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8.8 How To Analyse a World War 1 Photograph

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8.8 How To Analyse a World War 1 Photograph

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The photographer of this photo is unknown, the photo was taken near Ypres, September 1917 on the third battle of Ypres. there is no evidence that the photo has been edited or tampered with. the photo has been taken so the dead horses are in the foreground to get our attention to that first as our eyes go to the background afterwards. the subject is the devastation and destruction of the war. the reasoning for the photo is unknown. the photo shows solid evidence of loss of life and destruction of natural land.

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1918, 260,000 Australians had to be repatriated. Shortage of shipping meant some soldiers had to wait over 18 months before returning home. The troops who returned brought Influenza, a deadly pandemic that swept the world from 1918 to 1919. This disease caused almost 12,000 deaths in Australia alone, many men had to be quarantined before they were reunited with their families.
Australians agreed that the nation should try to repay returned servicemen for their sacrifices. Some were provided with training in skilled trades while others settled on the land.

Across the nation, local committees built memorials in towns, cities and suburbs to display names of the fallen. In the lands that Australians fell, memorials were built and vast war cemeteries built. Most are in northern France and Belgium, where they are maintained by the Commonwealth War Graves Commission.

When WW1 started 1914, many Australians saw it as an opportunity to prove that they deserved a place in Britain's great military tradition. The bravery, mateship and achievements of the Anzacs during the Gallipoli campaign were seen as representing Australian ideals and giving Australia the legendary identity it sought. Anzac day was first seen in 1916 to commemorate the landings at Gallipoli and the legend they created. Many people considered that Australia had only truly become a nation on the 25th of April 1915. Anzac day has traditionally been observed through dawn services, marches of veterans and gatherings of wartime comrades. From 1920 Anzac day became a public holiday.

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Chapter 8.11 The Eastern Front: collapse and revolution (part 2)

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Chapter 8.11 The Eastern Front: collapse and revolution (part 2)

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March 1917, Russian capital, Petrograd (Petersburg), revolution broke out after soldiers refused to shoot striking workers. When the Tsar lost support of generals, he abdicated in favour of his brother Michael. Michael refused to be Tsar and handed power over to the Provisional Government, formed by members of the Duma. The Provisional Government kept Russia in the war, but its authority was weakened by a new centre power – the Petrograd Soviet. Made up of elected delegates, soldiers, sailors and peasants, from all around Russia. The Government lacked support from Russian society. Old ruling classes wanted to restore the Tsar, peasants wanted the aristocrats' land to be redistributed amongst them and many of the soldiers and sailors wanted Russia to withdraw from the war.

Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov, known as Lenin, led Russia's Bolshevik Party. Was a Marxist but departed Marx's belief – socialist revolution could only take place in advanced capitalist societies in which industrial workers were the majority. Lenin and associate Trotsky, believed socialist revolution could succeed in Russia but only if received support from more advanced industrial countries. Lenin put these views to the Bolsheviks,  April 1917.
To gain support, Bolsheviks adopted slogans 'Peace, Bread and Land' and 'All power to the Soviets' while they worked to build up influence in the Petrograd Soviet. Government tried supress the Bolsheviks, unsuccessfully. August, General Kornilov attempted to seize power, Bolsheviks sabotaged his transport and persuaded troops to desert him. This earned them widespread support. Bolsheviks saved the Government, now were out to destroy it. Trotsky was elected Chairman of Petrograd Soviet's Military Revolutionary Committee. November, on Trotsky's orders, Red Guards of Petrograd workers, soldiers of the Petrograd garrison and sailors of the Krondstalt naval base stormed Government's H.Q. seized power in name of Soviet. They promised to create a state ruled by workers and peasants. Didn't live up to this but inspired many discontented workers in other lands. Their victory ended Russia's involvement in the war. Bolshevik government signed a separate peace that enabled Germany to direct all its resources to the Western Front, March 1918.

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from all of the armies who fought in WW1, only the AIF were formed entirely from volunteers. But by mid 1916 recruiting campaigns were no longer convincing enough men to enlist. When labor prime minister William Morris Hughes decided that Australia should be like Britains example by introduction conscription, divisions in Australian society became very sour. The ALP was against conscription, but Hughes went against party policy and tried to win public support for conscription through two bitterly fought referendum campaigns in 1916 and 1917. Conscription was defeated in The referendum in october 1916. "patriots" blamed Catholics and Australian Germans and insisted that Mannix was to be deported. The labor party was pulled apart. Hughes and his supporters left the party in November 1916, before it could expel them and joined the liberal party to form the nationalist party.

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Chapter 8.11 The Eastern Front: collapse and revolution

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Chapter 8.11 The Eastern Front: collapse and revolution

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In Germany 1916 there had been huge strikes. The government broke them by conscripting strikers, but there were even bigger strikes in 1917. Between April and June 1917 there were mutinies in the French army involving 27,000 men. Half a million people had joined anti-war organisations in Britain by the same year.

Beginning of WW1 the Russian Army was referred to as 'the Russian Steamroller' because of its size many people believed that it could defeat the Germans and the Austrians through size in numbers. However most Russian soldiers were conscripted peasants who were poorly trained and so poorly equipped that some didn't even have boots or guns. Some Russian officers refused to lead their troops into battle, fearing their own men would shoot them.
When Russia entered the war its leader was Tsar Nicholas the second. Russia was ruled in the interest of the aristocratic landowners and wealthy industrialists.
At the start many Russians supported the war, but they suffered heavy losses against Germany in 1914-15. They then launched attacks in 1916 to prevent the Germans from shifting troops in the Western Front. By 1917 after a series of defeats, Russian soldiers were becoming mutinous.

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why is it important to analyse photographs?

Analysing photographs is important and useful because a photo usually has a certain preferred angle it is taken from and usually has the subject close to the centre of the photo. there will be parts of the environment that are left out of the picture so you cant truly get everything that happened from the picture. there will be things in the foreground and back ground of where the picture was taken from.

World War 1 Photographs

Thousands of photos were taken during WW1, even though soldiers could be punished by the      court-martial for doing so in battlefront areas. A large number of the photos were taken for military reasons and a visual record of the events of the war. Many of the visually best photographs were taken by official war photographers like Frank Hurley who was Australian. Although, some photos have been altered and taken for propaganda.

What Questions Should We Ask?

Who had taken the photo?

Where and when was the photo taken?

Has the photo been set up? Is the photo taken in action?

Has the photo been cropped? Have any details been added or erased?

Was the photo taken from a long distance or is it a Close up?

What is the main subject? Do background details give anymore information?

Why was the photo taken?

What evidence does the photo provide?

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Chapter 8.9 Schools during the War Part 3

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Chapter 8.9 Schools during the War Part 3

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Schools during the war involved children in patriotic activities including raising money and making clothes and equipment for war casualties and troops. At just the age of 12, schoolboys became junior cadets for the army. Girls made clothes for the soldiers. And younger children grew food for soldiers’ families.

Women during the war which consisted of around 3000 Australian women who traveled overseas with the Australian army nursing service. They served in theatres of the war and on transport and hospital ships. These nurses worked under tough and draining circumstances treating the wounded after battles.

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Poster From WW1 representing the Dardanelles; A narrow and dangerous water body near Turkey

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During the start of the war, nearly all of Australia believed that the war was "worth the sacrifice being made". The commonwealth government introduced different forces to contribute to Australia's war effort. Federal income tax and other taxes were created to help pay the interest on the rising war debts. In 1915 the government developed the war precautions act, as well as other acts of parliament.

What This Meant-
• Govt could restrict freedom of speech
• Govt could Restrict freedom of association
• Govt could restrict freedom of the press

What the lead up to the act was that it became a crime to say anything that might discourage people from enlisting to the British Empire. Australians thought that wartime propaganda that portrayed German soldiers as monster who raped nuns, impaled babies on bayonets and murdered civilians. People were continually told that the war was as simple as good and evil fighting, the Great Britain Against the Barbarism of the German's.