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Written by Sir Thomas More- 1516

This book describes a fantastical utopian society, where everything is seemingly 'perfect'. The main significance of this book is how stark the contrast was between the utopian society and society at the time of publication, leading many to believe that the upper echelons of the social structure was corrupt. This lead to widespread criticism of the Catholic Church, further strengthening secularism, while also fueling the public indignation which would culminate in the Portestant Reformation.

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Written by Castiglione- 1528

Castiglione describes how a proper gentleman should act, summarizing that why must be well balanced, intelligent, and driven by curiosity. The book describes the life of a courtier in a Renaissance court, who becomes involved in an argument concerning the true qualities of a skilled courtier. To this day, this work is the general synopsis of a dignified and well balanced human being.

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Written by Niccolo Machiavelli- 1532

Machiavelli outlines his idea of the ideal Monarch- ruthless, cunning, and willing to sacrifice their people in order to achieve ether objectives. This influenced many rulers, who heeded Machiavelli's advice that 'The End Justifies the Means', putting their country in priority, which would later influence the rise of politiques.

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Painted by Parmigianino- completed 1535

Mannerism

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Painted by Titian- completed 1523

Italian Renaissance

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Painted by Michelangelo- completed 1512

High Renaissance

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Painted by Leonardo da Vinci- completed 1498

High Renaissance

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Created by Michelangelo- completed 1504

High Renaissance

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The Renaissance was mainly brought to existence by the Black Death. During the plague, society experienced one of its darkest chapters, and people needed to divert their attention to something else other than death. A rebirth of classical antiquity ensued, reaching out to the higher classes. The lower classes did not experience much change, other than the fact that their labor was held in higher demand. This resulted in increased wages, and generally a higher respect for the human being, leading to Humanism. As Renaissance art grew closer and closer to perfection, many artists began to break from the tradition of creating art that mirrored reality. They began to freely express themselves and their emotions through artwork, leading to rather strange and unconventional artistic styles, like Mannerism. With the introduction of the printing press, these ideas spread in a rapid pace, and the Northern Renaissance began in Europe. It would eventually spread to encompass all of Northern Europe, while the Italian Renaissance began o fade because of martial and economic decline. New goods and ideas characterized the Renaissance, leading to a general aura of freedom of thought and expression. This would lead to the Protestant Reformation, as people began to go against established principles in favor of intellectual freedom.

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Women before the Renaissance were generally limited in social status because of the Feudal system. However, as the Renaissance occurred Women gained no significant change in status. They became viewed as possessions of men, with males being the majority in intellectual affairs. Some women did gain recognition though, such as Catherine de Medici and Joan of Arc.

Women did have limited access to literature through their households, and increased education to a degree, but most remained illiterate.

In art, women were mainly involved through modeling for artists. This reinforced the idea that women were possessions of men.

In the lower classes, women did gain a slightly better status, as many worked in the cottage industry, because of the relative small size of the labor force, following the black death.

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With many European countries heavily involved in Colonization, a trade route developed, with area specific goods being shipped in a consistent pattern throughout the Atlantic. The general pattern was cash crops to Europe, manufactured goods to Africa, and slaves to the Americas.

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With the italian City states achieving an almost absolute control on Mediterranean trade, Mercantilism developed. Mercantilism is essentially the hoarding of goods, and only trading with a nation's colonies, benefiting its own economy at the expense of other nations. Conflicted with Capitalism in economic policies

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The Potato, originating in the Americas, was brought to Europe and as a result population counts soared. It was very inexpensive to grow, and was made available to a vast majority of the populace.

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Niccolo Machiavelli, one of the best known authors of the Renaissance, outlined his ideas for the ruling monarchs of Europe in his The Prince. The book detailed that a ruler should be ruthless in pursuing his objectives, and aggressive when needed. However, a balanced ruler should also be cunning 'like a fox'. His ideas are generally perceived as inconsiderate of others, with his famous quote 'The end justifies the means', encouraging rulers to employ policies of brutal suppression of their peoples.

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Opposed to Medieval artistic styles, the Renaissance brought in considerable amounts of influence from Classical Antiquity. Although Renaissance art was highly idealized, art took a major step towards realism through the pursuing of accurate proportions of figures and objects.

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Secularism is the theoretical division of religion and science, and with the Renaissance's emergence, education and religion took distinct paths. This influenced the development of the Scientific Revolution.

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Feudalism was the prevalent social system in the Medieval ages, but as the Renaissance gained momentum Feudal systems were shaken by the influx of unconventional ideas regarding education, learning, and religion.

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Christopher Columbus arrives in San Salvador

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Christopher Columbus arrives in San Salvador

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in 1492, near the height of the Renaissance, Christopher Columbus and his crew arrive in the New World, sailing for Spain. This gave Spain a foothold in the New World, and ushered in the Age of Discovery.

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A series of conflicts between the Italian City States and the Holy Roman Empire, involving most European powers. Italy was the main battleground, and the warfare resulted in the decline of several Italian states, most notably Florence.

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The Medici family was based in Florence, wielding vast wealth gained from banking an trading to control political and economic affairs of the state. They were great patrons of the arts, commissioning many artists at the time. They were one of the most powerful families in Italy.

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Spanning from Eastern Europe to the Middle East, the Ottoman Empire was a powerful force during the Renaissance. Possessing superior (at the time) technology in gunpowder usage, the Ottomans were only checked at Vienna in their expansion. The Ottomans were often in conflict with the Italian City States, which resulted in the Peace of Lodi.

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The Merchant Class, especially in Italy, gained both economic and political power through the development of vast trading networks, augmented by powerful banking systems. The wealthiest merchants soon began to wield considerable political power. Venice and Genoa are two of the wealthiest trading-based states, with Italy situated in a strategic position in the middle of the Mediterranean, controlling most of the trade.

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Created by Johann Gutenberg, the Printing Press' importance mainly lies in the Reformation period, but in the later stages of the Renaissance the expedient spread of ideas allowed the Renaissance to spread into Northern Europe rather quickly. The Northern Renaissance also benefited from the printing press' effect of dissemination through the popularization of Mannerism, which kickstarted the trend of rebelling against 'perfect art', which is a main cornerstone of expressive art styles to this day

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Humanism, although much more significant to the Reformation, was still an important cultural development in Europe at the time of the Renaissance. It encouraged freedom of thought, curiosity, and individual interpretation of intellectual and religious works. This allowed the ideals of education and self- enhancement to flourish, resulting in a 'cultural refinement' of sorts.

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The Hundred Years War was pivotal for Europe. The conflict involved several powers in Europe, namely England, France, and Burgundy. The English gained the upper hand through the use of the longbow, which was extremely effective against the armored knight, which was until this point the most powerful unit on the battlefield. However, France obtained ultimate victory following inspiration from Joan of Arc, a young girl. The result of the war was the loss of all English territories on Continental Europe such as Aquitaine, except Calais, and the beginning of a powerful and unified France. England, because of the Hundred Years War began to develop like an island nation, and would remain largely invulnerable to continental aggression through the development of a superior navy.

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http://thecaveonline.com/APEH/DBQtrainingRenaissance.html

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http://www.tomrichey.net/renaissance--exploration.html

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https://docs.google.com/document/d/1ZIPeQBURvOm5GvFbkz3qHZW6t8ho2Byp9o1dA5-9ukw/edit?usp=sharing

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General Practice:

http://regentsprep.org/regents/core/questions/question.cfm?Course=glob&TopicCode=4c&QNum=1&Wrong=0

http://highered.mheducation.com/sites/0073406929/student_view0/chapter10/multiple_choice_quiz.html

Art:

http://highered.mheducation.com/sites/0072317264/student_view0/part5/chapter16/multiple_choice_quiz.html

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- English Playwright from late 16th century to early 17th century

- Works include Hamlet, Romeo and Juliet, and Julius Caesar

- Signified how slowly the Renaissance spread to England

- Wrote many types of literature- tragedies, comedies, histories, sonnets

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- A series of minor wars grouped into one major 'war' from 1337 to 1453

- Mainly between France and England, each with various allies

- Ended all English possessions in France, except Calais

- Destabilized the feudal system, especially in France

- Marked shift towards projectile weapons- crossbow, longbow, and later, guns

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- Grandson of Cosimo de Medici (Medici trading family)

- Patronized extensively, e.g. Botticelli, Michelangelo

- Maintained a fragile peace during his reign, but collapsed after his death

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- Italian painter and architect of the High Renaissance

- Creator of the Raphael rooms in the Vatican, also The School of Athens

- Along with da Vinci and Michelangelo, forms the traditional trinity of the High Renaissance

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- Best known of all the Renaissance Popes

- Patronized extensively, including St. Peter's Basilica and the Sistine Chapel

- Labeled as the 'warrior pope' because he was usually fighting in foreign lands, didn't do much religiously

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- 40 year formal peace in between Northern Italian City States starting 1454

- A response to the growing Ottoman threat- conquered Constantinople

- Allowed City States to focus on countering Ottomans rather than fight amongst themselves, which was very common before

- Preserved a relative balance of power during the 40 years

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- The dominant power of Southeastern Europe and Middle East during the 16th and 17th centuries- politically had many conflicts with Italian City States

- Capital in Constantinople- 'City of the World's Desire'

- Greatest Leader- Suleiman the Magnificent- aggressive expansion but stopped at Vienna, Austria

- Became the 'Sick man of Europe as technology became inferior to Western countries

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- Author during the Italian Renaissance

- Best known for The Prince- outlined Machiavelli's ideas on how rulers should exert their power to maintain political control

- Came up with the idea that rulers needed to be clever and cunning like a fox and aggressive and ruthless like a lion

- "The end justifies the means"

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- Italian artist, sculptor during High Renaissance

- Creator of the David statue; painted ceiling of the Sistine Chapel

- Involved in designing dome of St. Peter's Basilica

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- In many ways a 'response' to the perfectionist works of the High Renaissance

- Employed exaggerated and elongated shapes, use of strange colors in paintings

- E.g. Madonna with the Long Neck by Parmigianino

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- Italian artist, painter, architect, among other professions (High Renaissance)

- Best known for Mona Lisa and The Last Supper, both from 1498

- Recognized as the epitome of Renaissance thought, intellectual genius that was held in utmost esteem during the Renaissance

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- The peak of the Italian Renaissance

- Based in Rome, which replaced Florence as the center of Italian Renaissance art

- Driven by figures such as Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, and Raphael

- Renewed emphasis on Classical tradition, many works based on religion/ myths

- Increased patronage (especially from Pope) resulted in many iconic works, such as Mona Lisa (da Vinci) and the statue David (Michelangelo)

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- Recognized as the father of the Renaissance- first to break from Byzantine style

- Paintings used chiaroscuro among other stylistic ideas unique to the Renaissance

- Best known for Scrovegni Chapel in Padua, contributed to Florence Cathedral

- Based in Florence- influenced how Florence became the birthplace of the Renaissance

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- Dominant social and economic system of the Medieval ages

- Based on Manors, which controlled the surrounding area and its inhabitants

- Included a very strict caste system- serfs<vassals<noblemen<royals<pope

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- Most powerful of the Medici family to be in power in Florence

- Forged numerous alliances with neighboring states to political autonomy

- Vast wealth from family trading and banking- used to control politics and patronize artists

- Grandfather to Lorenzo the Magnificent

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- Independent City States- very wealthy from Mediterranean trade

- Florence (Medici's): birthplace of the Renaissance; Rome (Pope): Papal seat, religious and political rule; Venice: Trading Republic, very wealthy; Milan (Sforza's); and Naples- only City to have a King

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- Italian courier and author during the Italian Renaissance

- Author of Book of the Courtier- most important book of the Renaissance

- His book emphasized social etiquette- how a gentleman must be skilled

in many crafts, opposed to Medieval times where many only focused on one area

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- Italian artist during the Italian Renaissance

- Known for his Il Duomo, created in 1436- largest dome in all of Europe at the time

- Recognized as the father of the linear perspective

- Competed with Ghiberti in making The Gates of Paradise

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- Italian artist in early 17th century

- Created Baroque style of sculpting, best known for sculptures

- Known for using hidden light sources for emphasis on sculptures

- Many works were religious- e.g. Appollo and Daphne

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- One of the worst plagues in history (1346-1353)

- Killed an estimated 1/3 of Europe's population, up to a half in cities

- Influenced Northern Renaissance art- dark, death related themes

- Because of reduced population, labor was in much higher demand

- Lead to dark themes throughout Northern Renaissance art

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The Renaissance was a movement throughout Europe that was generally characterized by a rebirth of Classicism, particularly Greek and Roman works. It started after the Black Plague, as the traumatic experience shook the foundations of society dramatically.

There were many new Artistic styles, such as linear perspective and chiaroscuro. The Renaissance also saw an increase in Patronage, not only from the church but also from wealthy families, such as the Medici’s. Artists such as Michelangelo and Leonardo da Vinci made many iconic works of art, such as Mona Lisa and the statue David. Papal patronage saw an increased amount of Religious Art, particularly in Churches and Chapels. Private patronage resulted in a huge increase in art production, a staple of the Renaissance.

The ideas of the Renaissance almost exclusively affected the higher-class men, as only they had exposure to art and literature. However, the lower classes did gain an enhanced social position because of the massive reduction of manpower from the Black Plague. Women, although they had increased access to education, experienced a decline in social status, being viewed as possessions of men.

The Italian City- States were the dominant power during the Renaissance, through utilizing their strategic position in the middle of the Mediterranean and vast trading networks. The Pope was the religious authority, wielding both economic and political power from Rome. Florence was the ‘birthplace’ of the Renaissance, and became the center of the Renaissance in the 1400s (quattrocento). However, it declined in power following the French invasions. As a result, Rome became the center of Renaissance art in the 1500s (cinquecento).

The Italian City States likewise dominated the Renaissance economy. Venice and Genoa had powerful fleets comprised of galleys and merchant ships that had trading posts throughout the Mediterranean. Constantinople was also a trading hub, controlling trade between the Mediterranean and the Black Sea. Throughout Europe, workers experienced a rise in wages, because of the severe reduction of the workforce from the Black Plague.