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Soon in 1960, a modified version of the Bessemer process replaced the open hearth. This process used basic oxygen.

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Soon in 1960, a modified version of the Bessemer process replaced the open hearth. This process used basic oxygen.

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By 1900 the open hearth process had largely replaced the Bessemer process.

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By 1900 the open hearth process had largely replaced the Bessemer process.

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In 1860, the open-hearth process started. This process converts iron into steel in a broad, shallow, open-hearth furnace

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In 1860, the open-hearth process started. This process converts iron into steel in a broad, shallow, open-hearth furnace

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 By 1884, the production of iron rails somewhat came to a halt. Steel rails had replaced them at an annual production of 1,500,000 tons selling at a price of $32 per ton.

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 By 1884, the production of iron rails somewhat came to a halt. Steel rails had replaced them at an annual production of 1,500,000 tons selling at a price of $32 per ton.

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In the U.S., 460,000 tons of iron rails were made and sold for $83 per ton; only 2550 tons of  Bessemer steel rails were made at$170 per ton. 

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In the U.S., 460,000 tons of iron rails were made and sold for $83 per ton; only 2550 tons of  Bessemer steel rails were made at$170 per ton. 

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In 1876, Welshman Sidney Gilchrist Thomas discovered that adding a chemically basic material (limestone) to the converter draws the phosphorus from the pig iron into the slag. When it floats to the top, the result is phosphorus-free steel. This discovery meant that iron ore could be used to make pig iron for Bessemer converters, which in turn led to skyrocketing production of steel in Europe and the U.S

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In 1876, Welshman Sidney Gilchrist Thomas discovered that adding a chemically basic material (limestone) to the converter draws the phosphorus from the pig iron into the slag. When it floats to the top, the result is phosphorus-free steel. This discovery meant that iron ore could be used to make pig iron for Bessemer converters, which in turn led to skyrocketing production of steel in Europe and the U.S

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In 1856 Bessemer designed what he called a converter. It was a large, pear-shaped receptacle that had hoes which allowed the injection of compressed air to occur.

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In 1856 Bessemer designed what he called a converter. It was a large, pear-shaped receptacle that had hoes which allowed the injection of compressed air to occur.

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The introduction of the Bessemer process led to the mass-production of cheap steal. The process was invented by a British metallurgist Sir Henry Bessemer (1813-1898).  Bessemer reasoned that carbon in molten pig iron unites readily with oxygen. In other words, it should turn to steel because its carbon content is being reduced. 

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The introduction of the Bessemer process led to the mass-production of cheap steal. The process was invented by a British metallurgist Sir Henry Bessemer (1813-1898).  Bessemer reasoned that carbon in molten pig iron unites readily with oxygen. In other words, it should turn to steel because its carbon content is being reduced. 

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1856 Bessemer designed a converter to rid the metal of carbon and silicon 

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1856 Bessemer designed a converter to rid the metal of carbon and silicon 

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in the 1740's Huntsman discovered that steel can be melted into clay cruicbles 

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in the 1740's Huntsman discovered that steel can be melted into clay cruicbles 

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in the 1700's "coal cake" was discovered to remove impurities from the iron 

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in the 1700's "coal cake" was discovered to remove impurities from the iron 

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FACTS ABOUT IRON

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Australian invented another method to extract in 1888

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Australian invented another method to extract in 1888

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1886 Hall ran an electric current through disolved aluminum 

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1886 Hall ran an electric current through disolved aluminum 

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1884 the Washington monument had an aluminium top placed on top 

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1884 the Washington monument had an aluminium top placed on top 

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around 1845 a frenchman figured out how to extract it more efficiently  

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around 1845 a frenchman figured out how to extract it more efficiently  

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1825 a German and Danish chemist both extracted the material 

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1825 a German and Danish chemist both extracted the material 

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multiple chemists in the 1800's devoted their studies to Aluminium 

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multiple chemists in the 1800's devoted their studies to Aluminium 

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Challenges for the world aluminium industry began in 2008 during the global financial crisis. The aluminium industry was confronted by an overproduction crisis for the first time in its history as a result of the stock market collapse and as a consequence experienced a 50% drop in the price of aluminium. 

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Challenges for the world aluminium industry began in 2008 during the global financial crisis. The aluminium industry was confronted by an overproduction crisis for the first time in its history as a result of the stock market collapse and as a consequence experienced a 50% drop in the price of aluminium. 

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Aluminium production was growing steadily worldwide and reached 19 million tonnes by the beginning of the 1990s.

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Aluminium production was growing steadily worldwide and reached 19 million tonnes by the beginning of the 1990s.

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Duralumin, a key aluminium alloy, was invented in 1909. It took seven years for Alfred Wilm, a German scientist, to create it, but it was worth the years of effort. Duralumin, with addition of copper, magnesium and manganese was as lightweight, as aluminium, but significantly exceeded it in strength, hardness and elasticity meaning it quickly became the main material used in aviation.

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Duralumin, a key aluminium alloy, was invented in 1909. It took seven years for Alfred Wilm, a German scientist, to create it, but it was worth the years of effort. Duralumin, with addition of copper, magnesium and manganese was as lightweight, as aluminium, but significantly exceeded it in strength, hardness and elasticity meaning it quickly became the main material used in aviation.

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Aluminium's development led to a more cost-efficient electrolytic method in 1886. It was developed by Paul Héroult, a French engineer, and Charles Hall, an American student.

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Aluminium's development led to a more cost-efficient electrolytic method in 1886. It was developed by Paul Héroult, a French engineer, and Charles Hall, an American student.

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200 tonnes of metal were produced in 36 years (1855-1890) when the chemical method developed by Sainte-Claire Deville was applied.

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200 tonnes of metal were produced in 36 years (1855-1890) when the chemical method developed by Sainte-Claire Deville was applied.

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Friedrich Woehler, a German chemist, worked with 30 grams of aluminium powder for 18 years. After observing it for so long, he created small balls of solidified molten aluminium (globules) in 1845.

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Friedrich Woehler, a German chemist, worked with 30 grams of aluminium powder for 18 years. After observing it for so long, he created small balls of solidified molten aluminium (globules) in 1845.

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In 1825, Hans Christian Oersted from Denmark produced an aluminium alloy with the elements used in his experiment.

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In 1825, Hans Christian Oersted from Denmark produced an aluminium alloy with the elements used in his experiment.

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In 1808, Humphry Davy, an English chemist, discovered that aluminium could be produced by electrolytic reduction from alumina (aluminium oxide).

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In 1808, Humphry Davy, an English chemist, discovered that aluminium could be produced by electrolytic reduction from alumina (aluminium oxide).