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Author: Melinda S. Bender
Origins: The UCSF Symptom Management Model was first published in 1994 as a collaborative effort by members of the University of California at San Francisco School of Nursing's Symptom Management Faculty Group (UCSF School of Nursing Symptom Management Faculty Group, 1994) and has since been revised multiple times (Linder, 2010).

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Purpose: The SMT depicts a multidimensional symptom management process. The process of symptom management is placed within the context of the three domains of nursing science: the person, the environment, and health and illness (Linder, 2010).
Scope or Level: Middle Range
Major Concepts and Propositions:
Symptom experience, symptom management strategies, and outcomes are three interconnected components of symptom management that are addressed in this model. The model's core concept is effective symptom management necessitated consideration of all three components. The management strategies component was added to the symptom management dimension in 2001. This modification was made to aid in the creation of interventions that could then be replicated. Changes to the outcome component included the recognition that all symptom management outcomes are interconnected. The idea of adherence, which is shown to be extrinsic to the dimensions of symptom management and has the potential to disrupt the link between symptom management strategies and the outcomes dimension, was also added to the model. The model was further updated in 2008 and renamed the Symptom Management Theory (Linder, 2010).

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Figure 1

Revised UCSF Symptom Management Model which includes SMTs metaparadigms: person, environment and health & illness. Source: Linder, (2010).

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The takeaway message from this application to education is focusing on continuing education programs for nurses specializing in end of life patient care utilizing SMT as one of its frameworks (Yoshioka et al., 2013).

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The takeaway message from this application to leadership is CNLs will be able to use the SMT to effectively evaluate patient symptoms and plan and implement management intervention strategies to obtain the best possible symptom outcomes (Maag et al., 2006).

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The takeaway message from this application to practice is the SMT was utilized to develop HCFS which allows for an accurate and valid assessment of fatigue in cancer patients. The HCFS would allow for easy self-evaluation of fatigue as well as effective communication of information to healthcare providers. It could also be used to assess the effectiveness of an intervention (Hirai et al., 2015).