off debt in plantations.

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A system in which a tenant pays the owner of land a portion of their crops in exchange for using the land. Plantation owners used this to maintain an almost slave-like relationship with African Americans. In addition, this occurred because land was not redistributed after the Civil War, so freed African Americans had no land to settle on.

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ratified 1870
Gave all males right to vote, regardless of skin color. The result was a larger population that could vote, but southern states still restricted voting with literacy requirements

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The Middle and Southern colonies developed two very different characteristics. The Middle colonies were dependent on slavery for tobacco and less intensive cash crop plantations, whereas the south used slavery for intensive labor, like rice and sugarcane. Africans/African Americans outnumbered whites in the South by much more than in the Middle colonies. Regional differences also led to a more divided America.

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Lord Baltimore established the Maryland colony in 1632, and as a privately owned colony, he was able to do really whatever he wanted. He established a Catholic colony, but more importantly, he established a tobacco cash crop economy which was dependent on slaves. This was similar to the Virginia colony in the type of crop grown, and it was much less intense than the deep south.

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Introduced into South Carolina, farmers forced slaves to work in horrendous plantations for long hours. The rice plantations were much more intense labor than the tobacco plantations in the North

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Originally used by the Incan Empire, the Spanish used this system to force Natives to work in the dangerous silver mines in South America. The Spanish dominated South America and even created a hierarchy with Spanish born settlers at the top and African Americans at the very bottom.

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These were established in the Caribbean on islands like Jamaica, where imported African Americans were forced to work long hours to produce sugar or tobacco or another crop like that. Haiti was the first island nation to successfully revolt against the white plantation owners

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New France was a fur trading colony, which had very good relations with the natives compared to the other colonies. Unlike the others, New France expanded through small trading posts and left the land to the Natives. It was focused on the lucrative fur trade and was not densely populated.

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South Carolina became the first state to to secede in 1860. Many Southern states followed, and they formed the Confederate States of America. This led to the Civil War because Abraham Lincoln sought to keep the country united but the South seceded over the issue of slavery mostly.

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Abraham Lincoln, an abolitionist, won the election of 1860, which voted on extremely divided lines. Lincoln receives very few Southern votes, and this sparked the secession of the South and the Civil War.

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1854, Bill that opened the Kansas and Nebraska territories to popular sovereignty. This led to massive flow of both abolitionists and pro-slavery advocates to skew the state when voting on slavery.

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These were two different plans of representation in congress. The Virginia Plan, proposed by James Madison, called for a two-house system with representation based on population. The New Jersey plan called for one house with equal votes for each state.The two were combined into what is now Congress: two houses, one based on population and one with equal votes

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1789-Present
This was the second attempt at American Government by the Second Continental Congress. It gives the federal government power over the states and allows for checks and balances. One significant part of it was the 3/5 compromise, which decided representation for states with slavery.

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1777
This was the first attempt of the US government, which gave the states most of the power. It was ineffective because the central government had no power to do anything really. It was replaced by the Constitution

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In order to repay debt from the French and Indian war, Great Britain imposed the Stamp Act, which required a stamp on every commercial or legal document. The colonists protested this act, terrorizing the tax collectors. This was one of many acts that the colonists protested, rendering the British government ineffective

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July 4, 1776
This was a formal declaration of American independence from from British rule. It unified Americans under the idea of self-government and sparked the Revolutionary War. This followed the Olive Branch Petition

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This was the colonial practice of only enforcing laws that benefited them. In doing so, the colonies became independent in their mindset. For example, when the British government banned French West Indies sugar, colonist ignored the act altogether.

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1675-1678
This was a war between New England colonists and the local Native Americans. Colonists defeated the Natives who were led by Metacom, and the result was colonist dominance of the New England area and colonial expansion

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British forces defeated French forces in Quebec in 1760, effectively taking control of New France. This was a part of the French and Indian War and was a turning point for the British, allowing them to dominate the Canadian colonies.

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1754-1763
This was a war between French colonists and Natives and British and American colonists. It was a part of a larger conflict, the Seven Years War, in which France and Britain fought over colonial resources. Even though Britain won the war, it gained debt and had to find a way to pay it back.

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11th President, Jacksonian Democrat, Expansionist
He was responsible for large territorial acquisition in the west, going to war with Mexico to annex what is now Southwest USA. He also expanded through treaties but is known for expansion wars more.

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1846-1848, Conflict between Mexico and the US over what is now Texas, New Mexico, Arizona, California, and parts of Utah, Nevada,and Colorado.
The US declared war on the newly independent nation, seizing land in accordance with Manifest Destiny.

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Conflict arose in the Kansas and Nebraska territories after it was opened to Popular Sovereignty to decide on slavery.
This arose after the Mexican American War because the North wanted to limit slavery even though territory opened up below the Missouri Compromise line.

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Reconstruction and the Civil War ended slavery, altered relationships between the states and the federal government, and led to debates over new definitions of citizenship, particularly regarding the rights of African Americans, women, and other minorities.

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Debates over slavery came to dominate political discussion in the 1850s, culminating in the bitter election of 1860 and the secession of Southern states.

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The United States’ acquisition of lands in the West gave rise to contests over the extension of slavery into new territories.

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Increasing numbers of Americans, many inspired by new religious and intellectual movements, worked primarily outside of government institutions to advance their ideals.

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In the decades after American independence, interactions among different groups resulted in competition for resources, shifting alliances, and cultural blending.

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After declaring independence, American political leaders created new constitutions and declarations of rights that articulated the role of the state and federal governments while protecting individual liberties and limiting both centralized power and excessive popular influence

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The desire of many colonists to assert ideals of self-government in the face of renewed British imperial efforts led to a colonial independence movement and war with Britain.

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Like other European empires in the Americas that participated in the Atlantic slave trade, the English colonies developed a system of slavery that reflected the specific economic, demographic, and geographic characteristics of those colonies.

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Competition over resources between European rivals and American Indians encouraged industry and trade and led to conflict in the Americas.

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Spanish, French, Dutch, and British colonizers had different economic and imperial goals involving land and labor that shaped the social and political development of their colonies as well as their relationships with native populations.