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Children experience stress from wide range of sources. Much of childhood stress is experiences in the home, however. Poverty is one of the most common sources for childhood stress, and can mean malnutrition, lack of educational resources, and exposure to toxic situations (including drug use and abuse, crime, and divorce). The child in the first picture is likely suffering from poverty and possibly malnutrition. Child abuse is also a major stressor for many children, and can include physical, emotional, sexual, and neglect. The child in the second picture is experiences emotional abuse from a parent, and may have also experienced other types of abuse. There is a report of child abuse made to Child Protective Services every 10 seconds, and roughly 4 to 5 children die from child abuse every day. These types of situations can and do have extremely adverse effects on a child’s development, including cognitive delays, psychosocial delays, abnormal behavior, tendency to form drug addictions, depression, and premature death (either from the abuse itself or from suicide).

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Child's changing and emerging personality

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Child's changing and emerging personality

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Children are often labeled as adventurous, loud, and curious. While most of the time these things may be true, children all have unique personalities with different characteristics. A child may be shy and prone to playing alone, while others may be outgoing and love to play with others during recess. In addition to a child’s tendencies, their talents and intelligence's also tend to emerge during middle childhood. Some children may show a talent for drawing, indicating that they have a visual intelligence. Others may take up gymnastics and have a kinesthetic intelligence. Children who are shy may be reluctant to show their skills or to try new things, so this may impact what sort of activities they partake in.

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The family plays one of the most important roles on a developing child. Family is the source of support and comfort, and also the source of direction and guidance. Having a strong family to support a child is vital to his or her development. The type of parenting styles that are implemented on a child also have diverse effects on them. Authoritative parents are able to provide a secure base for children to learn rules and accepted behaviors, while also allowing their children to become independent. Children with authoritative parents often become successful individuals, with self-confidence and a good standard of behavior. Authoritarian parents may use excessive punishments, or may belittle their children. These children may grow up to be withdrawn and distrustful. On the other end of the spectrum, permissive parents make few demands and often allow their children to do as they please. These children are often the least self-controlled. The picture I have shown shows an example of a strong family system in which the children seem to be happy and secure with their parents. Not all successful and secure family systems have to look like this: they can include anywhere from a single parent to a child raised by grandparents or adoptive parents.

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Children spend twelve years of their lives (and in most cases, even longer) in school with their peers. Children growing up with each other have a huge impact on each other’s psychosocial development. Peers can be a source of security, as well as a source for social communication and expression. On the other hand, peers can also be a source of ridicule or shame (most often from bullying). It is vital that children have a group of peers who they can rely on and who can support one another in order for each child to express their individuality among other individuals who have both similar and unique qualities.

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I chose this picture because it shows a diverse range of children from many ethnicities, in a wide range of ages. In today’s society, in can be extremely difficult for minority children to “fit in” and to feel accepted. I think that this picture shows the ideal type of society for a child to grow up in—one that is accepting and inclusive. Minority children may face discrimination, hate, and unequal opportunities; these things can lead to depression, social disorders, and a lack of self-esteem in children. Encouraging acceptance of all and being supportive of children regardless of their background can mean a world of difference for a developing child.

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As can be seen in the picture, it is important for teachers of children ages 6-11 to be able to sustain the attention of their students. Having a lot of interactive materials (posters, pictures, handouts, and fun activities) can aide with this. A teacher and the school environment have a huge role in all areas of a child’s development. Cognitively, children need to be stimulated and interested in school. Psychosocially, bullying and the relationship with peers in middle childhood can mean the difference between being socially well and severe social depression.

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Child Abuse Statistics. (n.d.). Retrieved April 26, 2017, from https://www.childhelp.org/child-abuse-statistics

Martorell, G. (2013). Child: from birth to adolescence. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.

Mooney, C. G. (2013). Theories of Childhood, Second Edition An Introduction to Dewey, Montessori, Erikson, Piaget & Vygotsky. St Paul, MN: Redleaf Press.

Feist, J., Feist, G. J., & Roberts, T. (2013). Theories of personality. New York: McGraw-Hill.