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Brinkley, Alan, Albert S. Broussard, James M. McPherson, Donald A. Ritchie, and Dinah Zike. The American Vision:. New York, NY: Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, 2008. Print. "The 1920s: Introduction." Introduction. The 1920s. N.p.: n.p., n.d. N. pag. ProQuest. Web. "The Roaring Twenties." History.com. A&E Television Networks, n.d. Web. 11 Feb. 2015. Mintz, S., & McNeil, S. (2013). Digital History. Retrieved (3.1.15) from http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu

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"If a man is not faithful to his own individuality, he cannot be loyal to anything" -Claude McKay

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Before most people following traditional patterns would not have excepted the idea of African American writers. The 1920s however was a different story in that this was a completely plausible idea and many writers got their start here. One of those writers is Claude McKay who wrote four novels at this time, two of which written in the twenties. His novel, Home to Harlem, won the Harmon Gold Award for literature which can prove the popularity and success of his novels. Another interesting note is that he was attracted to communism, but slowly began to write negatively about it later on. Either way he was proof that African Americans did have their hand in the influence of American society in the twenties.

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"Jazz Music Not Such an "Enfant Terrible" After All But Clever Adaptation in Curren Style" -Musical America July 19, 1924

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Jazz is a popular for of music that was developed in the 1920s in major places like Harlem. The music has major roots in African American music an its origins can be traced back to African rhythms that survived in the music of slaves on Southern plantations. That music evolved into Jazz, which became quickly popular music and permeated mainstream culture during the 1920s.

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"A people without the knowledge of their past history, origin, and culture is like a true without roots." -Marcus Garvey

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With the new feelings of the new decade many blacks were supporting the idea of Black Nationalism or basically the redefinition of Nationalism for Blacks. Before Africa was seen as a weak continent and was bullied by all the European countries, but now people should redeem the name "Africa" and force other countries to remove themselves from it. This doesn't really help show how blacks influence society, but shows the overall shift of ow people thought during the 20s. Marcus Garvey was a major proponent for Black Nationalism and was a political leader at this time. He was a Jamaican political leader, but also a publisher, entrepreneur, and orator. He eventually would establish the Universal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities League or UNIA-ACL.

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During the 1920s, African Americans flocked to urban centers in the North looking for fairer treatment and higher wages than in the South. The neighborhood of Harlem, in New York City, experienced rapid growth during this era, and an African American-led artistic and political movement flourished. Poets like Langston Hughes and James Weldon Johnson wrote vivid descriptions of African-American life, and artists, such as Augusta Savage and Archibald Motley, Jr., created a uniquely African-American art form. Theatrical performances blossomed as all-black casts performed great classics, such as Shakespeare's "Othello," and new productions, like the musical comedy "Shuffle Along," to predominantly white audiences.

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"The South will soon be demanding restriction of migration of its labor!" -Chicago Daily Tribune (Chicago, Illinois) May 10, 1923

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In what came to be known as the "Great Migration," African Americans left southern rural areas in great numbers beginning during World War I and through much of the 1920s for northern urban areas. Discrimination against African Americans in the South, the boll weevil's destruction of the cotton crop, on which many black sharecroppers relied, the opening of industrial jobs vacated by enlisting soldiers, and encouragement by the northern African-American press stimulated this migration. This great rural-to-urban migration caused consternation both in the North and South. Some Southerners tried to prevent black laborers from leaving, while others created programs encouraging them to stay. Once in the cities, the new residents were often greeted with hostility by their white neighbors.

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EQ4: How did African Americans influence American society in the 1920s?

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EQ4: How did African Americans influence American society in the 1920s?

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"You don't write because you want to say something, you write because you have something to say." -F. Scott Fitzgerald

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F. Scott Fitzgerald was a prominent American writer of the "Lost Generation," the author of novels including This Side of Paradise, Tender is the Night, and—most famously—The Great Gatsby. Fitzgerald achieved huge fame and success by his mid-twenties, and later struggled to live up to the expectations he had created for his own work. He died of alcoholism at the age of 44. The decadent world portrayed in The Great Gatsby remains the defining image of life in America during the Roaring Twenties.

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"You just can't beat someone who never gives up." -Babe Ruth

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"A champion is someone who gets up when he can't." -Jack Dempsey

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After war time people began to relax and what beter way to do that then go to the movies. Well it was not as simple as that back then. Movies were a relatively new things and it was something more than it is now. We now think movies as a "normal" thing since we see them so often, but back then movies were something new. Moving pictures were something and they used them mainly to show war and such, but the concept of using that for entertainment was something new and it represented the attitude of the 1920s very well. Also just because it was new did not mean that the movies made back then were bad. Some amazing movies that are still remembered today were made back then such as Phantom of the Opera, Faust, and more.

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Babe Ruth: Babe Ruth was a baseball player in the 1920s, but not only was he just a baseball player, he was one of the best. He excelled at, arguably, the most exciting thing in baseball, home-runs. He had one of the best records and his record still holds strong to this day. This began the popularity of sports that we see today since even watching something as exciting as Babe Ruth was enough for most people. Jack Dempsey: Boxing was a sport that always got people hyped up, but no one did it better than Jack Dempsey. Dempsey was a very aggressive boxer that had the punching power to match it. His combination of aggressive and powerful play got him the World Heavy Weight championship from 1919 to 1926. Many of his fights set finical and attendance records, including the first million-dollar gate. Dempsey was a sight to see and was one of the main reasons that boxing was so exciting and gained so much popularity over the years. He has been voted into numerous Hall of Fame's for boxing and is still recognized to this day for his boxing ability.

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EQ3: How did popular culture , the arts, and literature change in the 1920s?

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EQ3: How did popular culture , the arts, and literature change in the 1920s?

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With the invention of the radio advertising went into a whole new era. Now it was not through the paper or magazines, but the radio in your house. Most radios probably were on throughout most of the day and during prime times like the news almost every radio in America was tuning in. Companies could start marketing things using people voices rather than an ad in a magazine. This was a new time for marketing teams and with all the new products coming out the timing could not be better!

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"Music from the air or record with all the realism of the Radiola" -North American Review Dec. 1929

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Radio was first used for important things such as the army or other government functions, but later the radio became a family experience. Everyone in the family would gather around the radio listening to news, comedy shows, and music. This was something that had not been done before and if you wanted to see comedy you had to go out and get tickets and do so much and now you could just turn on the radio. If you ask me this was the beginning of the introverted society that we live in today

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"Life is like a landscape. You live in the midst of it but can describe it only from the vantage point of distance." -Charles Lindbergh

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Living today airplanes are becoming a part of everyone's lives and help to connect the world in ways that were never possible before. The vast journey across the Atlantic that took months to complete could now be done in a few days. These huge land masses could be conquered within a few days as well. With this the world began to become smaller and smaller and there seemed to be no frontier that we could not conquer. This was especially seen through Charles Lindbergh who flew solo across the Atlantic to Paris and gave everyone this sense of accomplishment.

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The Model T was a breakthrough that shaped America in ways that other companies have never done before. It was a the first time a car had been made affordable and available to an everyday worker. Having a car meant you did not have to live so cose to everyone else and everything you needed. You could live far away and then drive there. It single-handedly increased the living space of anyone who was able to get one. Thanks to mass production they were also in mass quantities meaning there was a lot to go around.

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"Watching a production line at the Ford Motor Company was like watching an orchestra. It was a beautiful sight to see..." -Union ( Detroit, Michigan) May 18, 1927

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With time comes an ever increasing improvement and that means that things will continue to improve the more and more we live. The twenties showed this with the improvements to mass production. Mass produciton is basically just a process in which you can produce a certain product in massive amounts. In the past things had to be made by hand and individually meaning it took skill and time to make something but when assembly lines became a thing that all changed. Now you did need to know how everything in the car worked to make it you just had to know how to put tires on and the rest was someone elses job. This was a breakthrough and it changed the way compainies worked forever.

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EQ2: Why did new industries and a consumer society contribute to the Roaring Twenties?

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EQ2: Why did new industries and a consumer society contribute to the Roaring Twenties?

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"a car containing a man, his wife and two children drove past a sign near International Falls. According to the wife ... they were driving slowly and were not yet entirely past the sign when a fusillade of bullets swept the car. The bullets were fired without warning and one of them struck the husband in the back of the neck killing him instantly. An examination of the car showed no contraband, "I only did my duty," said the border patrol who fired into a family party"

-National Archives and Records Administration 1929

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The Prohibition era in the United States began with ratification of the Eighteenth Amendment to the Constitution prohibiting the manufacture, sale, possession and consumption of alcoholic beverages. On January 17, 1920, Congress passed the Volstead Act to enforce the new amendment. Some people attributed the amendment's easy passage to the absence of many young American men, who were fighting in Europe and unable to protest the measure. The law represented the culmination of decades of activism by temperance advocates, who contended that alcoholism hurt worker productivity, contributed to domestic violence and family disruption, and was responsible for a number of health problems. However this did not stop most people from drinking alcohol at all, in fact those who wanted to drink it probably had more than they would've before

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"MONKEY TRIAL LAWYERS FIGHT OVER PRAYER OPENING COURT" -Archive Photos circa 1925

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During this time many new scientific theories and breakthroughs were making a difference on how people used to think and one of the more important ones was Charles Darwin's Theory of Evolution. This was an extremely contorversial topic since it challenge the preivious religious based ideas of Creationism. Many people who believed in the old way of thinking did not like this new idea of Evolution and in one school in Tennessee the people of a town put a teacher on trial for teaching evolution. This was all actually a plot to test the new laws that were set in play by Tennessee and everyone in the town was in on it, including Scopes. By the end of it Scopes was found guilty for teaching evolution and was fined 100$ that was paid off bu the American Civil Liberties Union. This shows though how a lot of the states powerful members were afraid of letting in new ideas that questioned their old ways of thinking.

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¨Generally our females are to busy to indulge themselves in the extreme fads of fashion. However, whenever a girl puts on her Rouge, lays on her lipstick, arrays herself in knee skirts, shes in real danger.¨ -Union (Cincinnati, Ohio) April 8, 1922

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¨Sooner or later there will be a redivision of the American people among party lines. We may be on the threshold and not percieve it. But it cannot be on the religious lines...¨ -Chicago Daily Tribune (Chicago, Illinois) July 1, 1924

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The attitude for women at this time was like no other time before. Everyone felt free, like their lives were theirs to live and they didn't have to always do what others had done before. Many things had like how Marriage became more about love and romance rather than the previous ways of making everyone was a respectable member of society. Many women were becoming succesful and according a statistic done by Historical Statistics of the United States the amount of women earning college degrees more than double throughout the 1920s. This was a major shift and many people who had lived before time did not like the major switch with all of this freedom and shifting roles. In terms of change this decade might have been the strongest one in a long time and posed a major threat to those who like things done in a ¨traditional¨ way.

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The KKK was an organization that was beginning to take over a lot of areas of American and their overarching message was white power. This was a group that represented the extremely traditional white man that wanted everyone who did not live in the days of white power to be removed from society. This attitude can be seen in the Sacco-Vanzetti court case where they were seemingly convicted before they even got a fair trial thanks to these views and beliefs.

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EQ1:  Why did modern culture of the 1920s cause some people to think that traditional society and morality were under attack

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EQ1:  Why did modern culture of the 1920s cause some people to think that traditional society and morality were under attack

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This court case was held in Massachusetts and it involved two Italian immigrants named Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti. Two men had robbed a shoe factory and murdered two people working there and Sacco had a gun that was similar to the murder weapon and the bullets inside matched the ones used at the crime scene. It was later found out that they were Italian and anarchist which led most people to believe they were guilty and they were found guilty. 6 years later they were sentenced to death. This shows the idea that traditional society felt threaten by all these immigrants coming in and filling up America. That is why these men were tried so unfairly, because traditional people did not give immigrants that much value.