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The New Kingdom                       1540 - 1075 BC

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The New Kingdom                       1540 - 1075 BC

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After the second intermediate period, we see the rise of the new kingdom. Starting at the 18th dynasty, Thebes gained its new ruler known as Ahmose and was followed by other powerful pharaohs. This kingdom continues into the 20th dynasty.

Gold became more available during this period. The act of mummification and the usage of gold during burial were common practices. Royal kings were buried in rock tombs.

Towards the end of this kingdom, control descended and Egypt consisted of separated states leading into the last intermediate period.

Human Cultural development:
Increased affluence definitely influenced the every day lives within dynasties. The new Kingdom significantly evolved culturally. For example, burial became more intense and pharaohs were at their strongest. People fell on opposite ends of the wealth spectrum and were enforced by government office. Sculptures, carving, and art became more advanced with the use of new technologies.

Sources:
"The New Kingdom ." Egypt: New Kingdom and Third Intermediate Period (1550-712 BC). Accessed May 06, 2017. https://www.cemml.colostate.edu/cultural/09476/egypt02-05enl.html.

Scarre, Christopher. "Chapter 10: Holocene Africa," The human past: world prehistory & the development of human societies. 3rd ed. New York: Thames & Hudson, 2013. p.376-77

Picture: https://i.ytimg.com/vi/jhfcDuCPKSw/maxresdefault.jpg

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Pleistocene Egypt: Qadan                        10,000 BC

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Pleistocene Egypt: Qadan                        10,000 BC

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Archaeological evidence points towards the earliest signs of sedentism near the Nile valley as the climate begins to shift. Individuals at Wadi Kubbaniya started relying on resources from the land in order to survive. At this time people hunted wild cattle, and eat plants such as grains. What I find particularly interesting is the cemeteries found at Jebel Sahaba that consist of 58 people.

Human Cultural Development:
Because these individuals had arrows and spears embedded into them, we can conclude that this was a violent period. Culturally, people where separating and forming groups that conflicted with one another and had to compete for limited resources such as food.

Source:
Scarre, Christopher. "Chapter 10: Holocene Africa," The human past: world prehistory & the development of human societies. 3rd ed. New York: Thames & Hudson, 2013.
p. 358-59
Picture:
https://static.independent.co.uk/s3fs-public/thumbnails/image/2014/07/13/19/15sahaba-britmusv2.jpg

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 Holocene Egypt: Nabta Playa 9000 - 5000 BC

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 Holocene Egypt: Nabta Playa 9000 - 5000 BC

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At this point, the early hunter-gatherers had just begun to domesticate cattle as discovered through mtDNA evidence. The earliest stages of pottery begin around this time as well. In the South at the sight of Nabta Playata, there is evidence pits and traces of huts. Burials, animal sacrifices, and astronomical practices where all taking place at this time.

Human Cultural Development:
This along with evidence of mud structures points towards a more complex social system. These people used pottery, harvested food, and had the ability to maintain healthy cattle. This suggests the beginning of stability and settlements.

Sources:
Scarre, Christopher. "Chapter 10: Holocene Africa," The human past: world prehistory & the development of human societies. 3rd ed. New York: Thames & Hudson, 2013.
p.361-62
Picture:
http://www.archaeo3d.com/download/1444590145_29c5/814-02b.jpg

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Early Farming: Merimde               5000 BC

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Early Farming: Merimde               5000 BC

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Cultivation and pastoralism where becoming a significant part of life for villagers during 5000 BC. The use of stone is more popular for people making pottery, cultivating barley, wheat, and other seeds. Individuals where holding live stock such as cattle, pigs, sheep, goats, and even dogs.

Settlements in this region had economy and brief settlements. evidence of pits containing wooden sickle and flaked stone were found at theses sites. At this point plants and animals were being transported.

Human Cultural Development:
Members of the Afroasiatic language family where mixing with Sematitic languages which suggests that there was mixing of different cultures. Also, the use of copper isn't that easy when making tools which means individuals most likely used newer technologies. Pottery was becoming distinctively decorated and individuals where transitioning to a agricultural based life.

Source:
Scarre, Christopher. "Chapter 10: Holocene Africa," The human past: world prehistory & the development of human societies. 3rd ed. New York: Thames & Hudson, 2013.
p.362-63
Picture:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Predynastic_collage.png/250px-Predynastic_collage.png

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Pre-Dynastic Egypt: Bardarian                    4500 - 3500 BC

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Pre-Dynastic Egypt: Bardarian                    4500 - 3500 BC

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Growth of social complexity and urbanization was evident during this period. Members where developing a material culture, social stratification, and trading. Farming societies greatly improved with the use of iron in their technologies. Also, burials evolved to a more ceremonial level.
Small settlements near the Nile began grouping into settlements

Human Cultural Development:
People where much more sedentary because of increased farming during this time. Social complexity increased with trade between civilizations. the rise of  trade and the increase of symbiotic relations points towards to unifying of small populations.

Source:
Scarre, Christopher. "Chapter 10: Holocene Africa," The human past: world prehistory & the development of human societies. 3rd ed. New York: Thames & Hudson, 2013.
p. 371
Picture:
http://www.mummies2pyramids.info/images/map-ancient-egyptian-500.jpg

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Hierakonpolis                                   3500 - 3100 BC

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Hierakonpolis                                   3500 - 3100 BC

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Small settlements have now joined together to create larger ones such as Hierakonpolis. Ceremonies developed into a more ritualistic fashion with evidence of animal sacrifices. As we transition into the early dynastic periods Tomb styles from the upper and lower regions of Egypt Where found in proximity to each other revealing information about unification.

Human Cultural Development:
Because of the various developed administrations, civilizations inevitably competed with one another for assets. Chain of command and competitions for wealth and power was just beginning and materialistic culture developed among societies.

Source:
Scarre, Christopher. "Chapter 10: Holocene Africa," The human past: world prehistory & the development of human societies. 3rd ed. New York: Thames & Hudson, 2013.
p.372

Picture:
http://www.odysseyadventures.ca/articles/mastabas/hierakonpolis100_2.jpg

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Dynastic Egypt: Narmer                                          3100 BC

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Dynastic Egypt: Narmer                                          3100 BC

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Found in the region of Hierakonpolis was the Narmer palette from around 3100 B. This discovery brings to light the aspects of early kingship or dynasty. Narmer is thought to be the first pharaoh in the transitioning stage to the dynastic era around 3000 BC. During this time Egyptian writing has evolved to a much more distinctive type known as cursive heiratic.

Human Cultural Development:
Evidence of unity between Northern and Southern Egypt is quite sound, and the implements new dynasty changes social culture significantly. The advances and development of writing reflects a more evolved society that has the ability to construct complex ideals. With the head of state came different jobs for individuals, indicating a form of bureaucracy or categorizing of individuals.

Source:
Scarre, Christopher. "Chapter 10: Holocene Africa," The human past: world prehistory & the development of human societies. 3rd ed. New York: Thames & Hudson, 2013. 372

Picture:
https://arthistory2014.files.wordpress.com/2014/09/palette-of-king-narmer.png

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It's important to explore cultural groups on the outside that had major influence on the cultural path of ancient Egypt. Nubia allowed Egypt to become reunified under the ruler Piye. Nubia also lived along the Nile and integrated into their state during the Late Period around 1075 BC.

Human Cultural Development:
Reunification is a large step towards reconstructing the single state. Trade and dependence between two civilizations is evident here. After relying on each other throughout their independent development, their unification created a stronger economy and created more advanced technologies.

Source:
Scarre, Christopher. "Chapter 10: Holocene Africa," The human past: world prehistory & the development of human societies. 3rd ed. New York: Thames & Hudson, 2013.
p.378-80

Picture:
http://www.educationforlifeacademy.com/EgyptandNubia_Map.jpg

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The Old Kingdom                         2575 - 2150 BC

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The Old Kingdom                         2575 - 2150 BC

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This held the 4th - 8th dynasties. Construction or royal tombs and pyramids was quite popular during the old Egyptian kingdom. Burial and worship of past rulers was increasingly common. Agriculture, taxation, and labor played a major role in the establishment of this economy.

In order to achieve this state, the old kingdom required categorization such as workers, managers, officials, and etc. Royal boat graves were evident in pyramids such as: Khufu Giza, Kahfra Giza, and Djedefra. Eventually the effect of state control slowly diminished and sickness took over, bringing this period to an end.

Human Culture Development:
Economically, people were flourishing and political stability was strong. At this point we see a strong, developed state. People planned everything around the pharaoh, making the power and faith in their ruler extremely important. Even though it came to an end, the old kingdom was vital in establishing new religions and artistic patterns. The increase in construction of pyramids and tombs suggests that the kingdom had access to time, people, and resources to do so.

Sources:
Altenmüller, Hartwig. "Funerary boats and boat pits of the Old Kingdom." UW libraries – The Heidelberg Document Repository - heiDOK. January 01, 1970. Accessed May 06, 2017.
http://archiv.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/propylaeumdok/1499/1/Altenmueller_Funerary_boats_2002.pdf

Scarre, Christopher. "Chapter 10: Holocene Africa," The human past: world prehistory & the development of human societies. 3rd ed. New York: Thames & Hudson, 2013.

Picture: http://images.mapsofworld.com/allwonders/2013/02/Pyramids-of-Giza-Egypt.jpg

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Altenmüller, Hartwig. "Funerary boats and boat pits of the Old Kingdom." UW libraries – The Heidelberg Document Repository - heiDOK. January 01, 1970. Accessed May 06, 2017.
http://archiv.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/propylaeumdok/1499/1/Altenmueller_Funerary_boats_2002.pdf

Mark, Joahua J. "Middle Kingdom of Egypt." Ancient History Encyclopedia, October 4, 2016.  http://www.ancient.eu/Middle_Kingdom_of_Egypt/

Scarre, Christopher. "Chapter 10: Holocene Africa," The human past: world prehistory & the development of human societies. 3rd ed. New York: Thames & Hudson, 2013.

"The New Kingdom ." Egypt: New Kingdom and Third Intermediate Period (1550-712 BC). Accessed May 06, 2017. https://www.cemml.colostate.edu/cultural/09476/egypt02-05enl.html.

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The Middle Kingdom                       2125 - 1975 BC

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The Middle Kingdom                       2125 - 1975 BC

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After the first intermediate period bringing rise to independence and wealth, the middle kingdom rose around 2125 BC. After the split of southern and northern Egypt abound 3000 BC, rivalry between rulers emerged. This period held the late 11th dynasty to the 14th dynasty.

The stability of the 11th dynasty framed the structure of future dynasties to come. At this time we see an increase in military advances, and long distance trade. Technological advances where made as the sue of bronze, musical instruments, and horses grew in popularity.

Human Cultural Development:
The rise of Thebes in the 12th dynasty brought more worship. Advances in political stability are evident. Political and economic disagreement between cultures is evident. Art and literature was quite concentrated during the 11th dynasty, carving a path of improved art and architecture for future dynasties. As civilizations become more distinct, independent, and developed, strong views and rivalries between rulers in the north and the south appear.

Sources:
Mark, Joahua J. "Middle Kingdom of Egypt." Ancient History Encyclopedia, October 4, 2016.  http://www.ancient.eu/Middle_Kingdom_of_Egypt/

Scarre, Christopher. "Chapter 10: Holocene Africa," The human past: world prehistory & the development of human societies. 3rd ed. New York: Thames & Hudson, 2013. p.374-76

Picture:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Ancient_Egyptian_medical_instruments.jpg/170px-Ancient_Egyptian_medical_instruments.jpg