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Fact vs. Theory vs. Hypothesis vs. Law… EXPLAINED!

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Biological Molecules - You Are What You Eat: Crash Course Biology #3

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How are the molecules of life formed and what do they do? 

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How are the molecules of life formed and what do they do? 

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Molecules can join with other molecules whether they are the same or different. This often occurs through hydrogen bonding between the functional groups resulting in the creation of a macro-molecule. 

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Molecules can join with other molecules whether they are the same or different. This often occurs through hydrogen bonding between the functional groups resulting in the creation of a macro-molecule. 

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•Macromolecules-proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids

–Built from different monomers with the help of enzymes that facilitate the positioning of the molecules so that the correct chemical bonds are stressed and broken. This is achieved through the removal of the OH and H groups of water.
Photo Credit: Building Blocks of Life. (2014). Retrieved from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Building_blocks_of_life.png

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Each molecule has a functional group. Functional groups are made up of atoms that work together as a unit. (In these structural examples, the R represents where the functional group is attached to the rest of the molecule.)

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Each molecule has a functional group. Functional groups are made up of atoms that work together as a unit. (In these structural examples, the R represents where the functional group is attached to the rest of the molecule.)

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Photo Credit: Functional Groups. (2016). Retrived from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Figure_02_03_07.jpg

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The molecules of life are made up of atoms. 

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The molecules of life are made up of atoms. 

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The molecules are life are organic molecules that are formed by living organisms and consist of a carbon-based core with special groups attached.

For example. Below is the structure of the DNA double helix. The atoms in the structure are color-coded by element and the detailed structures of two base pairs are shown in the bottom right. Photo Credit: DNA (2011). Retrieved from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA#/media/File:DNA_Structure%2BKey%2BLabelled.pn_NoBB.png

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Buffers are also active in the environment, but what happens where there is too much acid in the environment and not enough buffers?

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Buffers are also active in the environment, but what happens where there is too much acid in the environment and not enough buffers?

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Our bodies take up OH - or H+ to keep blood in the pH range needed for proper functioning.
For example:

•Buffers keep pH of cells in homeostasis.

•Buffers in blood keep the pH in the range of 7.35 - 7.45.

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A 5 minute overview of how blood buffers act to maintain pH in the optimal range

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Water is made of Hydrogen (H) and Oxygen (O). Usually, H2O is the only molecule in water. But in very small amounts there may also be H+ or OH-. Depending on the amounts of H+ or OH-, the solution will be acidic or basic. 

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Water is made of Hydrogen (H) and Oxygen (O). Usually, H2O is the only molecule in water. But in very small amounts there may also be H+ or OH-. Depending on the amounts of H+ or OH-, the solution will be acidic or basic. 

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•Hydrogen bonds are strong

–Polar molecules are attracted to each other and give water unique characteristics.

–Heat storage: It takes a lot of energy to break these bonds. This is how our core body temperature can stay around 98F.

–Ice Formation: At freezing temperatures, hydrogen bonds do not break but rather form a crystal structure.

–High Heat of Vaporization: Sweating allows us to cool off because evaporation uses your heat energy.

–High Polarity: Because of the charge, other molecules are either attracted (hydrophilic) or repelled (hydrophobic).

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Chemical Bonding - Ionic vs. Covalent Bonds

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If we are going to build life, we need elements, but what are elements?

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If we are going to build life, we need elements, but what are elements?

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This is a piece of carbon. Carbon is an element and is found in all forms of life on Earth. This piece of carbon is pure and made up entirely of Carbon atoms.
Photo Credit: Black Carbon. (2014). Retrieved from https://pixabay.com/en/carbon-black-barbecue-charcoal-476168/