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Qutubuddin  Aibek (1206-10)                                                                                                                        

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Qutubuddin  Aibek (1206-10)                                                                                                                        

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The first ruler of the Mamluk Dynasty. Born to a Turkish family in Central Asia. Sold as a slave to Muhammad Ghori, the ruler of Ghor in Afghanistan. Aibak rose up the ranks and became Ghori’s trusted general and commander. He was given the charge of Ghori’s Indian possessions after 1192. When Ghori was assassinated, Aibak declared himself Sultan of Delhi in 1206. Started construction of the Quwwat-ul-Islam mosque in Delhi. This is one of the first Islamic monuments in northern India. He began the construction of Qutb Minar in Delhi. He was also known as Lakh Bash (Giver of Lakhs) for his generosity. However, he was also responsible for the destruction and desecration of many Hindu temples. He reigned till his death in 1210. He was said to have been trampled to death by a horse.

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He succeeded his father qutubuddin Aibek in 1210 CE. He made Delhi his capital. He defeated his main rivals, yaldoz of ghazni and qubecha of sindh and mutan. iltumish was an able and shrewed military administration. He diplomatically saved himself and delhi from the wrath of Mongol conqueror chengis Khan,on the prexet that delhi climate would not suit him. He divided his empire into many iqtas for administration efficiency. He organised a groups of 40 Turkish nobles known as chaliha. He introduced silver coins, tanka and copper coins . Itumish was a patron of art and architecture. Due to absense of any definite rule of  Chaos after death of a ruler. itumish  had no faith in the capa capacity of his sons . So, he nominated his daughter Razia Sultan .

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Razia Sultan was the daughter of Iitumish who succeeded her father She dressed Iike a man, fode horses and led her army. *she was a brave and able ruler with strong military hold *The nobles could not accept Woman as a Sultan, Nobility found it humiliating to work under her, hence they betrayed her and killed her in 1240 CE.

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In year, 1246, the youngest son of Iitumish, Nasiruddin mahmood became the sultan and ruled for 20 years. Ghiyasuddin balban was his prime minister as well as the actual ruler.After the death of Niasiruddin mahmood in 1266 CE, balban became the sultan as nasiruddin mahmood did not have any son.

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Balban was a strong and capable ruler.Balban ended the power of the group of 40 turkish nobles to consolidate his position.He was a sultan who beleived in complete justice.
His darbar was very disciplined. Nobody could talk or laugh without his permission, or else faced punishment.He safeguarded his frontier by constructing many forts and posting his best guards there.Balban died in 1286 CE. After his death, a situation of confusion prevailed for some time. In 1290 CE, jalal-ud-din overthrew the weak and incapable successor of balban and captured the throne.

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His real name was Malik Feroz Khilji He ruled from 1290 – 1296 He is remembered as a benevolent ruler. Thus also known as a ‘Saint ruler’ .The most important retaliation during his reign was of Sidi Maula, which was suppressed by him. He attempted to lay siege to the Ranthambore Fort which was unsuccessful. The fort was well fortified and was believed to be the most powerful fort of the time. Hamir Dev was the ruler of Ranthambore during this time. Mongols attacked India under the leadership of Abdullah, whom he referred to as his son. Post this, a group of Mongols in the leadership of Ulgu settled at Delhi. They were known as ‘New Muslims’. Jalaluddin appointed Alauddin as the Iqtedar of Haasi and Kada. He was Jalaluddin’s nephew. Alauddin was an extremely ambitious person.He sought permission to attack Gujarat and South India from Jalaluddin. He attacked Milsa (Gujarat) in 1293 and Devgiri (Maharashtra) in 1294.Alauddin got excessive wealth during this attack. This wealth should ideally have been submitted in the central treasury of the state, however, he kept it with himself. On asking by Jalaluddin, Jalaluddin was called by Alauddin to a place called Kada to submit the wealth. Jalaluddin was however killed by Alauddin in Kada.

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He became ruler after killing Jalaluddin,Thus he had to prove his legality of rule among the people.Due to the benevolent nature of Jalaluddin and his non-expansionist policies, the provincial rulers under the dynasty had freed themselves. Thus it was now important for Alauddin to win those areas back.By this time, Mongols had a very strong army and a very aggressive expansionist policy.To face these attacks by the Mongols, Alauddin needed a big army.Also to prove his legality, he distributed a lot of wealth between the people.Slowly, he was able to bring the people of Delhi under his influence.He then started to expand his kingdom.

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He found the tughlaq dynasty.He was a great warrior and an able administrator.He consolidated the scattered sultanate and restored peace and order as the whole country was in the grip of unrest and lawlessness.He was a kind ruler.
To improve the condition of the peasents, he even withdrew some of the taxes imposed to them.He died in an accident when a pandal set-up for his welcome, fell on him. It is said that it was a result of a conspiracy hatched by his son, Juna khan for early occupation of the throne.

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Transferring the capital from Delhi to Devgiri to avoid fury attacks from Mongols and to exercise better control over deccan. But, in the absence of transport it caused many hardships. Moving back to Delhi after five years which caused even greater hardships to the people.Imposing taxes in the Doab area at 50 per cent of the produce, which made the farmers give up cultivation as they had already suffered from widespread famine. Issuing of token currency of copper instead of silver coins which increased circulation of counterfeit coins.

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Muhammad tughlaq had no son, so, his cousin feroz tughlaq was made the sultan after the death of Muhammad tughlaq.
He adopted the policy of appeasing the nobles, ulemas and the orthodox muslims to strengthen his position.He imposed jazia on hindus and granted land as well as high civil and military official positions to the ulemas.He made many reforms to redress the grievances that people had agianst muhammad tughlaq.He constructed many canals and tanks and repaired the old tanks too.
Land revenue was reduced and markets were opened to sell the surplus produce.
New coins of smaller dominations were also introduced.
He opened schools and gave grants to the scholars to promote literary activities.
He helped the poor muslims.
He laid 1200 fruit gardens around delhi and founded new cities, e.g. hissar, janupur, ferozabad, firezepur, etc.

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He was the last ruler of the tuglaq dynasty.During this time, Timur land invaded india and took away a large amount of wealth. He also took with him many indian artisans for decorating his capital at samarkhand.The sultanate lasted only up to 1412 CE after timur's invasion till Nasiruddin died. Later it got divided into many small kingdoms. Daulat khan, an amir was appointed as the ruler of delhi.

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Bahlul Lodi was the founder of Lodi Dynasty. Sultanate Period ended with Lodi Dynasty. He was a wise statesman who knew his limits. He took various measures to gratify his nobles. Gwalior, Samthal, Sakit, Mewat was conquered by Bahlul Lodi. He died in 1489 A.D. ,To gain support and recognition, Bahlul Lodi never sat on the throne instead,  he opted to sit on the carpet with his nobles.

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Sikander Lodi Sikander Lodhi ascended the throne in 1488 He was very generous towards muslim and ulemas but at the same time harsh with Hindu The religious policy of Sikander Lodi was very harsh and intolerant towards Hindus. He destroyed temples and constructed mosques in their place. He reimposed jaziya on the hindus. He was generous towards the Muslims and Ulemas.  He helped the poor muslims and gave money to the poor widows for the marriage of their daughters.

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He became the sultan after his father sikander lodi.
He was an intelligent, able and brave ruler, but had to face many rebellions.He replaced the old and senior military officers with young and brave officers to strengthen his military power. This displeased many of the old nobles.
Daulat khan, the governor of punjab, rebelled and invited babur, the ruler of kabul, to attack india.Babur invaded india and met ibrahim lodi, in the battle of panipat in 1526.Babur defeated ibrahim lodi who was killed in the battle. This marked the end of delhi sultanate and the beginning of Mughal rule in india.