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historically the home of the Manchus, rulers of China from 1644 to 1912.

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extreme devotion to or advocacy of the interests of a nation, especially regardless of the effect on any other nations.

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Japanese emperor who came to the throne in the 1920s. He reigned over the Japanese in World War II. After the war, he was forced.

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An important event in the history of the Chinese communists. Driven from southern and eastern China by Chiang Kai-shek at the end of the 1920s.

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the political party founded in 1911 by Sun Yat-sen; it governed China under Chiang Kai-shek from 1928 until 1949 when the Communists took power.

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a group of people leading the way in new developments or ideas.

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was an anti-imperialist, cultural, and political movement growing out of student participants in Beijing on May 4, 1919.

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were a set of demands made during the First World War.

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withdraw from commercial or social relations with (a country, organization, or person) as a punishment or protest.

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a member of the lowest-caste Hindu group or a person outside the caste system. Contact with untouchables is traditionally held to defile members of higher castes.

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is the active, professed refusal to obey certain laws, demands, and commands of a government

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(in the Hindu, Buddhist, and Jain tradition) the principle of nonviolence toward all living things.

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also known as the Amritsar massacre, took place on 13 April 1919 when a crowd of nonviolent protesters, along with Baishakhi pilgrims, who had gathered in Jallianwala Bagh.

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was a single paragraph in a letter dated 2 November 1917 from the United Kingdom's Foreign Secretary

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is an ideology espousing the unification of the countries of North Africa and West Asia from the Atlantic Ocean to the Arabian Sea

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in geography known as Asia Minor, Asian Turkey, Anatolian peninsula, or Anatolian plateau, is the westernmost protrusion of Asia

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was born out of the Paris intellectual environment of 1930s and 1940s.

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1. the principle or advocacy of the political union of all the indigenous inhabitants of Africa

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was a system of institutionalized racial segregation and discrimination in South Africa between 1948 and 1991.

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was the foreign policy of the administration of United States President Franklin Roosevelt.

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a form of nationalism in which the nation is defined by a shared culture.

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an umbrella term that includes economic policies and theories designed to improve the domestic economy.

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the transfer of a major branch of industry or commerce from private to state ownership or control.

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1. (in Spanish-speaking regions) a large estate or plantation with a dwelling house.