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CBC Books

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A popular song of the 1930's was "Over the Rainbow" by Judy Garland

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A popular song of the 1930's was "Over the Rainbow" by Judy Garland

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Somewhere Over the Rainbow - The Wizard of Oz (1/8) Movie CLIP (1939) HD

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“My father was a fox farmer.” So begins Alice Munro's short story “Boys and Girls,” a narrative which highlights the almost invisible societal forces which shape children, in this case, the narrator and her brother Laird, into gendered adults. There is no doubt that males and females are biologically distinct at birth. Yet the behaviors and roles ascribed to each sex on the basis of this biological distinction are not natural. In this study, then, when I speak of gender, I refer not to sex, but to this set of prescribed behaviors."

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That's why Alice's stories are so place- and time-specific. What people eat, what they wear, what appliances they are using, are all important to her. She is interested in questions of authenticity; she looks at her characters' fronts and pretensions, at what effect they are trying to achieve, and then she examines what lies underneath. Maybe the characters see through each other, and so they have social lies, such as, "You look terrific." Sometimes they mean it benignly; sometimes they don't. She writes about the difficulties faced by people who are bigger or smaller than they are expected to be. When her protagonists look back, from later points of view, the older people they have become possess within them all of the people that they have been. She's very good on what people expect, and then on the letdown.

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The fashion included. “high waist”, fitted hips, longer mid-calf or floor length hemline, high neckline, and wide shoulders. 

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The fashion included. “high waist”, fitted hips, longer mid-calf or floor length hemline, high neckline, and wide shoulders. 

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"What did women wear in the 1930s?" The fashion of the thirties is usually overshadowed by the great depression, but the 1930s were full of glamour and style. Here you will learn about all the clothing and accessories women wore for day and evening, specific occasions, and activities. Welcome to the glamorous, elegant, well-tailored, world of women's 1930s fashion !

1930s Fashion History

What did the '30s woman look like? The very loose, square, drop-waist, high knee-length hem, and slightly "boyish" look of 1920s fashion for women was completely gone by 1933 and was replaced with a much more modest and form fitted style with an accentuated natural "high waist", fitted hips, longer mid-calf or floor length hemline, high neckline, and wide shoulders. The ideal '30s woman was tall and slender with a very small waist and narrow hips, but since most women were not blessed with slim hips and narrow waists, shoulders were exaggerated with puff sleeves, shoulder pads, full collars, and "caplet," "butterfly' or ruffled cap sleeves, to make waists and hips appear smaller in comparison. Most sale ads and catalogs featured artistically drawn women who were three times as tall and thin as any real woman could be. The ideal silhouette was anything but realistic.

The fashion industry underwent many changes during this decade in response to the severe economic hardships of the time. Factory-made garments (what we now refer to as "ready-to-wear") became popular, because clothing could be mass produced for far less than made-to-order custom garments. The insurgence of ready-to-wear fueled the buy at home catalog market.

During this era, zippers became a staple in finishing a garment - they cost less than buttons! Less expensive fabrics, "rough" or "peasant" fabrics and cotton became more widely used. In fact, nubby, textured, crepe, or crinkled "rough" fabrics became a trend, "the rougher the smarter!" declared one catalog, particularly for day dresses, skirts and coats.

Being on a tight budget was no excuse for sloppy fashion. It was considered a woman's duty to shop "smart" and look "smart" by wearing the latest 1930s fashions, materials and designs she could afford. The frugal woman who could feed and dress her family on a dime was praised. She was considered a good steward of her husband's money! Such was the life of a 1930s wife.

Single and working women, too, were expected to look their best- to be appealing to their male employers. Despite the depression, makeup cosmetic sales doubled in the thirties!

1930s House Dresses

The most casual a woman dressed was at home, with just her family and visiting lady neighbors. House dresses, while basic and usually made of practical durable cotton, followed the trends in cut and silhouette, and often displayed a variety of bright bold prints. Most women still preferred to sew their own clothing or upcycle existing dresses into newer frocks. The house dress was the ideal dress to experiment with since no one but family saw her in it.

One unique house dress variation was the reversible house wrap dress, called a "hooverette." Practical, affordable, washable, cotton percale and true to thirties style, they sported ruffle sleeves, accentuated tied waste, and a slim cut through the hips, the "hooverette" was the perfect daily dress. With two sides, it was two dresses in one! Now that is a smart woman.

1930s Afternoon Dresses

A woman would not wear her house dress out of the house. To shop, run errands, attend a tea, or see a matinee, she would need a smart afternoon or day dress. Often referred to as "city," "metropolitan," or "town tailored", these dresses were usually silk or rayon crepe, not cotton. They stuck with the standard silhouette and classic '30s features: puff sleeves, belted waists and large yokes and collars.

These dresses had more embellishment and detail than a house dress: embroidery, covered decorative buttons, shirring and ruching, bows, trapunto, and faux flower trimming were part of the array of details added to make a dress smarter for forays outside the house. They tended to be solid colors or more subdued prints.

Shop 1930s inspired day and afternoon dresses here. Or here for reproduction dresses:

1930s Evening Gowns

Silky, clinging fabrics were common in evening gowns, often worn with a fur. Fabrics that were popular included chiffon, silk, crepe-de-chines, and satin, cut on the bias to create elegant, clingy, flowing lines. Metallic lame came into fashion as well. Evening dresses had hems that very nearly touched the floor and often had small trains in the back. Evening dresses were also very fitted in the waist, slim and fitted through the hips, easing out mid-thigh or just above the knees, where they flared elegantly to the floor. There were gowns with puffs and ruffle sleeves, and later in the decade high necks and halter styles with plunging backs were in fashion. The backless gown is a signature of 1930s evening wear.

Nearly all modern formal gowns have their stylish roots back to the 1930s. Old Hollywood stars of the Golden Years remain icons for glamour on the runway. This year many current Hollywood stars chose to wear 1930s inspired gowns o n the red carpet. It is a style that is a classic favorite in any decade.

Shop 1930s Inspired Evening Gowns and Dresses:

1930s Women's Pants

While rebellious women began wearing pants in earlier decades, in the 1930s there were several social situations that were acceptable to wear pants in public. Beach pajamas- one-piece jumpers with very wide leg pants, belted or fitted high waists and slightly more blousey than most 1930s fashion tops- became popular for a day at the beach or a "restful day at home." Sportswear for tennis, hiking, picnics, skiing, or even just watching sports featured pants and even shorts! The sailor inspired two piece "sailor middy" was a common sportswear outfit.

Pants generally were wide legged trousers with a front crease or very wide flowing culottes that looked like a skirt when not moving, with a high fitted waist. The double button "sailor" front was common, as was a side zipper or button closure. They were usually made of a durable cotton fabric like twill or wool for winter. Winter snow pants were wide but fitted at the ankle to prevent snow going into one's boots.
Shop 1930s Style Wide Leg Pants:
Swimsuits and Beach Clothes

In addition to beach pajamas, women's swimwear consisted of fitted wool one pieces with cotton jersey lining, a mini skit over boy shorts, and frequently little belts accentuating the waist. Usually they had simple tank straps and often low or even plunging backs. Sunbathing became a trend in the 1920s and continued in the '30s as Coco Chanel and Hollywood stars encouraged the tan look. A tan began to mean one had time for leisure, not that one had to work in the sun.

Some concern for too much sun started in the '30s. Hollywood stars quickly adopted large sun hats and sunglasses into their beach side wardrobe. Open toe sandals, too, were becoming more common for beach side strolls. Even if a woman lived hundreds of miles from the ocean, she still dressed liked she was on vacation in Florida.

Learn more about 1930s swimwear and shop retro vintage inspired 1930s swimsuits.

1930s Coats

Following dress style, women's winter coats were long with a nipped high waist, full shoulders, wide lapels or oversized collars and made entirely of wool. Many, such as the green coat on the left, had large detachable fur collars. Most coats buttoned up the front to off center and some also had matching belts. Colors were rich but cheerful green, medium blue, wine, brown and cream.

In spring, women's coats were often sold as a set with two-piece suits. They were a few inches shorter than the dress, made of lighter wool, and worn open with no buttons. They still had wide lapels and large fur collars.

Raincoats mimicked the shape of fashion coats. The trench coat was especially popular. While wool did a good job of repelling water naturally, raincoats were lined in a type of rubber or made entirely of rubber. Clear raincoats were a new trend that women appreciated since it did not cover up the beautiful clothes underneath. Learn more about vintage raincoats form the 1920s to 1950s.

Shop for 1930s style women's coats.

1930s Fashion Accessories

Accessories were very important to the cash-strapped 1930s woman. Accessories could transform a simple dress into something very smart. As the decade progressed, and the worst of the depression passed, matching belt, glove, and bags sets, as well as belts dyed to match a dress exactly, became popular.

Hats became a primary method to glam up an ensemble. A wide variety of hats were worn in the '30s. The '20s cloche and the beret lingered on from the previous decade. Straw hats were worn in the summer, as well as wide-brimmed gardening or garden party hats. The cloche evolved into the "slouch" hat, still worn low on the face but with much more of a brim, sometimes worn turned up.

Bags tended to be small flat clutches or "pochettes", and evening bags often had jeweled clasps. Bags got a little larger with handles as the decade wore on. Read more about 1930s purses.

Gloves were worn with both day dresses and evening gowns. Daytime gloves were mid arm length, gauntlet styles in fabric, crochet lace or soft leather. Gauntlet style gloves had flaring cuffs attached at the wrist or embroidered turn-over cuffs. Elbow length gloves were still worn for some evening gowns, but bare arms were preferred. There was a strict etiquette for what type of gloves to wear when and with what dress. Learn more here or shop vintage style gloves here.

Shoes: Women's shoes in the 1930s came in a wide variety of styles, but walking Oxfords were extremely popular. Shoes with cutouts such as pumps, T-straps, ankle straps, low heel flats, and sandals were everywhere. Cutouts are the one symbol of a 1930s shoe. Pumps had square heels, in patent leather or suede with a variety of decorative details like lacing, removable tongues or bows, and top stitching. Toward the end of the decade, wedges began to appear. The T-strap shoe that had been so popular in the '20s also lingered on.
Shop 1930s inspired shoes here:
Hollywood 1930s Fashion

What else did women wear in the 1930s? For some it was all about high fashion. Take a look at this 10 minute video about 1930s couture and Hollywood fashion history. The men's one is also excellent.

Read more 1930s fashion history articles or move on to women's 1940s fashion.

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"What did women wear in the 1930s?" The fashion of the thirties is usually overshadowed by the great depression, but the 1930s were full of glamour and style. Here you will learn about all the clothing and accessories women wore for day and evening, specific occasions, and activities.

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The 1930s have been called a "golden age for spinsters." In the 1920s and the 1930s some women, especially college-educated women, chose to remain single. These women expected to find spiritual and emotional-perhaps sexual-fulfillment from other women. The decision to remain single was often part of a commitment to a career in social reform, academic life, or a profession.

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"Whilst this is actually a subtle description of the fruitful tensions generated by the retrospective cast of the narrative style, which combines the insights of the mature writer with the adolescent subject, it is also an accurate assessment of the manner in which the text is engaged in the portrayal of the disaggregation of white male identity from the centre of the action. Story after story delineates the end of male exclusivity, whether in the role of pioneer, breadwinner, intellectual, or suitor; and this is so imminent a phenomenon that no one is quite alert to the reverberations and implications."

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When Alice Munro was 82, she won the Nobel Prize in Literature.

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When Alice Munro was 82, she won the Nobel Prize in Literature.

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Her collection "Dear Life," published last year, appears to be her last. She told The National Post in Canada this year that she was finished writing, a sentiment she echoed in other interviews.

She also seemed to have finished paying attention to major literary awards, if she ever did in the first place. On Thursday morning, the Swedish Academy was unable to locate Ms. Munro before it made the announcement public, according to the Twitter account for the Nobel Prize. A phone message was left instead.

Ms. Munro, who lives in Clinton, a town in Ontario, eventually found out that she had won while visiting her daughter in Victoria, British Columbia, who woke her at 4 a.m. with the news. Sounding a bit groggy, and at times emotional, she spoke with the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation just a few minutes later by telephone.

"It just seems impossible," she said. "It seems just so splendid a thing to happen, I can't describe it. It's more than I can say."

She later added, "I would really hope this would make people see the short story as an important art, not just something you played around with until you got a novel."

Waking up to the news that Ms. Munro was the winner, her admirers were jubilant, especially in Canada.

Stephen Harper, the prime minister, issued a statement praising Ms. Munro as the first Canadian woman to win the Nobel in literature. "Canadians are enormously proud of this remarkable accomplishment, which is the culmination of a lifetime of brilliant writing," he said.

On Twitter, congratulations rolled in from publishers, literary magazines and fellow writers including Margaret Atwood and Nathan Englander.

"A true master of the form," Salman Rushdie wrote.

Readers used Twitter to send messages with Munro quotations. ("The constant happiness is curiosity" was one favorite.) Some people wondered if Ms. Munro's honor was an indication that the short story was entering a golden age; most Nobel winners tend to focus on novels or poems.

Ms. Munro knew that she wanted to be a writer from the time that she was a teenager and wrote consistently while she helped her first husband, James Munro, run a bookstore and raise their three daughters.

She said she fell into writing short stories, the form that would make her famous, somewhat by accident.

"For years and years, I thought that stories were just practice, till I got time to write a novel," she told The New Yorker in 2012. "Then I found that they were all I could do, and so I faced that. I suppose that my trying to get so much into stories has been a compensation."

Her first collection, "Dance of the Happy Shades," was published when she was 37.

Throughout her career, she has drawn from the setting of her home of rural Ontario and frequently expanded on themes of sex, desire, work, discontent and aging. One of her collections, "The Love of a Good Woman," won a National Book Critics Circle Award in 1998.

The Nobel, one of the most prestigious and lucrative prizes in the world, is given to a writer for a lifetime's body of work, rather than a single novel, short story or collection. The winner receives eight million Swedish kronor, or about $1.2 million.

Winners in recent years have included Mo Yan of China, in 2012; the Swedish poet Tomas Transtromer, in 2011; Mario Vargas Llosa, the Peruvian writer, in 2010; and, in 2009, Herta Müller, a Romanian-born German novelist and essayist.

Each year, a handful of the same names are floated as contenders, including the Americans Joyce Carol Oates and Philip Roth and the Japanese author Haruki Murakami. Mr. Roth and Ms. Munro were the subject of even more intense speculation than usual this year because they had made similar recent pronouncements that they were finished with writing.

The announcement continues a losing streak for American writers, who have been passed over for 20 years. The last American to win the prize was Toni Morrison, in 1993.

While both are celebrities in Canada, Ms. Munro's public profile stands in contrast to that of Ms. Atwood, the country's other internationally known writer. Ms. Munro rarely speaks out on public issues, while Ms. Atwood uses her fame, and Twitter, to comment on causes like the environmental impact of Canada's oil sands.

But Ms. Munro's low profile has not made her any less well known in Canada.

In a statement released by her American publisher, Knopf, she paid tribute to the Canadian literary circle.

"When I began writing, there was a very small community of Canadian writers and little attention was paid by the world," she said. "Now Canadian writers are read, admired and respected around the globe.

She said she was thrilled to be chosen for the prize, adding, "I hope it fosters further interest in all Canadian writers."

In an interview with The New York Times this year, Ms. Munro said that now that she is in her 80s, she isn't as concerned about aging.

"I worry less than I did," she said. "There's nothing you can do about it, and it's better than being dead. I feel that I've done what I wanted to do, and that makes me feel fairly content."

Speaking to a reporter after the announcement of the prize, Peter Englund, the permanent secretary of the Swedish Academy, said that Ms. Munro is capable of a "fantastic portrayal of human beings." Whether she is really finished writing, he said, is up to her.

"She has done a marvelous job," Mr. Englund said. "What she has done is quite enough to win the Nobel Prize. If she wants to stop writing, that's her decision."

In a brief interview with Nobelprize.org, Ms. Munro explained that she had decided to stop writing because she had been working since she was about 20 years old.

"That's a long time to be working, and I thought, maybe it's time to take it easy," she said. "But this may change my mind."

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Alice Munro Wins Nobel Prize in Literature

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Her collection "Dear Life," published last year, appears to be her last. She told The National Post in Canada this year that she was finished writing, a sentiment she echoed in other interviews. She also seemed to have finished paying attention to major literary awards, if she ever did in the first place.

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Away From Her was a movie made in 2006 that was based off of her writing "Marriage" written in 2001.

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Away From Her was a movie made in 2006 that was based off of her writing "Marriage" written in 2001.

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Alice Munro was born on July 10, 1931, in Wingham, Ontario, Canada.

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Alice Munro was born on July 10, 1931, in Wingham, Ontario, Canada.

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Explore heritagescenes' photos on Flickr. heritagescenes has uploaded 200 photos to Flickr.

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Millions of Canadians left unemployed, hungry and homeless due to their dependence on raw materials.

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Millions of Canadians left unemployed, hungry and homeless due to their dependence on raw materials.

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The worldwide Great Depression of the early 1930s was a social and economic shock that left millions of Canadians unemployed, hungry and often homeless. Few countries were affected as severely as Canada during what became known as the Dirty Thirties, due to Canada's heavy dependence on raw material and farm exports, combined with a crippling Prairies drought.

The worldwide Great Depression of the early 1930s was a social and economic shock that left millions of Canadians unemployed, hungry and often homeless. Few countries were affected as severely as Canada during what became known as the Dirty Thirties, due to Canada's heavy dependence on raw material and farm exports, combined with a crippling Prairies drought. Widespread losses of jobs and savings ultimately transformed the country by triggering the birth of social welfare, a variety of populist political movements, and a more activist role for government in the economy.

No Spending, No Jobs

Economists still debate whether a specific event might have sparked the Great Depression, such as the 1929 crash of the Wall Street stock market. However, there is general consensus that the Depression was the result of widespread drops in world commodity prices and sudden declines in economic demand and credit, leading to rapid declines in global trade and rising unemployment.

In Canada the changes were dramatic. Between 1929 and 1933 the country's Gross National Expenditure [overall public and private spending] fell by 42%. By 1933, 30% of the labour force was out of work, and one in five Canadians had become dependent upon government relief for survival. The unemployment rate would remain above 12% until the start of the Second World War in 1939.

Uneven Burden

The Depression's effects were aggravated by its uneven impact, by a rudimentary social-welfare structure and by misguided government policy. A third of Canada's Gross National Income came from exports, therefore the country was hard hit by the collapse in world trade. The four western provinces, which depended almost exclusively on primary-product exports, were the most seriously affected.

The economic problems were made worse on the Prairies by years of drought, as well plagues of grasshoppers and hail storms, which caused huge crop failures. Saskatchewan experienced the lowest price for wheat in recorded history and saw provincial income plummet by 90% within two years, forcing 66% of the rural population onto relief. The other western provinces were technically bankrupt from 1932 onwards. Although Ontario and Québec experienced heavy unemployment, they were less severely afflicted because of their more diversified industrial economies, which produced goods and services for the protected domestic market. The Maritimes had already entered into severe economic decline in the 1920s and had less distance to fall.

The burden of the Depression was also unequally distributed between classes. Although wages dropped throughout the 1930s, prices declined even faster. As a result, the standard of living of property owners and those with jobs increased. Farmers, young people, small businessmen and the unemployed bore the brunt of economic hardship.

Impact on Population

Demographic changes were a revealing index of hardship. Population growth throughout the 1930s reached the lowest point since the 1880s through a combination of plummeting immigration and birthrates. The number of immigrants accepted into Canada dropped from 169,000 in 1929 to fewer than 12,000 by 1935 and never rose above 17,000 for the remainder of the decade. During that time European Jews fleeing Nazi Germany were denied a sanctuary in Canada (see Refugees). The number of Canada's deportations, however, rose from fewer than 2,000 in 1929 to more than 7,600 just three years later. Almost 30,000 immigrants were forcibly returned to their countries of origin over the course of the decade, primarily because of illness or unemployment.

Canada's birthrate dropped from 13.1 live births per 1,000 in 1930 to only 9.7 by 1937, the lowest ratio until the 1960s. During the 1930s, 50 years of urbanizing momentum were reversed as Canada's rural population (outside of Saskatchewan) grew more rapidly than its urban population. For many of the unemployed "going back to the land" was preferable to a miserable existence on urban relief.

Government Aid Efforts

Canada did not have an adequate system of dispensing welfare to the jobless. Although unemployment was a national problem, federal governments led by Conservative Prime Minister R.B. Bennett (1930-35) and his Liberal predecessor and successor W.L. Mackenzie King, refused, for the most part, to provide work for the jobless and insisted that their care was primarily a local and provincial responsibility. King, who was prime minister when the Depression first started, was reluctant to even acknowledge that an economic crisis had struck Canada - a stance that led to his defeat at the hands of Bennett in 1930 (King and his Liberals were re-elected in 1935).

Federal reluctance to tackle unemployment contributed to fiscal collapse in the four western provinces and in hundreds of municipalities, as well as a haphazard, degrading standard of care for the jobless. Monthly relief rates for a family of five varied from $60 in Calgary to $19 in Halifax. Although there were no official accounts of starvation, reports by medical authorities of scurvy and other diet deficiency diseases were common throughout the decade.

Local governments refused to aid single, homeless men, and so between 1932 and 1936 the federal government established unemployment relief camps. Run by the Department of Defence, the camps paid the men 20 cents a day for construction work in the bush. In 1935 a protest against conditions in the camps culminated in the Regina Riot - Canada's most violent episode of the Depression, in which one policeman was killed, dozens of men were injured and 130 were arrested (see On to Ottawa Trek).

Changed Political Landscape

The Depression changed the way Canadians thought about the economy and the role of the state. The previous faith shared by both the Bennett and King governments and most economists -- that a balanced budget, a sound dollar and changes in the trade tariff would allow the private marketplace to bring about recovery -- was misplaced. In response, the Depression spawned a variety of political reform movements, particularly at the provincial level, which advocated the use of the state to initiate recovery. The reforms included the inflationary Social Credit theories of Alberta Premier William Aberhart, the "Work and Wages" program of British Columbia Premier T. Dufferin Pattullo, and the democratic socialism of J.S. Woodsworth and the Co-operative Commonwealth Federation. The Union Nationale in Québec, led by Maurice Duplessis, H.H. Stevens's Reconstruction Party and the New Democracy movement of W.D. Herridge were also triggered by the Depression.

The Communist Party of Canada was virtually outlawed from 1931 (when nine of its leaders were arrested and convicted under the Criminal Code for being members of an "unlawful association") to 1936, and was banned when war was declared in 1939. However, affiliated groups such as the Workers' Unity League, the Relief Camp Workers Union and the National Unemployed Workers Association played a significant role in organizing the unskilled and the unemployed in protest marches and demonstrations.

Government Intervention

Although the national impact of these organizations was minimal, the Depression did ultimately result in an expansion of state responsibility for the economy and for social welfare. In 1934 Bennett's government created legislation to establish the Bank of Canada, which was charged with regulating monetary policy; in 1935 the Canadian Wheat Board was created to market and establish a minimum floor price for wheat; and in 1940 the federal government assumed responsibility for the jobless by introducing a national unemployment insurance scheme ( see Employment Insurance) and employment service.

The Depression also legitimized the economic theories of British economist John Maynard Keynes, who argued that, if private investment failed to produce full employment, the state must initiate public investment through deficit spending to create jobs. Keynes's ideas influenced the National Employment Commission report (1938) and the report of the Royal Commission on Dominion-Provincial Relations (1940). The latter was important in generating the idea of equalization payments from Ottawa to the provinces.

Not until war broke out in 1939, however, did Keynesian economics become a deliberate part of government policy, and it was the massive state expenditures necessitated by the war that finally reduced unemployment to minimal levels by 1942. See also History Since Confederation; Business Cycles; Bennett's New Deal.

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The worldwide Great Depression of the early 1930s was a social and economic shock that left millions of Canadians unemployed, hungry and often homeless. Few countries were affected as severely as Canada during what became known as the Dirty Thirties, due to Canada's heavy dependence on raw material and farm exports, combined with a crippling Prairies drought.

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Wessels Living History Farm Farming in the 1930s

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The Wessels Living History Farm Web site explores the innovations in the history of American agriculture. This section examines the 1930s Great Depression.

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Animal Damage Control Act was passed to protect livestock grazing and agriculture.

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Animal Damage Control Act was passed to protect livestock grazing and agriculture.

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Federal Wildlife Law of the 20th Century | Animal Legal & Historical Center

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Federal restrictions on taking wildlife began in earnest with the Lacey Act of 1900, which made the interstate transportation and sale of wildlife illegally taken under state law a federal offense. Although the Lacey Act supported enforcement of state wildlife laws, it also was the first major piece of federal wildlife legislation.