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With the flow meters calibrated, all of the values necessary to calculate Reynolds Number become available. A measurement of the diameter of the PVC piping is done and velocity is recorded. The document below shows the results for these calculations:

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K = loss coefficient

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f = friction factor
D = diameter

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The first assembly involved taking a pressure drop reading over a flow meter, and a short length of PVC piping.

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v = velocity
h = head loss

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The basic equation at the center of this experiment is the energy equation for a steady incompressible flow with the head loss term included, this is equation [1] below.

In this experiment we are trying to calculate the relationships between the components used in pipe and the dimensions; specifically length, and the total amount of head loss caused by these components. To calculate the head loss, the pressure differential between the point before the tested components, and the point after the tested components must be compared. Expanding on the first equation we can break the head loss term into its components and include the terms for velocity,  diameter, and friction factor. This equation [2] can be seen below.

Finally, for the larger assemblies and for calculating total head loss for a system that includes many different components, another equation must be derived to include the minor and major losses. Equation [3] includes terms for the major and minor head losses, and will be used for each of the assemblies, it can be found below.

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B01-GROUP 2 - Jarod McAusland, Kyle Muir, Rozhin Manzoori

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B01-GROUP 2 - Jarod McAusland, Kyle Muir, Rozhin Manzoori

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For each Assembly, multiple recordings are taken for frequency and time elapsed for the outlet flow to fill a set volume. Then, using these values a calibration curve for each flow meter was created, as seen in the document below.

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The fourth assembly involves taking the third assembly, and adding an additional five components to it, to determine the difference the added components have on the flow rate and head loss.

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The third assembly involved creating a symmetrical outflow system that would contain two main flow channels each with their own flow meter.

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The second assembly involved measuring the pressure drop after three ball valves, which were varied in how much they were open.

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From the Reynolds number it was determined that the flow for the entire lab was turbulent. The friction factor was determined for the ½ clear PVC pipe. The four assemblies had their head losses quantified based on their pressure differences and the components they were made up of. In the lab the pressure loss for the flow meter was explored and quantified. Experimental pressure loss of a ball valve was compared to theoretical information. The effects of symmetric and asymmetric pipe circuits on pressure loss was also explored. Overall the lab was effective and completed all of the objectives required.

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This experiment started off by determining the friction factor as well as a Reynolds number in a regular section of pipe. Once that had been completed the first assembly was constructed. This first assembly contained a flow meter with a pressure sensor before and after the flowmeter. First the flowmeter was calibrated using techniques from lab one where frequency was record and volume measurements were timed. This allowed for a graph to be plotted that gave an equation from which the frequency delivered to the laptop from the flowmeter could be converted to flowrate without having to measure flow rate directly. Once the flowmeter was calibrated frequency and corresponding pressure drop across the flowmeter was recorded as a height difference between two water columns from the pressure taps. Using the flowrate to determine velocity and the previously determined friction factor the pressure drop across just the flowmeter could be calculated using the energy equation for incompressible fully developed pipe flow. From there the next assembly was constructed. This second assembly contained 3 ball valves, 2 90 degree elbows, 3 unions and a flowmeter. The goal of this second assembly was to compare theoretical values for pressure drop across a ball valve with experimental pressure drop conducted in the lab. In table 8.2 of the course textbook the values for certain loss coefficient can be found. The loss coefficient for the ball valve allowed for the theoretical calculation of the pressure drop across the ball valve. Experimentally it was calculated through the use of the previously mentioned energy equation and the pressure difference measured from the beginning to the end. By adding 3 ball valve in series it magnified the pressure difference so that it allowed an easier and more accurate reading of pressure drop across one valve. For the third assembly the flow was split into two symmetric legs from which the flow rate from each leg could be recorded. A total pressure loss was calculated and divided in two for the average pressure loss since both legs where the same. In the final assembly one leg from assembly three was modified and flow rate for each leg was once again recorded. The total pressure loss was calculated in the same way however the average was calculated differently. Using the average pressure loss gather in assembly three and subtracting it from the total pressure loss of assembly four the average pressure loss of four was determined.

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In order to figure out major and minor head losses for various piping components, the following four different assemblies were built and tested. To use the equations listed in the Theory and Analysis section we first require a method to calculate the velocity in each test.
Three different flow meters were necessary to find the velocity for the assemblies. A calibration was first done so that velocity could be recorded for the further assembly experiments.

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In this experiment, a piping system was constructed with a constant head tank, pipes, pump, twelve volt power supply, flow meter, a variety of connecting pipes including; 90o elbow, 45o elbow, 180o return bend, tee, and union connectors. The experiment was sectioned into four different assemblies of outlets pipes. The first assembly includes a simple right-angled elbow shown to the right as ‘Assembly 1’. The other assemblies are shown underneath their corresponding names, and further details of how each assembly was tested can be found in each of their corresponding sections. The overall method for each experiment involved creating an inlet flow with a pump that would travel through the outlet pipes in each of the assemblies. The measurement that was recorded that was used to collect data was the pressure differential between the start of the outlet pipe, to roughly the ending point of each different assembly. This difference in pressure is caused by the losses that are created by the various components in each assembly, and with the different assemblies we are able to calculate major and minor losses for each of the components.

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The objectives of this lab are to determine the friction factor for ½” clear PVC pipe in both the laminar and turbulent flow, determine energy losses inside different pipe systems, and identify the relationship and dependency of Reynolds number on pipe components such as flow meter, ball valves, parallel symmetric pipe circuits, and parallel asymmetric pipe circuits. This would be achieved by building a piping system, based on the first laboratory of this course, that includes a constant head tank, inflow pipe, outflow pipe, over flow pipe, and a pump connected to a power supply that allows us to control the flow inside the system. The focus of this lab is on the outflow piping system. Four different pipe regimes were built and the influence of each assemblies components on energy loss was examined through use of energy equations.