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The History of Galveston, Texas, begins with the archaeological record of Native Americans who used the island. The first European settlements on the island were constructed around 1816. The Port of Galveston was established in 1825 by the Congress of Mexico following its successful revolution from Spain. The city served as the main port for the Texas Navy during the Texas Revolution. Galveston was founded in 1836 by Matthew Sabo and served as the capital of the Republic of Texas. The Battle of Galveston was fought in Galveston Bay during the American Civil War when Confederate forces under Major General John B. Magruder attacked and expelled occupying Union troops from the city.

Exploration and settlement

Galveston Island was originally inhabited by members of the Karankawa and Akokisa tribes who used the name "Auia" for the island. In 1519, the Alonso Álvarez de Pineda expedition sailed past Galveston Island en route from the Florida peninsula to the Pánuco River. Pineda may or may not have actually seen the island, however, Spain lay claim to the entire Gulf Coast, including Galveston Island, based on the 1519 Pineda expedition. Soon afterward, Cabeza de Vaca and his crew were shipwrecked on the island (or nearby) in November 1528, calling it "Isla de Malhado" ("Isle of Doom"), and from there began his famous trek to Mexico. Various Spanish explorers charting the region referred to the island as "Isla Blanca" ("White Island") and later "Isla de Aranjuez" ("Aranjuez Island"). In 1685 French explorer La Salle named the island "San Louis" ("Saint Louis") and the name became fixed for some time.

Golden era

At the end of the 19th century, the city of Galveston was a booming metropolis with a population of 37,000. Its position on the natural harbor of Galveston Bay along the Gulf of Mexico made it the center of trade in Texas, and one of the largest cotton ports in the nation, in competition with New Orleans. Between 1838 and 1842, 18 newspapers were started to serve the island's rapidly growing population (The Galveston County Daily News is the sole survivor). A causeway linking the island with the mainland was finished in 1860, which paved the way for railroad expansion.

Storm of 1900

In 1900, the island was struck by a devastating hurricane. Even post-Hurricane Katrina, this event holds the record as the United States' deadliest natural disaster. In the early morning of September 8, high surf, despite prevailing winds out of the north, heralded the oncoming storm. By noon, low-lying areas near the Gulf and the Bay side of the city were flooding and the winds increased. Near 4 p.m. a storm surge approximately 15 feet (5 m) high slammed into the coast. Wind speeds reached approximately 125 miles per hour (201 km/h) (an estimate, since the anemometer was blown off the U.S. Weather Bureau building). Isaac Cline was the bureau's chief meteorologist.

Rebuilding and the "Open era"

Despite attempts to draw new investment to the city after the hurricane, Galveston has never fully returned to its previous levels of national importance or prosperity. Development was also hindered by the construction of the Houston Ship Channel, which brought the Port of Houston into direct competition with the natural harbor of the Port of Galveston for sea traffic. To further her recovery, and rebuild her population, Galveston actively solicited immigration. Through the efforts of Rabbi Henry Cohen and Congregation B'nai Israel, Galveston became the focus of an immigration plan called the Galveston Movement that, between 1907 and 1914, diverted roughly 10,000 Eastern European, Jewish immigrants from the crowded cities of the Northeastern United States. Additionally numerous other immigrant groups, including Greeks, Italians and Russian Jews came to the city during this period. This immigration trend substantially altered the ethnic makeup of the island, as well as many other areas of Texas and the western

U.S.

Recent history

The economy of the island entered a long, stagnant period. Many businesses relocated off of the island. By 1959, the city of Houston had long out-paced Galveston in population and economic growth. Recognizing this, the Reverend Wendelin J. Nold, fifth bishop of the Galveston Diocese, was permitted by the Vatican to erect a Cathedral of convenience in Houston, naming Sacred Heart Church as co-cathedral. The diocese was then re-designated the Diocese of Galveston-Houston. Galveston and St. Mary's Cathedral Basilica still remained the home of the diocese, but now the bishop could more easily access the rapidly growing Roman Catholic population in Houston.

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Online Info Blog: Cloudflare Bug Spills Private Data Online

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Online Info Blog: Cloudflare Bug Spills Private Data Online

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The source of the problem – which was discovered accidentally by Google Project Zero bod, Tavis Ormandy – was a memory leak caused by a broken HTML parser chain.

However, it was compounded by the fact that leaked data was then cached by search engines.

The leaked data included “private information such as HTTP cookies, authentication tokens, HTTP POST bodies, and other sensitive data,” Cloudflare CTO, John Graham-Cumming explained in a lengthy blog post.

“We quickly identified the problem and turned off three minor Cloudflare features (email obfuscation, Server-side Excludes and Automatic HTTPS Rewrites) that were all using the same HTML parser chain that was causing the leakage. At that point it was no longer possible for memory to be returned in an HTTP response,” he added.

Although Graham-Cumming claimed the bug was fixed globally in under seven hours, it may have been leaking highly sensitive data for months.

“The greatest period of impact was from February 13 and February 18 with around one in every 3,300,000 HTTP requests through Cloudflare potentially resulting in memory leakage (that’s about 0.00003% of requests),” he added.

In fact, given the extent of the info cached by search engines, Cloudflare clients will now be under pressure to inform their own customers of the extent of the privacy snafu.

“The examples we're finding are so bad, I cancelled some weekend plans to go into the office on Sunday to help build some tools to cleanup. I've informed Cloudflare what I'm working on,” said Ormandy.

“I'm finding private messages from major dating sites, full messages from a well-known chat service, online password manager data, frames from adult video sites, hotel bookings. We're talking full https requests, client IP addresses, full responses, cookies, passwords, keys, data, everything.”

Although he praised Cloudflare for its response to the issue, it’s also true the firm’s bug bounty offers little in the way of rewards for white hat researchers – free t-shirts, rather than money.

Former Google click fraud boss and current Shape Security CTO, Shuman Ghosemajumder, argued that it is “one of the widest exposures of confidential and sensitive consumer data ever observed.”

“This incident has many people suggesting that everyone in the world should change all of their passwords immediately,” he said.

“The total exposure is likely not that large – i.e., not all of your passwords have been compromised – but the problem is that almost any one of your passwords on over four million websites could have been compromised, so the safest course of action is to act as though all of your passwords were compromised.”

Kaushik Narayan, CTO at Skyhigh Networks, analyzed over 30 million enterprise users worldwide and found 99.7% of companies have at least one employee that used a Cloudbleed vulnerable cloud application.

“This means hackers could have stolen user passwords for these cloud applications – and may even have access to session keys exposed, while a session is live. But this user-data also revealed another surprise – out of 128 enterprise-ready applications that could have been compromised, only four were vulnerable,” he added.

“Cloudbleed is the latest in a string of vulnerabilities that should be of concern to enterprise IT security and a reminder us of the problems caused by user password reuse across corporate services and personal web sites and cloud services.”

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Online Info Blog Cloudflare Bug Spills Private Data Online