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Using node.js as a simple web server - Stack Overflow

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Using node.js as a simple web server - Stack Overflow

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I want to run a very simple HTTP server. Every GET request to example.com should get index.html served to it but as a regular HTML page (i.e., same experience as when you read normal web pages). U...

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Dell Inspiron 1545 | CPU Processor Replacement | How-To-Tutorial - YouTube

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Dell Inspiron 1545 | CPU Processor Replacement | How-To-Tutorial - YouTube

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Processor Upgrade Installation Guide & Step

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Dell Inspiron 1545 | CPU Processor Replacement | How-To-Tutorial

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Buy this CPU Processor: Please call for part availability. Please give us a call if you are unable to find your needed component. Learn how to install and replace the laptop CPU Processor on a Dell Inspiron 1545 laptop. This will take you set by set through the complete installation and replacement process.

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Upgrading a Dell Inspiron 1545 cpu - Laptop Hardware - Ben's Hardware Blog

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Upgrading a Dell Inspiron 1545 cpu - Laptop Hardware - Ben's Hardware Blog

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Details

Category: Laptop Hardware

Published on Sunday, 17 November 2013 13:30

Written by Ben

Hits: 53301

My dear Dell Inspiron 1545 keeps getting old and slow on me. I have replaced my old HDD hard disk with a new SSD one and replaced the old 6 cell battery to a new 9 cell one and while indeed the machine was faster and every battery session was longer , yet , it remained a bit slower that what I expected. To simply put it - I wanted more speed, more performance , less power up times and less wake up time from hibernation.

It was time for a new CPU.

After roaming the web researching what possible CPU can I upgrade to along with looking at my laptop's manual , I came up with the conclusion that I can upgrade to a very narrow line of CPUS based on the following facts:

My current CPU was a mid-range decent T6400 CPU that has 2MB cache , runs on a 2.00MHZ frequency and 800mhz FSB. I needed an upgrade that would dramatically increase performance , lower power consumption and heat dissipation and that would come with a decent price tag, otherwise it wouldn't be economical to do this upgrade at all...

After browsing Intel's CPU database(ARK - http://ark.intel.com/), based on the following screening - MOBILE PRODUCTS >> PROCESSORS>> Intel® Core™2 Duo Mobile Processor>>3MB cache>>frequency higher than 2GHZ ( here is a direct link with the filter values submitted - http://ark.intel.com/search/advanced/?s=t&FamilyText=Intel%C2%AE%20Core%E2%84%A22%20Duo%20Mobile%20Processor&ClockSpeedMhzMin=2000&ClockSpeedMhzMax=4000&CacheKBMin=3072&CacheKBMax=3072), I narrowed down my upgrade options to the following

The best option was the - Intel® Core™2 Duo Processor P8800
(3M Cache, 2.66 GHz, 1066 MHz FSB)

Under that - Intel® Core™2 Duo Processor P8700
(3M Cache, 2.53 GHz, 1066 MHz FSB)

In the 3 rd place there was an even more weakened P8800 - Intel® Core™2 Duo Processor P8600
(3M Cache, 2.40 GHz, 1066 MHz FSB)

And a T - series CPU - Intel® Core™2 Duo Processor T8300
(3M Cache, 2.40 GHz, 800 MHz FSB)

The other options were too slow in comparison to the best option (P8800) and their clock speed wasn't higher enough from my current 2GHZ CPU clock speed to create any noticable major improvement in performance.

Of course there were other options as well under the 2MB cache filter , most of them wereT-series processors, so , as a skilled consumer I continued my research and this time I was looking to find out what is the difference between the P-series processors and the T-series processors.

T-series VS P-series:

I soon found out that the P-series processors were more energy efficient and had lower TDP (Thermal Design Power) than the T-series processors. Less TDP means less heat dissipation, less heat dissipation means less CPU fan cycles and better CPU performance and less CPU-FAN cycles means lower battery consumption.

So I went along with the P8800 for several reasons:

Installation Process:

I have a lot of experience replacing CPUs in desktop machines, but this was my very first laptop CPU upgrade. In order to get myself ready I watched this video - http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kL9z2uFBjkU

Overall , the process Is very simple:

I put the heat pipe assembly back, and the 5 screws back

Results and performance:

Conclusion:

It was definitely worth it , the low price of the CPU, the easy installation process and the result made this upgrade very beneficial and worthwhile.

CPU price - 39.99$ in E-Bay

Pros:

Cons:

In power saving mode , clock speed drops down to 800MHz while in the previous T6400 CPU it dropped to 1600Mhz. this is very annoying especially if you shut down your laptop in power saving mode and turn it back on again - Vista would boot up at 800Mhz....very annoying,however , I'm sure there is a way to change that setting inside Windows.

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Upgrading a Dell Inspiron 1545 cpu - Laptop Hardware My dear Dell Inspiron 1545 keeps getting old and slow on me.

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A Unity C# scripting tutorial in which you will generate and walk through your own maze.

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syntax - How do you express binary literals in Python? - Stack Overflow

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syntax - How do you express binary literals in Python? - Stack Overflow

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How do you express an integer as a binary number with Python literals?

I was easily able to find the answer for hex:

>>> 0x12AF 4783 >>> 0x100 256

and octal:

>>> 01267 695 >>> 0100 64
How do you use literals to express binary in Python? Summary of Answers

Python 2.5 and earlier: can express binary using int('01010101111',2) but not with a literal.

Python 2.5 and earlier: there is no way to express binary literals.

Python 2.6 beta: You can do like so: 0b1100111 or 0B1100111.

Python 2.6 beta: will also allow 0o27 or 0O27 (second character is the letter O) to represent an octal.

Python 3.0 beta: Same as 2.6, but will no longer allow the older 027 syntax for octals.

For reference- future Python possibilities:
Starting with Python 2.6 you can express binary literals using the prefix 0b or 0B:

>>> 0b101111 47

You can also use the new bin function to get the binary representation of a number:

>>> bin(173) '0b10101101'

Development version of the documentation: What's New in Python 2.6

>>> print int('01010101111',2) 687 >>> print int('11111111',2) 255

Another way.

They're not "binary" literals, but rather, "integer literals". You can express integer literals with a binary format with a 0 followed by a B or b followed by a series of zeros and ones, for example:

>>> 0b0010101010 170 >>> 0B010101 21

From the Python 3 docs, these are the ways of providing integer literals in Python:

Integer literals are described by the following lexical definitions:

integer ::= decinteger | bininteger | octinteger | hexinteger decinteger ::= nonzerodigit (["_"] digit)* | "0"+ (["_"] "0")* bininteger ::= "0" ("b" | "B") (["_"] bindigit)+ octinteger ::= "0" ("o" | "O") (["_"] octdigit)+ hexinteger ::= "0" ("x" | "X") (["_"] hexdigit)+ nonzerodigit ::= "1"..."9" digit ::= "0"..."9" bindigit ::= "0" | "1" octdigit ::= "0"..."7" hexdigit ::= digit | "a"..."f" | "A"..."F"

There is no limit for the length of integer literals apart from what can be stored in available memory.

Note that leading zeros in a non-zero decimal number are not allowed. This is for disambiguation with C-style octal literals, which Python used before version 3.0.

Some examples of integer literals:

7 2147483647 0o177 0b100110111 3 79228162514264337593543950336 0o377 0xdeadbeef 100_000_000_000 0b_1110_0101

Changed in version 3.6: Underscores are now allowed for grouping purposes in literals.

Other ways of expressing binary:

You can have the zeros and ones in a string object which can be manipulated (although you should probably just do bitwise operations on the integer in most cases) - just pass int the string of zeros and ones and the base you are converting from (2):

>>> int('010101', 2) 21

You can optionally have the 0b or 0B prefix:

>>> int('0b0010101010', 2) 170

If you pass it 0 as the base, it will assume base 10 if the string doesn't specify with a prefix:

>>> int('10101', 0) 10101 >>> int('0b10101', 0) 21

Converting from int back to human readable binary:

You can pass an integer to bin to see the string representation of a binary literal:

>>> bin(21) '0b10101'

And you can combine bin and int to go back and forth:

>>> bin(int('010101', 2)) '0b10101'

You can use a format specification as well, if you want to have minimum width with preceding zeros:

>>> format(int('010101', 2), '{fill}{width}b'.format(width=10, fill=0)) '0000010101' >>> format(int('010101', 2), '010b') '0000010101'

answered May 14 '16 at 11:58

0 in the start here specifies that the base is 8 (not 10), which is pretty easy to see:

>>> int('010101', 0) 4161

If you don't start with a 0, then python assumes the number is base 10.

>>> int('10101', 0) 10101

As far as I can tell Python, up through 2.5, only supports hexadecimal & octal literals. I did find some discussions about adding binary to future versions but nothing definite.

I am pretty sure this is one of the things due to change in Python 3.0 with perhaps bin() to go with hex() and oct().

EDIT: lbrandy's answer is correct in all cases.

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How do you express binary literals in Python?

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ipconfig /all

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windows command find mac addresses of computers on network

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windows command find mac addresses of computers on network

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arp -A

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How to Hack Wi-Fi: Choosing a Wireless Adapter for Hacking « Null Byte

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How to Hack Wi-Fi: Choosing a Wireless Adapter for Hacking « Null Byte

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Welcome back, my budding hackers.

So many of you are interested in hacking Wi-Fi that I have decided to revisit my Wi-Fi Hacking series with some updated and more in-depth material. I strongly suggest that you look at some of my earlier posts, such as " Getting Started with Terms and Technologies" and " Getting Started with the Aircrack-ng Suite of Wi-Fi Hacking Tools," before continuing here. If you're ready, you can also check out our updated 2017 buying guide here.

Wireless Hacking Requirements

When it comes to Wi-Fi, the question I probably get asked most often is, "Which wireless adapter is best for hacking?" Well, let's find out.

#1. Good Wi-Fi Hacking Software

Before we address the hardware necessary to hack wireless networks, let me once again recommend the Aircrack-ng suite of hacking tools. Nothing else in our open-source world quite compares to the power and versatility of Aircrack-ng.

#2. Fast & Powerful CPU

A fast multi-core or multi-processor CPU is certainly helpful. When cracking WEP passwords, which is a statistical crack, you need to crunch a lot of numbers, and the faster the CPU the better. The WPA2 crack basically involves crunching millions of password hashes, which is also very CPU-intensive. So, the faster the CPU, the faster you can crack wireless passwords.

One caveat, though. The difference in speed is not huge. You can only expect a 20 to 50% improvement in hacking speed between the slowest modern CPUs and the fastest. More cores, on the other hand, will improve performance significantly.

#3. The Right Wireless Adapter

Beyond the two primary tools listed above, the next most important requirement is good wireless adapter. To really be effective at wireless hacking, your wireless adapter should have two primary features.

The ability to enter monitor (promiscuous) mode.

The ability to inject packets and capture packets simultaneously.

A wireless adapter that can't do these two critical features doesn't mean that you won't be able to crack wireless, but it will mean that it will be so slow that it renders it effectively impossible. Wireless hacking in a world of WPA2 encryption can be a relatively slow process with the best equipment.

Don't Miss Our Updated Guide: How to Buy the Best Wireless Network Adapter for Wi-Fi Hacking in 2017

If you are hamstrung without a proper wireless adapter, you might as well quit before you begin.

Image by SADMIN/Null Byte

Monitor Mode

Network adapters, whether wired or wireless, are designed to only capture and process packets that are sent to them. When you want to sniff a wired connection and pick up all packets going over the wire, you put your wired network card in "promiscuous" mode.

In the wireless world, the equivalent is monitor mode. This enables us to see and manipulate all wireless traffic passing through the air around us. Without this ability, you are limited to using your wireless adapter to only connect to wireless APs that accept you and authenticate you. That is not what we are willing to settle for.

In the Aircrack-ng suite, we need to be able to use Airodump-ng to collect packets.

Packet Injection

Most wireless attacks require that you be able to inject packets into the AP while, at the same time, capturing packets going over the air. VERY few wireless cards are capable of doing this.

As you can imagine, wireless adapter manufacturers are NOT looking to add features to their standard wireless adapters to suit OUR needs. Most wireless adapters built into your laptop are designed so that mom and dad can connect to AOL and send their email. We need something much more powerful and versatile than that.

If we can't inject packets into the AP (in Aircrack-ng, this is the function of Aireplay-ng), then it really limits what we do.

For instance, in our WEP attack, we will be forced to passively wait for packets to traverse to air in order to capture the ever valuable and vulnerable IVs. Since we need to capture around 500,000 to crack WEP, we could be waiting for days and weeks on a little used AP. With packet injection capabilities, we can reduce that to a few minutes by injecting the AP with ARPs.

Linux vs. Aircrack-Ng Compatibilty

The first issue we need to address in choosing a wireless adapter is making certain that it has drivers for Linux. In 2017, most wireless adapters now have Linux drivers, but that wasn't always the case.

It's important to note, though, that Linux compatibility is far from being an optimal wireless hacking adapter. It is only a minimal requirement.

Probably the most important feature we need is compatibility with our software of choice, Aircrack-ng. The developers of Aircrack-ng maintain a compatibility list on their website that includes all of the adapters they have tested and their level of compatibility.

This is just a snippet from Aircrack-ng's compatibility list.

Note that you will need the chipset for your wireless card to find its compatibility on this chart. The first column indicates whether the chipset is supported in Windows for Airodump-ng (packet capture in monitor mode). The next column indicates whether that same capability is available in Linux for that chipset card. Finally, the last column indicates whether that chipset is supported for Aireplay-ng (packet injection) in Linux.

Internal vs. USB

If you choose to install Kali or BackTrack in a virtual machine (VMware or VirtualBox), you will need an external wireless adapter. This is because the virtual software hypervisor "pipes" your wireless access to a wired connection in your virtual machine. As a result, Kali does not have a wireless device to work with.

Since most built-in wireless adapters in your laptop are probably inadequate to crack wireless, you are better off purchasing a USB wireless adapter for wireless hacking. For long-range, our community recommends the Alfa AWUS036NHA Wireless B/G/N USB Adaptor. For a more discreet form factor, the Panda Wireless N USB Adapter is the most popular adapter among our newer hackers.

The small but mighty Panda PAU05 is the most-ordered antenna on Null Byte. Image by SADMIN/Null Byte

If you choose to install Kali as a dual boot system, you can use your built-in wireless adapter for wireless hacking, if its on the Aircrack-ng compatibility list. Although you can hack with wireless cards not on that list, you had better be very patient as this process make take you days or weeks without the proper adapter.

To effectively hack Wi-Fi passwords, you will need a proper wireless adapter. Make certain that you check the Aircrack-ng compatibility list to make certain that your wireless adapter has the necessary features to make your Wi-Fi hacking fast and effective.

If you're looking for a low-cost way to jump into Wi-Fi hacking, consider grabbing a $35 Raspberry Pi with your adapter to build a Kali-based hacking computer on a budget. You can check out our guide here on setting it up.

The Kali Pi can get you started hacking most networks. Image by SADMIN/Null Byte

To learn more on this subject, stay tuned to my Wi-Fi Hacking series.

Cover image via Shutterstock and Aircrack-ng

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How to Hack Wi-Fi: Choosing a Wireless Adapter for Hacking

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Welcome back, my budding hackers. So many of you are interested in hacking Wi-Fi that I have decided to revisit my Wi-Fi Hacking series with some updated and more in-depth material. I strongly suggest that you look at some of my earlier posts, such as "Getting Started with Terms and Technologies" and "Getting Started with the Aircrack-ng Suite of Wi-Fi Hacking Tools," before continuing here.

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Geographic Editing tool Based off of Blitz-GMap-Editor (which in turn is based off the Google Maps API v3 DrawingManager) - allows geographic objects to be edited (Polygons, Polylines, Markers, Circles, Rectangles), exported as KML or JSON, also imports JSON and Polygons from encoded strings.

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bash scripting: if arguments is equal to this string, define a variable like this string - Stack Overflow

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bash scripting: if arguments is equal to this string, define a variable like this string - Stack Overflow

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annoying spaces required

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bash scripting: if arguments is equal to this string, define a variable like this string

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I am doing some bash script and now I got one variable call source and one array called samples, like this: source='country' samples=(US Canada Mexico...) as I want to expand the number of source...

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Can Pygame run with 64bit Python 2.7? - Stack Overflow

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Can Pygame run with 64bit Python 2.7? - Stack Overflow

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I know it's advised to uninstall 64bit Python and use the win32 version to run Pygame, but I just wondered if it was possible to run it on 64bit nonetheless.

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AI : Neural Network for beginners (Part 1 of 3) - CodeProject

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AI : Neural Network for beginners (Part 1 of 3) - CodeProject

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artificial intelligence and machine learning

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AI : Neural Network for beginners (Part 1 of 3) - CodeProject

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AI : An introduction into Neural Networks; Author: Sacha Barber; Updated: 16 May 2007; Section: Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning; Chapter: General Programming; Updated: 16 May 2007

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A neural network is a "connectionist" computational system. The computational systems we write are procedural; a program starts at the first line of code, executes it, and goes on to the next, following instructions in a linear fashion. A true neural network does not follow a linear path.

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A neural network is a "connectionist" computational system. The computational systems we write are procedural; a program starts at the first line of code, executes it, and goes on to the next, following instructions in a linear fashion. A true neural network does not follow a linear path.

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MNIST handwritten digit database, Yann LeCun, Corinna Cortes and Chris Burges

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MNIST handwritten digit database, Yann LeCun, Corinna Cortes and Chris Burges

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of handwritten digits

Yann LeCun, Courant Institute, NYU

Corinna Cortes, Google Labs, New York

Christopher J.C. Burges, Microsoft Research, Redmond
The MNIST database of handwritten digits, available from this page, has a training set of 60,000 examples, and a test set of 10,000 examples. It is a subset of a larger set available from NIST. The digits have been size-normalized and centered in a fixed-size image.
It is a good database for people who want to try learning techniques and pattern recognition methods on real-world data while spending minimal efforts on preprocessing and formatting.

Four files are available on this site:

train-images-idx3-ubyte.gz: training set images (9912422 bytes)
train-labels-idx1-ubyte.gz: training set labels (28881 bytes)
t10k-images-idx3-ubyte.gz: test set images (1648877 bytes)
t10k-labels-idx1-ubyte.gz: test set labels (4542 bytes)

please note that your browser may uncompress these files without telling you. If the files you downloaded have a larger size than the above, they have been uncompressed by your browser. Simply rename them to remove the .gz extension. Some people have asked me "my application can't open your image files". These files are not in any standard image format. You have to write your own (very simple) program to read them. The file format is described at the bottom of this page.

The original black and white (bilevel) images from NIST were size normalized to fit in a 20x20 pixel box while preserving their aspect ratio. The resulting images contain grey levels as a result of the anti-aliasing technique used by the normalization algorithm. the images were centered in a 28x28 image by computing the center of mass of the pixels, and translating the image so as to position this point at the center of the 28x28 field.

With some classification methods (particuarly template-based methods, such as SVM and K-nearest neighbors), the error rate improves when the digits are centered by bounding box rather than center of mass. If you do this kind of pre-processing, you should report it in your publications.

The MNIST database was constructed from NIST's Special Database 3 and Special Database 1 which contain binary images of handwritten digits. NIST originally designated SD-3 as their training set and SD-1 as their test set. However, SD-3 is much cleaner and easier to recognize than SD-1. The reason for this can be found on the fact that SD-3 was collected among Census Bureau employees, while SD-1 was collected among high-school students. Drawing sensible conclusions from learning experiments requires that the result be independent of the choice of training set and test among the complete set of samples. Therefore it was necessary to build a new database by mixing NIST's datasets.

The MNIST training set is composed of 30,000 patterns from SD-3 and 30,000 patterns from SD-1. Our test set was composed of 5,000 patterns from SD-3 and 5,000 patterns from SD-1. The 60,000 pattern training set contained examples from approximately 250 writers. We made sure that the sets of writers of the training set and test set were disjoint.

SD-1 contains 58,527 digit images written by 500 different writers. In contrast to SD-3, where blocks of data from each writer appeared in sequence, the data in SD-1 is scrambled. Writer identities for SD-1 is available and we used this information to unscramble the writers. We then split SD-1 in two: characters written by the first 250 writers went into our new training set. The remaining 250 writers were placed in our test set. Thus we had two sets with nearly 30,000 examples each. The new training set was completed with enough examples from SD-3, starting at pattern # 0, to make a full set of 60,000 training patterns. Similarly, the new test set was completed with SD-3 examples starting at pattern # 35,000 to make a full set with 60,000 test patterns. Only a subset of 10,000 test images (5,000 from SD-1 and 5,000 from SD-3) is available on this site. The full 60,000 sample training set is available.

Many methods have been tested with this training set and test set. Here are a few examples. Details about the methods are given in an upcoming paper. Some of those experiments used a version of the database where the input images where deskewed (by computing the principal axis of the shape that is closest to the vertical, and shifting the lines so as to make it vertical). In some other experiments, the training set was augmented with artificially distorted versions of the original training samples. The distortions are random combinations of shifts, scaling, skewing, and compression.

CLASSIFIER

PREPROCESSING

TEST ERROR RATE (%)

Reference

Linear Classifiers

K-Nearest Neighbors

Boosted Stumps

Non-Linear Classifiers

SVMs

SVM, Gaussian Kernel

none

1.4

Virtual SVM, deg-9 poly, 1-pixel jittered

none

0.68

DeCoste and Scholkopf, MLJ 2002

Virtual SVM, deg-9 poly, 1-pixel jittered

deskewing

0.68

DeCoste and Scholkopf, MLJ 2002

Virtual SVM, deg-9 poly, 2-pixel jittered

deskewing

0.56

DeCoste and Scholkopf, MLJ 2002

Neural Nets

Convolutional nets

References

[LeCun et al., 1998a]

Y. LeCun, L. Bottou, Y. Bengio, and P. Haffner. "Gradient-based learning applied to document recognition." Proceedings of the IEEE, 86(11):2278-2324, November 1998.[on-line version]

FILE FORMATS FOR THE MNIST DATABASE
The data is stored in a very simple file format designed for storing vectors and multidimensional matrices. General info on this format is given at the end of this page, but you don't need to read that to use the data files.
All the integers in the files are stored in the MSB first (high endian) format used by most non-Intel processors. Users of Intel processors and other low-endian machines must flip the bytes of the header.

There are 4 files:

train-images-idx3-ubyte: training set images
train-labels-idx1-ubyte: training set labels
t10k-images-idx3-ubyte: test set images
t10k-labels-idx1-ubyte: test set labels

The training set contains 60000 examples, and the test set 10000 examples.

The first 5000 examples of the test set are taken from the original NIST training set. The last 5000 are taken from the original NIST test set. The first 5000 are cleaner and easier than the last 5000.

TRAINING SET LABEL FILE (train-labels-idx1-ubyte):
[offset] [type] [value] [description]
0000 32 bit integer 0x00000801(2049) magic number (MSB first)
0004 32 bit integer 60000 number of items
0008 unsigned byte ?? label
0009 unsigned byte ?? label
........
xxxx unsigned byte ?? label
The labels values are 0 to 9.

TRAINING SET IMAGE FILE (train-images-idx3-ubyte):
[offset] [type] [value] [description]
0000 32 bit integer 0x00000803(2051) magic number
0004 32 bit integer 60000 number of images
0008 32 bit integer 28 number of rows
0012 32 bit integer 28 number of columns
0016 unsigned byte ?? pixel
0017 unsigned byte ?? pixel
........
xxxx unsigned byte ?? pixel
Pixels are organized row-wise. Pixel values are 0 to 255. 0 means background (white), 255 means foreground (black).

TEST SET LABEL FILE (t10k-labels-idx1-ubyte):
[offset] [type] [value] [description]
0000 32 bit integer 0x00000801(2049) magic number (MSB first)
0004 32 bit integer 10000 number of items
0008 unsigned byte ?? label
0009 unsigned byte ?? label
........
xxxx unsigned byte ?? label
The labels values are 0 to 9.

TEST SET IMAGE FILE (t10k-images-idx3-ubyte):
[offset] [type] [value] [description]
0000 32 bit integer 0x00000803(2051) magic number
0004 32 bit integer 10000 number of images
0008 32 bit integer 28 number of rows
0012 32 bit integer 28 number of columns
0016 unsigned byte ?? pixel
0017 unsigned byte ?? pixel
........
xxxx unsigned byte ?? pixel
Pixels are organized row-wise. Pixel values are 0 to 255. 0 means background (white), 255 means foreground (black).

THE IDX FILE FORMAT
the IDX file format is a simple format for vectors and multidimensional matrices of various numerical types.
The basic format is

magic number
size in dimension 0
size in dimension 1
size in dimension 2
.....
size in dimension N
data

The magic number is an integer (MSB first). The first 2 bytes are always 0.

The third byte codes the type of the data:
0x08: unsigned byte
0x09: signed byte
0x0B: short (2 bytes)
0x0C: int (4 bytes)
0x0D: float (4 bytes)
0x0E: double (8 bytes)

The 4-th byte codes the number of dimensions of the vector/matrix: 1 for vectors, 2 for matrices....

The sizes in each dimension are 4-byte integers (MSB first, high endian, like in most non-Intel processors).

The data is stored like in a C array, i.e. the index in the last dimension changes the fastest.

Happy hacking.

The digit images in the MNIST set were originally selected and experimented with by Chris Burges and Corinna Cortes using bounding-box normalization and centering. Yann LeCun's version which is provided on this page uses centering by center of mass within in a larger window.

Yann LeCun, Professor
The Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences
New York University

Corinna Cortes, Research Scientist
Google Labs, New York
corinna at google dot com

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MNIST handwritten digit database, Yann LeCun, Corinna Cortes and Chris Burges

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of handwritten digits Yann LeCun, Courant Institute, NYU Corinna Cortes, Google Labs, New York Christopher J.C. Burges, Microsoft Research, Redmond The MNIST database of handwritten digits, available from this page, has a training set of 60,000 examples, and a test set of 10,000 examples. It is a subset of a larger set available from NIST.

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The second manufacturer is who makes the wireless chipset within the card. For example, Ralink, Atheros, Qualcomm. This is the most important company to know. Unfortunately, it is sometimes the hardest to determine. This is because card manufacturers generally don't want to reveal what they use inside their card.

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Kali Linux | Penetration Testing and Ethical Hacking Linux Distribution

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Kali Linux | Penetration Testing and Ethical Hacking Linux Distribution

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The most advanced Penetration Testing Distribution. Ever.

Kali Linux is an open-source, Debian-based Linux distribution geared towards various information security tasks, such as Penetration Testing, Security Research, Computer Forensics and Reverse Engineering.

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Kali Linux | Penetration Testing and Ethical Hacking Linux Distribution

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Home of Kali Linux, an Advanced Penetration Testing Linux distribution used for Penetration Testing, Ethical Hacking and network security assessments.

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File name must not include file extension

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Unity Network: Learning Network Scripting in Unity 3D

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Unity Network: Learning Network Scripting in Unity 3D

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Brilliant Blender, Unity, and Concept Art tutorials for animation artists and game developers.

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Unity 2d stop rotation on angle collision

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Unity 2d stop rotation on angle collision

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Fixed Angle=True in Rigidbody 2d

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Unity collisions don't work if your moving one object with the transform.position variable. Set the velocity instead:

GetComponent.<Rigidbody2D>().velocity = transform.up * speed;

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Destroying children (sounds horrible) - Unity Answers

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Destroying children (sounds horrible) - Unity Answers

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Destroying children (sounds horrible) - Unity Answers

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Unity is the ultimate game development platform. Use Unity to build high-quality 3D and 2D games, deploy them across mobile, desktop, VR/AR, consoles or the Web, and connect with loyal and enthusiastic players and customers.

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var track = []; var cars = []; var fs = require("fs"); fs.readFileSync(process.argv[2]).toString().split('\n').forEach(function (line, i, arr) { if (line != "") { if (i==0) { track = line.split(" "); }else{ var spt = line.split(" "); cars.push({ n : parseInt(spt[0]), s : parseInt(spt[1]), a : parseFloat(spt[2]), d : parseFloat(spt[3]), t : 0 }); } } }); function drive() { for (var i=0;i<cars.length;i++) { for (var j=0;j<track.length;j++) { if (track[j].indexOf('.') != -1) { //float therefore distance var t = parseFloat(track[j]) / cars.s; //calc time from distance/speed var d = if (j+1 <= track.length) { var turn = parseInt(track[j+1]); } cars.t += t; }else{ //turn (angle) } } } } function sort() { } drive();

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Font Awesome, the iconic font and CSS toolkit

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Font Awesome, the iconic font and CSS toolkit

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Font Awesome makes it easy to add vector icons and social logos to your website. And version 5 is redesigned and built from the ground up!

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IKONS - 300 free vector icons from Piotr Kwiatkowski

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IKONS - 300 free vector icons from Piotr Kwiatkowski

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IKONS - 300 free vector icons from Piotr Adam Kwiatkowski

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300 free, hand crafted, scalable vector icons for designers and developers from Piotr Kwiatkowski

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Dribbble - Discover the World's Top Designers & Creative Professionals

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Find Top Designers & Creative Professionals on Dribbble. We are where designers gain inspiration, feedback, community, and jobs. Your best resource to discover and connect with designers worldwide.

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Color wheel | Color schemes - Adobe Color CC

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Color wheel | Color schemes - Adobe Color CC

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demosthenes.info – An Easy Guide To HSL Color In CSS3

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demosthenes.info – An Easy Guide To HSL Color In CSS3

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I'm Dudley Storey, author of Using SVG with CSS3 and HTML5 , Smashing Magazine contributing editor, teacher and speaker. I write about all aspects of web development, including:

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7 Rules for Creating Gorgeous UI (Part 1) — Medium

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7 Rules for Creating Gorgeous UI (Part 1) — Medium

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Introduction

OK, first things first. This guide is not for everyone. Who is this guide for?

Developers who want to be able to design their own good-looking UI in a pinch.

UX designers who want their portfolio to look better than a Pentagon PowerPoint. Or UX designers who know they can sell an awesome UX better in a pretty UI package.

If you went to art school or consider yourself a UI designer already, you will likely find this guide some combination of a.) boring, b.) wrong, and c.) irritating. That's fine. All your criticisms are right. Close the tab, move along.

Let me tell you what you'll find in this guide.

First, I was a UX designer with no UI skills. I love designing UX, but I wasn't doing it for long before I realized there were a bunch of good reasons to learn how to make an interface look nice:

My portfolio looked like crap, reflecting poorly on my work and thought process

My UX consulting clients would rather buy someone's skills if their expertise extended to more than just sketching boxes and arrows

Did I want to work for an early-stage startup at some point? Best to be a sweeper

I had my excuses. I don't know crap about aesthetics. I majored in engineering- it's almost a badge of pride to build something that looks awful.

"I majored in engineering - it's almost a badge of
pride to build something that looks awful."

In the end, I learned the aesthetics of apps the same way I've learned any creative endeavor: cold, hard analysis. And shameless copying of what works. I've worked 10 hours on a UI project and billed for 1. The other 9 were the wild flailing of learning. Desperately searching Google and Pinterest and Dribbble for something to copy from.

These "rules" are the lessons from those hours.
So word to the nerds: if I'm any good at designing UI now, it's because I've analyzed stuff - not because I came out the chute with an intuitive understanding of beauty and balance.
This article is not theory. This article is pure application. You won't see anything about golden ratios. I don't even mention color theory. Only what I've learned from being bad and then deliberately practicing.

Think of it this way: Judo was developed based on centuries of Japanese martial and philosophical traditions. You take judo lessons, and in addition to fighting, you'll hear a lot about energy and flow and harmony. That sort of stuff.

Krav Maga, on the other hand, was invented by some tough Jews who were fighting Nazis in the streets of 1930s Czechoslovakia. There is no art to it. In Krav Maga lessons, you learn how to stab someone's eye with a pen and book it.

This is the Krav Maga of screens.

The Rules

Here they are:

Let's get to it.

Rule 1: Light Comes From the Sky
Shadows are invaluable cues in telling the human brain what user interface elements we're looking at.
This is perhaps the most important non-obvious thing to learn about UI design: light comes from the sky. Light comes from the sky so frequently and consistently that for it to come from below actually looks freaky.

When light comes from the sky, it illuminates the tops of things and casts shadows below them. The tops of stuff are lighter, the bottoms are darker.

You wouldn't think of people's lower eyelids as being particularly shaded, but shine some light on those suckers and all of a sudden it's demon girl at your front door.

Well, the same is true for UI. Just as we have little shadows on all the undersides of all our facial features, there are shadows on the undersides of just about every UI element you can find. Our screens are flat, but we've invested a great amount of art into making just about everything on them appear be 3-D.

Take buttons. Even with this relatively "flat" button, there are still a handful of light-related details:

1. The unpushed button (top) has a dark bottom edge. Sun don't shine there, son.

2. The unpushed button is slightly brighter at the top than at the bottom. This is because it imitates a slightly curved surface. Just as how you'd need to tilt a mirror held in front of you up to see the sun in it, surfaces that are tilted up reflect a biiiiit more of the sun's light towards you.

3. The unpushed button casts a subtle shadow- perhaps easier to see in the magnified section.

4. The pushed button, while still darker at the bottom than at the top, is overall darker- this is because it's at the plane of the screen and the sun can't hit it as easily. One could argue that all the pushed buttons we see in real life are darker too, because our hands are blocking the light.

That was just a button, and yet there are these 4 little light effects present. That's the lesson here. Now we just apply it to everything.

Here is a pair of iOS 6 settings- "Do Not Disturb" and "Notifications". NBD, right? But look how many light effects are going on with them.

The top lip of the inset control panel casts a small shadow

The "ON" slider track is also immediately set in a bit

The "ON" slider track is concave and the bottom reflects more light

The icons are set out a bit. See the bright border around the top of them? This represents a surface perpendicular to the light source, hence receiving a lot of light, hence bouncing a lot of light into your eyes.

The divider notch is shadowed where angled away from the sun and vice versa

Text input fields

Pressed buttons

Slider tracks

Radio button (unselected)

Checkboxes

Elements that are generally inset:

Buttons (unpressed)

Slider buttons

Dropdown controls

Cards

The button part of a selected radio button

Popups

Elements that are generally outset:

Now that you know, you'll notice it everywhere. You're welcome, kid.

Wait, what about flat design, Erik?

iOS7 made a stir in the tech community for its "flat design". This is to say that it is literally flat. There are no simulated protrusions or indentations- just lines and shapes of solid color.

I love clean and simple as much as the next guy, but I don't think this is a long-term trend here. The subtle simulation of 3-D in our interfaces seems far too natural to give up entirely.

More likely, we'll see semi-flat UI in the near future (and this is what I recommend you become proficient in designing). I'm going to go ahead and call it "flatty design". Still clean, still simple, but you'll have some shadows and cues for what to tap/slide/click.

As I'm writing this, Google is rolling out their "Material Design" language across their products. It's a unified visual language that- at its core- seeks to imitate the physical world.

An illustration from the Material Design guide shows how to convey different depths using different shadows.

This is the sort of thing I see sticking around.

It uses subtle real-world cues to convey information. Key word, subtle.

You can't say it doesn't imitate the real-world, but it's also not the web of 2006. There are no textures, no gradients, no sheens.

Flatty is the way of the future, I think. Flat? Psh, just a thing of the past.
Designing in grayscale before adding color simplifies the most complex element of visual design- and forces you to focus on spacing and laying out elements.
Rule 2: Black and White First

UX designers are really into designing "mobile-first" these days. That means you think about how pages and interactions work on a phone before imagining them on your zillion-pixel Retina monitor.

That sort of constraint is great. It clarifies thinking. You start with the harder problem (usable app on a teeny-weeny screen), then adopt the solution to the easier problem (usable app on a large screen).

Well here's another similar constraint: design black and white first. Start with the harder problem of making the app beautiful and usable in every way, but without the aid of color. Add color last, and even then, only with purpose.

This is a reliable and easy way to keep apps looking "clean" and "simple". Having too many colors in too many places is a really easy way to screw up clean/simple. B&WF forces you to focus on things like spacing, sizes, and layout first. And those are the primary concerns of a clean and simple design.

For all the rest, there's B&WF.

Step 2: How to add color

The simplest color to add is one color.

Adding one color to a grayscale site draws the eye simply and effectively.

You can also take it one step up. Grayscale + two colors, or grayscale + multiple colors of a single hue.

Color codes in practice - i.e. wait, what's a hue?

The web by and large talks about color as RGB hex codes. It's most useful to ignore those. RGB is not a good framework for coloring designs. Much more useful is HSB (which is synonymous with HSV, and similar to HSL).

HSB is better than RGB because it fits with the way we think about color naturally, and you can predict how changes to the HSB values will affect the color you're looking at.

If this is news to you, here's a good primer on HSB colors.

By modifying the saturation and brightness of a single hue, you can generate multiple colors- darks, lights, backgrounds, accents, eye-catchers- but it's not overwhelming on the eye.

Using multiple colors from one or two base hues is the most reliable way to accentuate and neutralize elements without making the design messy.

A few other notes on color

Color is the most complicated area of visual design. And while a lot of stuff on color is obtuse and not practical for finishing the design in front of you, I've seen some really good stuff out there.

Learn UI Design. Shameless plug: this is a course I've created, and it contains 3 hours of video about designing with color (and 13+ hours on other topics in UI design). Check it out at learnui.design.

Color in UI Design: A (Practical) Framework. If you liked this section, but want to hear more about color (as opposed to just black and white), this is your article. And guess who wrote it!

Never Use Black (Ian Storm Taylor). Talks about how totally flat grays almost never appear in the real-world, and how saturating your shades of gray- especially your darker shades- adds a visual richness to your designs. Plus, saturated grays more closely mimic the real-world, which is its own virtue.

Adobe Color CC. An awesome tool for finding, modifying, and creating color schemes.

Dribbble search-by-color. Another awesome way to find what works with a particular color. Talk about practical. If you already have one color decided, come look at what the world's best designers are doing/matching with that color.

A small toolbox:
To make UI that looks designed, add a lot of breathing room.
Rule 3: Double your whitespace

In Rule 2, I said that B&WF forces designers to think about spacing and layout before considering color, and how that's a good thing. Well, it's time we talk about spacing and layout.

If you've coded HTML from scratch, you're probably familiar with the way HTML is, by default, laid out on the page.

Basically, everything is smashed towards the top of the screen. The fonts are small; there's absolutely no space between lines. There's a biiit of space between paragraphs, but it isn't much. The paragraphs just stretch on to the end of the page, whether that's 100 px or 10,000 px.

Aesthetically speaking, that's awful. If you want to make UI that looks designed, you need to add in a lot of breathing room.

Sometimes a ridiculous amount.

Whitespace, HTML, and CSS

If you, like me, are used to formatting with CSS, where the default is no whitespace, it's time to untrain yourself of those bad habits. Start thinking of whitespace as the default- everything starts as whitespace, until you take it away by adding a page element.

Sound zen? I think it's a big reason people still sketch this stuff.

Starting with a blank page means starting with nothing but whitespace. You think of margins and spacing right from the very beginning. Everything you draw is a conscious whitespace-removing decision.

Starting with a bunch of unstyled HTML means starting with content. Spacing is the afterthought. It has to be explicitly stated.

Here's an illustrative music player concept by Piotr Kwiatkowski.

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7 Rules for Creating Gorgeous UI (Part 1) - Erik D. Kennedy - Medium

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OK, first things first. This guide is not for everyone. Who is this guide for? Developers who want to be able to design their own good-looking UI in a pinch. UX designers who want their portfolio to look better than a Pentagon PowerPoint.

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js-quantities - JavaScript library for quantity calculation and unit conversion

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var fs = require("fs"); var paths = []; var m = [[0,0,0,0],[0,0,0,0],[0,0,0,0],[0,0,0,0]] var cur = 0; fs.readFileSync(process.argv[2]).toString().split('\n').forEach(function (line) { if (line != "") { //do something here //console.log(answer_line); } }); function move(i,j) { if (i==3 && j==3) { //finished but go back if not unique } if (unique("U") && possible(i-1,j)) { //up move(i-1,j); } else if (unique("D") && possible(i+1,j)) { //down move(i+1,j); } else if (unique("L") && possible(i,j-1)) { //left move(i,j-1); } else if (unique("R") && possible(i,j+1)) { //right move(i,j+1); } } function unique(str) { for (var i=0;i<paths.length;i++) { if (paths.indexOf(str) == 0) { } } return true; } function possible(i,j) { if (i>=0&&i<=3&&j>=0&&j<=3) { return true; } return false; }

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c++ - How to convert std::string to lower case? - Stack Overflow

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c++ - How to convert std::string to lower case? - Stack Overflow

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Use the ICU library.
First you have to answer a question: What is the encoding of your std::string? Is it ISO-8859-1? Or perhaps ISO-8859-8? Or Windows Codepage 1252? Does whatever you're using to convert upper-to-lowercase know that? (Or does it fail miserably for characters over 0x7f?)

If you are using UTF-8 (the only sane choice among the 8-bit encodings) with std::string as container, you are already deceiving yourself into believing that you are still in control of things, because you are storing a multibyte character sequence in a container that is not aware of the multibyte concept. Even something as simple as .substr() is a ticking timebomb. (Because splitting a multibyte sequence will result in an invalid (sub-) string.)

And as soon as you try something like std::toupper( 'ß' ), in any encoding, you are in deep trouble. (Because it's simply not possible to do this "right" with the standard library, which can only deliver one result character, not the "SS" needed here.) [1] Another example would be std::tolower( 'I' ), which should yield different results depending on the locale. In Germany, 'i' would be correct; in Turkey, 'ı' (LATIN SMALL LETTER DOTLESS I) is the expected result.

Then there is the point that the standard library is depending on which locales are supported on the machine your software is running on... and what do you do if it isn't?

So what you are really looking for is a string class that is capable of dealing with all this correctly, and that is not std::string.

(C++11 note: std::u16string and std::u32string are better, but still not perfect.)

While Boost looks nice, API wise, Boost.Locale is basically a wrapper around ICU. If Boost is compiled with ICU support... if it isn't, Boost.Locale is limited to the locale support compiled for the standard library.

And believe me, getting Boost to compile with ICU can be a real pain sometimes. (There are no pre-compiled binaries for Windows, so you'd have to supply them together with your application, and that opens a whole new can of worms...)

So personally I would recommend getting full Unicode support straight from the horse's mouth and using the ICU library directly:

#include <unicode/unistr.h> #include <unicode/ustream.h> #include <unicode/locid.h> #include <iostream> int main() { char const * someString = "Eidenges\xe4\xdf"; icu::UnicodeString someUString( someString, "ISO-8859-1" ); // Setting the locale explicitly here for completeness. // Usually you would use the user-specified system locale. std::cout << someUString.toLower( "de_DE" ) << "\n"; std::cout << someUString.toUpper( "de_DE" ) << "\n"; return 0; }

Compile (with G++ in this example):

g++ -Wall example.cpp -licuuc -licuio

This gives:

eidengesäß EIDENGESÄSS

[1] In 2017, the Council for German Orthography ruled that "ẞ" U+1E9E LATIN CAPITAL LETTER SHARP S could be used officially, as an option beside the traditional "SS" conversion to avoid ambiguity e.g. in passports (where names are capitalized). My beautiful go-to example, made obsolete by committee decision...

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How to convert std::string to lower case?

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Use the ICU library. First you have to answer a question: What is the encoding of your std::string? Is it ISO-8859-1? Or perhaps ISO-8859-8? Or Windows Codepage 1252? Does whatever you're using to convert upper-to-lowercase know that? (Or does it fail miserably for characters over 0x7f?)

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c++ - Find method in std::wstring - Stack Overflow

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c++ - Find method in std::wstring - Stack Overflow

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I have declared Wstring as follows

wstring strID

When I try to find the occurrences sub-string as follows

int index = strID.find("LABS");

I am getting error like the following

error C2664: 'unsigned int std::basic_string<_Elem,_Traits,_Ax>::find(const std::basic_string<_Elem,_Traits,_Ax> &,unsigned int) const' : cannot convert parameter 1 from 'const char [13]' to 'const std::basic_string<_Elem,_Traits,_Ax> &'

Can you please help me to find the occurrences of sub-string?

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I have declared Wstring as follows wstring strID When I try to find the occurrences sub-string as follows int index = strID.find("LABS"); I am getting error like the following error C2664: 'unsigned int std::basic_string ::find(const std::basic_string &,unsigned int) const' : cannot convert parameter 1 from 'const char [13]' to 'const std::basic_string &' Can you please help me to find the occurrences of sub-string?

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GitHub is where people build software. More than 27 million people use GitHub to discover, fork, and contribute to over 80 million projects.

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Facebook Hacker Cup 2013 Beautiful Strings

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Facebook Hacker Cup 2013 Beautiful Strings

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Facebook Hacker Cup 2013 Beautiful Strings

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GitHub is where people build software. More than 27 million people use GitHub to discover, fork, and contribute to over 80 million projects.

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check if object array contains instance of an object

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check if object array contains instance of an object

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check if object array contains instance of an object

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GitHub is where people build software. More than 27 million people use GitHub to discover, fork, and contribute to over 80 million projects.

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GitHub is where people build software. More than 27 million people use GitHub to discover, fork, and contribute to over 80 million projects.

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Triangular number - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

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Triangular number - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

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A triangular number or triangle number counts objects arranged in an equilateral triangle, as in the diagram on the right. The nth triangular number is the number of dots in the triangular arrangement with n dots on a side, and is equal to the sum of the n natural numbers from 1 to n.

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CodeEval - Coding Challenges for the World's Best Developers

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CodeEval - Coding Challenges for the World's Best Developers

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Hire Better Developers | Coding Interview Challenges | CodeVue

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Using proprietary software, HireVue's CodeVue engages top tech talent with Ph.D. validated online coding challenges and tests. CodeVue also helps to gauge soft skills and cultural fit alongside coding proficiency to build more cohesive development and engineering teams.

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CodeEval - Coding Challenges for the World's Best Developers

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CodeEval - Coding Challenges for the World's Best Developers

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Hire Better Developers | Coding Interview Challenges | CodeVue

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Using proprietary software, HireVue's CodeVue engages top tech talent with Ph.D. validated online coding challenges and tests. CodeVue also helps to gauge soft skills and cultural fit alongside coding proficiency to build more cohesive development and engineering teams.

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Javascript split string every nth character

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Javascript split string every nth character

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function mySplit(str, size) {
    var a = [];
    for (i=0;i<str.length;i+=size) {
        a.push(str.slice(i,i+size));
    }
    return a;
}
mySplit("qwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnm", 10);

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GitHub is where people build software. More than 27 million people use GitHub to discover, fork, and contribute to over 80 million projects.