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In White Headed Capuchin Monkeys, after around 4 years males start to leave their troops that they were born into. On the other hand, females tend to stay with the same group. This results in male genes in Capuchins leaving their troops and being dispersed throughout the Capuchins around the region in which they live in. This could result in significant genetic diversity between troops of Capuchin. The male Capuchins will be dispersing their genetic make up between troops once they spread randomly to different troops. This will create troops of Capuchins to be genetically different because the males are migrating to different troops. Females that stay will help retain the unique features between troops because their genes won’t leave their troops.
http://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Cebus_capucinus/

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Spider Monkeys have evolved to gain a characteristic that allows their sense of smell to determine what fruit is repined to perfection. When these fruits are ripened to their liking, the monkeys will eat them. At the same time that these monkeys were evolving, these tropical fruit trees were also adapting to their needs. The plants have evolved to ripen only when their seeds are ready to be properly dispersed for maximum reproduction. This helps both the monkeys with their nutrition and the fruits with their dispersal.
http://www.natureworldnews.com/articles/17600/20151018/coevolution-monkeys-distinguish-ripened-fruit-based-odor-researchers.htm

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The New World Monkeys follow the gradualism process of evolution, proven with many pieces of evidence. New World Monkeys follow gradualism because it takes a long gradual time for these evolutionary changes to occur. In addition, there are continous changes in the species that make the evolution gradual without punctuated equillibrium. One way that gradualism is shown, is in forests. Spider and wolly monkeys evolved from the growing of the forest in between them. This is gradual because this forest grow gradually and doesn’t grow in a quick time. In addition, non random mating in Capuchin and Spider monkeys takes a long and gradual time to have effect and cause evolution. The genetic variation takes a long and gradual time to have an effect. Also, genetic drift, such as in the L-M opsin gene of the Spider and Capuchin Monkey, occurs over a long and gradual period of time. Lastly, continous enviornment changes like global warming, human interference, new predators and prey, and other changes will continue to happen on earth. This will impact the New World Monkeys because they will chnage and envolve from these things over time and gradually. All of these examples represent gradualism.
http://www.biology-online.org/dictionary/Phyletic_gradualism

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Natural Selection
Spider Monkeys developed very long arms so that they could reach farther to other trees to evade predators. Only animals with specific helpful traits will survive because they have to have a way to stay safe in different ways.
Decent with Modification
Based on the photogenetic tree.
This phylogenetic tree shows the emergence of the central eye area of new world monkeys from old world monkeys over time. This also shows more traits of the rhesus monkey (old world) that shows how the old world monkeys have emerged themselevs. It also shows how New World Monkeys have diverged from old world monkeys and great apes. This tree shows that new world monkeys have developed the trait of a central eye area, that makes them different from old world monkeys. This is represented by the spider monkey and lemur. The tree also shows how the Rhesus monkey and spider monkey have divereged from old world to new world monkeys. The Rhesus has a downward pointing nose, unlike the spider monkey, which gives the a differnce within the new world monkeys. Also, the tree shows that new world monkeys broke away from great apes once they lost a tail. This is shown with the Rhesus monkey and Chimpanzee. This tree comes from how these traits evolved over time.

http://www.macalester.edu/~montgomery/SpiderMonkeyExtra.html

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A) silvery marmoset B) pygmy marmoset C) Goeldi’s marmoset D) Common Squirrel Monkey

Each of these Cebidae monkeys have around the same number of chromosomes. The monkeys A,B, and D have 44 chromosomes total and the Goeldi’s marmoset has 46. This shows that they are all very closely related, but those three with 44 are even  more closely related. Also, the Goeldi’s marmoset has different sex chromosomes because it has both a X1 and X2 chromosome unlike the rest of the monkeys. This shows how this marmoset is less like the other monkeys. Human’s have 46 chromosomes and one X and Y chromosome. These karyotypes of monkeys show close similarities to Humans. The monkeys have either 44 or 46 chromosomes, which show striking similarities between these monkeys and humans and show that they are closely related ancestrally. The Goeldi’s marmoset is very similar because both the human and those monkeys have 46 chromosomes. They are different because humans have one X, while the marmosets have a X1 and X2 chromosome. The other three monkeys are close to humans because they have 44 chromosomes , which is very close to 46 and they have one X and Y chromosome just like humans.

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Age: 26 million years old and in Miocene Time Period
Fossil: Jaw and Teeth
http://livelikedirt.blogspot.com/2013/01/on-origin-of-new-world-monkeys-ii.html

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Age of fossil (give time period as well): Pleistocene time period

Less than 500,000 years ago

Fossil: Complete Skeleton
http://pages.nycep.org/rosenberger/pdfs/Halenar%20and%20Rosenberger%20JHE%2013%20(Cartelles).pdf

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Chromosome numbers in New World monkeys range from 16 in the titi monkey to 62 in the wolly monkey. There are many close numbers between new world monkeys such as the silvery marmoset, pygmy marmoset, and Common Squirrel Monkey with 44 chromosomes and the Goeldi’s marmoset with 46 chromosomes. These similarities show how close new world monkeys are similar to each other. Because these four monkeys have such close chromosome number this shows that they are evolutionary similar. In addition, the wide range of chromosome numbers within new world monkeys (titi to wolly) shows that there is also a wide range of evolutionary relationships within the platyrrhines. The chromosme numbers show how New World Monkeys as a whole have evolved together, but also shows how specific monkeys have changed within the Platyrrhines.

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Proteins
Regularly the PrPc prion protein contains 250 amino acids with some variations among species. This protein is converted into PrPSc which it requires sequences of three-dimensional conformation of b-sheets. In New World Monkeys, there are significant variations in the prion protein PrPc. These are amino acid substitution that occur in these New World Monkeys, that are different from other organisms with the protein such as humans. This difference in proteins in New World Monkeys show a significant similarity between these monkeys in the PrPc protein. This also shows how they have evolved different from other organisms with the protein such as humans. The change in the prion protein of PrPc shows how New World Monkeys have evolved and changed from such organisms like humans who have similar proteins.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK47448/

https://mail.google.com/mail/u/0/?ui=2&ik=57d119b9d3&view=lg&msg=15502acdc846863d
DNA or RNA

All New World monkeys have been found to have a single M/L photo-pigment gene on the X chromosome. This gene limits males to have dichromatic or monochromatic color vision. Only heterozygous females for the gene were trichromatic. Male howler monkeys have recently been found to have more than one M/L pigment gene, and both are uniformly trichromoatic. These observations show DNA similarity between all new world monkeys because they have the M/L gene that codes for pigment. Evolution is shown in the howler monkey because it has 2 of the genes and it always codes for trichromatic vision, unlike the other monkeys. This shows how the howler monkey has differently evolved.

Also, new world monkeys such as marmosets have the common gene WFIKKN1. This gene is turned on in New World Monkeys, specifically marmosets, that encodes for the twinning process in reproduction. This shows DNA similarity in new world monkeys and also how marmosets have evolved to have this occur more often and for the gene to be more active.
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0042698998000789

http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1415-47572004000300007

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Age of fossil (give time period as well): 9-14 million years ago

Middle Miocene Time Period

Fossil: Right upper first molar
http://morphosource.org/index.php/Detail/MediaDetail/Show/media_id/7431

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How taxonomy shows relatedness (All Monkeys)

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How taxonomy shows relatedness (All Monkeys)

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Taxonomy alone can give people information regarding the relatedness among different species, depending on how similar they are. For example, in New World Monkeys, the Mexican howler, Spix's Night Monkey and Common Marmoset Monkey all have the same taxonomy up to their families. The Kingdom is Anamalia, the Phylum is Chordata, the Class is Mammalia, and the Order is Primate. After that the classification can vary. This shows that they are very related, but are lacking three classification "steps" to be identical. The farther down the similarity the species get, the closer they are related.

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Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Primates
Family: Atelidae
Genus: Alouatta
Species: A. Palliata

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It originally lived on the Northeastern coast of Brazil. Through release it has spread to southeast Brazil and became an invasive species there

They can hang on to trees vertically and leap between them, as well as run across branches quadrupedally.

live in Atlantic coastal forests as well as some forests farther inland.

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Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Primates
Family: Aotidae
Genus: Aotus
Species: A. Vociferans

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Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Primates
Family: Callitrichidae
Genus: Callithrix
Species: C. Jacchus

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Time Period:  Early Miocene

Age: 20 million years ago

Fossil: Skull
http://digimorph.org/specimens/Tremacebus_harringtoni/

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Age of fossil (give time period as well): 16.4 million years ago

Time Period: Middle Miocene

Fossil: Skull
http://cryptomundo.com/cryptozoo-news/new-skulls/

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south eastern Mexico and north eastern Peru

Found in forests

Has a deep jaw, and a large pharynx which it uses to make characteristically deep and resonating howls.

Subspecies of Mantled Howler

can eat a variety of foods including leaves, flower, buds, petioles, and fruits.

Compensated for its adapted digestive system by minimizing energy output as much as possible.

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From South Africa

Belongs to the only nocturnal genus of New World primates

Small bodied monkey

Forests, mountains, national parks.

Leaps farther than most due to having longer arms

After the offspring are born the males become the main caretakers