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Vaishnavi Gangaraj - Occupational Safety and Health Administration

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Vaishnavi Gangaraj - Occupational Safety and Health Administration

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Year established:

OSHA was established in 1971 when the Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970 passed.

What led up to the creation:

The Occupational Safety and Health Administration was established in response to the rapidly increasing concern of safety issues and disability rates due to unsafe working environments in the United States. At the time when the act was being considered, 14,000 people were dying each year due to injuries from their job while disabilities increased 20% during the decade.

What is the purpose:

It was created in hopes of decreasing those rates and making different workplace environments safer by placing safety policies.

How it affects businesses:

OSHA has mandatory regulations that businesses must follow at all times. It helps increase safety for businesses which leads to less compensation for workplace injuries. If a business fails to follow OSHA’s regulation, they are fined a certain amount or even jail time depending on how severe the aftermath was.

How it affects employees:

Under OSHA’s regulations, employees are protected from whatever workplace environment they decide to work in. OSHA not only provides them a safe environment, but also goes into workers rights and preventive equipment.

How it affects consumers:

It helps reduce some of the prices of products since OSHA prevents workplace accidents or deaths which lets businesses spend less on compensating workplace deaths or injuries. It also lets consumer now that the businesses in which supply their products provide safe environments for their workers.

Revisions: OSHA recently has made around 14 revisions in 2019 under the OSHA's Standard Improvement Project. The new revisions were to increase worker safety and outdated or old regulations for various fields like construction and maritime.  There were other reversions made in 1998, 2005, and 2011.

Links to three (3) court cases that have involved this agency, policy, law, or regulation:

1. LLC v OSHA (2021) - Biden passed a COVID vaccine mandate that required private businesses to vaccinate their employees if there are more than 100 employees. The mandate is considered illegal which is why Biden passed it through OSHA by stating it was concerning workplace safety. The Liberty Justice System and the Pelican Institute for Public Policy are filing a suit to stop the mandate as they believe that OSHA is overstepping their authority limits. They believe that as covid is a societal problem rather than a workplace safety issue and that the number of employees isn’t important compared to other factors. A decision still hasn’t been made yet as the case is still open.

2. Chao v. Mallard Bay Drilling, Inc. - An explosion on Mallard Bay Drilling Rig 52 left multiple people killed and injured. The Coast Guard didn’t find anything wrong upon investigation but OSHA fined the company for failing to follow safety procedures. The company brought the issue to court saying how OSHA didn’t have authority over Coast Guard or that jurisdiction and that Rig 52 wasn’t classified as a workplace for OSHA rules to be applied there. The decision ended up in OSHA’s favor as the judges stated that OSHA does have that power from the Occupational Safety and Health Administration Act and is able to give out citations to uninspected vessels nationwide where there is less Coast Guard regulation

3. Original Roofing Co v Chief Administration Officer of Occupational Safety & Health Administration (2019) - NOSHA (Nevada Occupational Safety and Hazard Administration) cited TORC for violating federal safety regulations when an inspector noticed two workers, one who was an inspector, work on steel roofs without any standard fall protection. The inspector was about to cite the supervisor until the supervisor blamed the company for knowing about the lack of protection. The inspector would then fine TORC. NOSHA provided that there wasn’t enough info to conclude that TORC actually knew of these violations and citations just because one of their employees violated them. NOSHA ended up reversing the district office’s decision.

Sources (links):

1. https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/430/442/

2. https://www.oyez.org/cases/2001/00-927

3. https://scholars.law.unlv.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2238&context=nvscs

4. https://law.justia.com/lawsearch?query=occupational%20safety%20and%20health%20administration

5. \https://libertyjusticecenter.org/cases/bst-holdings-v-osha/

6. https://scholars.law.unlv.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2238&context=nvscs

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Year established:
The SBA was created in 1953 as an independent agency of the federal government to aid, counsel, assist and protect the interests of small concerns, preserve free competitive enterprise and maintain and strengthen the overall economy of our nation.

What led to the Creation:
The Reconstruction Finance Corporation (RFC), created by President Herbert Hoover in 1932 to alleviate the financial crisis of the Great Depression, was SBA's "grandparent." The RFC was basically a federal lending program for all businesses hurt by the Depression, large and small. It was adopted as the personal project of Hoover's successor, President Franklin D. Roosevelt, and was staffed by some of Roosevelt's most capable and dedicated workers.

What is the Purpose:
the U.S. Small Business Administration (SBA) continues to help small business owners and entrepreneurs pursue the American dream. SBA is the only cabinet-level federal agency fully dedicated to small business and provides counseling, capital, and contracting expertise as the nation’s only go-to resource and voice for small businesses.

How it Affects Businesses:
The U.S. Small Business Administration (SBA) acts as a guarantor of small business loans and provides management and technical assistance and contracting opportunities to small businesses. The Agency also provides disaster assistance through direct loans in communities that have undergone catastrophes with the intention of rebuilding the devastated economy and community simultaneously.

How it affects employees:
SBA guaranteed loans can greatly benefit small businesses which need capital for expansion, inventory, buildings, equipment, exporting, and other needs. Some of the most successful businesses in the country used SBA guaranteed loans in their infancy.

How it affects consumers:
Taking an enterprise approach to customer service has also allowed SBA to analyze and improve the customer experience across the agency. As a result of the CARES Act, customer email inquiries to the SBA skyrocketed. SBA accelerated its timeline to launch an Enterprise Customer Relationship Management application in order to meet the increasing need and stood up a Customer Service Hub cloud application in under one week. Less than two months later, the Customer Service Hub has become a central tool in the agency’s COVID-19 response effort, reaching one million emails by mid-May.

Revisions:
The latest revision was in 2020.
On May 1, 2020 SBA issued SBA Procedural Notice 5000-20024 to provide guidance to Lenders approved to participate in the Paycheck Protection Program (“PPP”) regarding whole loan sales of PPP loans. The guidance provided in SBA Procedural Notice 5000-20024 expires on May 1, 2021. Because the PPP is continuing, the purpose of this notice is to extend the guidance on whole loan sales as described and updated below.

Link to three (3) court cases that have involved this agency, policy, law, or regulation:
https://www.sba.gov/about-sba/oversight-advocacy/office-hearings-appeals
The Office of Hearings and Appeals (OHA) is an independent office of the U.S. Small Business Administration (SBA) established in 1983 to provide an independent, quasi-judicial appeal of certain SBA program decisions.
https://www.aclu.org/press-releases/court-rules-sba-ppp-loan-application-barring-eligibility-business-owners-criminal
A federal court determined the Small Business Administration’s April and June 18 rule denying small business owners with criminal records eligibility for its Paycheck Protection Program (PPP) — loans intended help keep businesses and workers financially afloat in the wake of COVID-19’s massive economic impact — was unlawful.
https://www.lanepowell.com/Our-Insights/211302/Another-Court-Tells-the-SBA-That-PPPs-Are-Not-Like-Other-SBA-7a-Loans:
In Alaska Urological Inst., P.C. v. U.S. Small Bus. Admin. (AUI), the debtor medical clinic and cancer treatment center filed for Chapter 11 reorganization in the U.S. Bankruptcy Court for the District of Alaska in March of 2020. In May and June of 2020, the debtor applied for PPP loans

Sources:
1. https://www.performance.gov/cx/blog/sba-cx-post/
2. https://www.sba.gov/document/report--sba-open-government-plan
3. https://www.sba.gov/about-sba/organization

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The Office of Hearings and Appeals decides SBA program decision appeals, NAICS appeals, and CVE protests and appeals.

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Adithi Hari Enviormental Protection Agency

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Adithi Hari Enviormental Protection Agency

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Year established:

December 2, 1970

What led up to the creation:

Five months earlier in July of 1970, President Richard Nixon created the EPA to fix national guidelines and to monitor and enforce them. The collective goal of US environmental policy is to protect the environment for future generations.

What is the purpose:

With the efficiency of commerce or the liberty of the people and to limit inequity related to environmental costs (also known as environmental justice). It was created in response to heightened concerns about pollution and its negative externalities.

How it affects businesses:

Climate change impacts will affect the economy as the nation adapts/responds to stresses on water resources in the form of droughts and floods and changes in agricultural and livestock production
$6.9 billion: the value of the property at risk to sea-level rise over the next 75 years.

How it affects employees:

The four main environmental issues that are most likely to influence the activities of a business are climate change, pollution, sustainability, and waste reduction. A business can carry out a green audit in order to measure the environmental impact of its activities.

How it affects consumers:

EPA has developed several ecolabels that can help consumers identify greener products and services. Below is a list of ecolabels that address energy efficiency, water efficiency, products safer for human and environmental health, refrigerant emissions, vehicles emissions, and recycled materials.

Revisions:

Copper Rule (LCR) Revisions to December 16, 2021. This action represents the next step in EPA’s effort to take the time necessary to review the LCR Revisions and ensure that it protects families and communities, particularly those that have been disproportionately impacted by lead in drinking water.

Links to three (3) court cases that have involved this agency, policy, law, or regulation:

1.https://www.epa.gov/environmental-economics/environmental-protection-it-bad-economy-non-technical-summary-literature

2.https://www.epa.gov/nutrientpollution/effects-economy

3.https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/z7nr382/revision/2

Sources (links):

“Science Inventory | US EPA.” EPA, Environmental Protection Agency, 26 Feb. 2014, cfpub.epa.gov/si/si_public_record_report.cfm.

EPA, Environmental Protection Agency, www.epa.gov/laws-regulations.

EPA, Environmental Protection Agency, www.epa.gov/history/origins-epa#:~:text=Administrator%20Ruckelshaus%20was%20confirmed%20by,of%20EPA%20in%20July%201970.

“Local Economic Impacts of Climate Change.” EPA, Environmental Protection Agency, 29 Nov. 2016, 19january2017snapshot.epa.gov/statelocalclimate/local-economic-impacts-climate-change_.html.

“{{Meta.pagetitle}}.” {{Meta.siteName}}, www.oyez.org/cases/2006/05-1120.

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Sahasra Battina- U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission

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Sahasra Battina- U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission

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Year established:

The Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC) was established in 1972 with the passage of the Consumer Product Safety Act.

What led up to the creation:

In 1967 the National Commission on Product Safety was established. It was believed at that time that federal consumer safety legislation was ineffective because it took a small approach, targeting only specific products for regulation. On the basis of their inquiry, the commission recommended the creation of an independent federal regulatory agency and a presidential appointee to the commission to serve as a consumer advocate before the new agency → The commission also recommended that the new agency have the authority to issue safety regulations and standards. Thus, the Consumer Product Safety Commission was created in 1972.

What is the purpose:

The CPSC promotes the evaluation of consumer products for potential hazards, establishes uniform safety standards for consumer products, eases conflicting state and local regulations concerned with consumer safety, works to recall hazardous products from the marketplace, and selectively conducts research on potentially hazardous products.

How it affects businesses:

After researching, I realized that a company's decision not to conduct a recall, given its knowledge of a product that could pose a hazard to the health of its consumers, hinders its reputation, sales and increases expenses with payments of indemnities for harmed consumers. It is important that a company follows the rules and regulations set by the  U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission.

How it affects employees:

If you are a manufacturer, importer, distributor, or retailer of consumer goods, all of your products must comply with the CPSIA and other laws enforced by the CPSC. They must take extra precautions in order to make sure they are following proper protocols or it can result in job loss and further consequences.

How it affects consumers:

The Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC) protects the public from unreasonable risks of serious injury or death from thousands of types of consumer products under its jurisdiction, including products that pose a fire, electrical, chemical, or mechanical hazard or can injure children.

Revisions:

The latest revision of this commission is the Consumer Product Safety Improvement Act (CPSIA). This law amended CPSA in 2008 to provide CPSC with significant new regulatory and enforcement tools. CPSIA addresses, among other things, lead, phthalates, toy safety, third-party testing and certification, imports, ATVs, civil and criminal penalties. It also repeals a funding limitation on the number of CPSC commissioners.

Links to three (3) court cases that have involved this agency, policy, law, or regulation:

1.

https://www.cpsc.gov/Recalls/2022/Impex-Fitness-Recalls-Dumbbell-Handles-Due-to-Impact-Injury-Hazard

2. https://www.cpsc.gov/Recalls/2022/Amazon-Recalls-AmazonBasics-Mattresses-Due-to-Violation-of-Federal-Flammability-Standard-Recall-Alert

3.

https://www.cpsc.gov/Recalls/2022/American-Honda-Recalls-Recreational-Off-Highway-Vehicles-Due-to-Crash-and-Injury-Hazards

Sources (links):

Bortoli, Luiza Venzke, and Valeria Freundt. “Effects of Voluntary Product Recall on Consumer's Trust.” BBR. Brazilian Business Review, Fucape Business School, www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1808-23862017000200204.

Editorial, Inc. “Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC) - Encyclopedia - Business Terms.” Inc.com, Inc., 30 Nov. -1, www.inc.com/encyclopedia/consumer-product-safety-commission-cpsc.html.

“Information Quality Guidelines.” U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission, www.cpsc.gov/Research--Statistics/Information-Quality-Guidelines.

Nath, Trevir I. “How Do Recalls Affect a Company?” Investopedia, Investopedia, 18 Nov. 2021, www.investopedia.com/articles/investing/010815/how-do-recalls-affect-company.asp.

“Recalls.” U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission, www.cpsc.gov/Recalls.

“Who We Are - What We Do for You.” U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission, www.cpsc.gov/Safety-Education/Safety-Guides/General-Information/Who-We-Are---What-We-Do-for-You#:~:text=CPSC%20works%20to%20reduce%20the,would%20adequately%20protect%20the%20public&text=conducting%20research%20on%20potential%20product%20hazards.

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Year established:
The Fair Packaging And Labeling Act was passed during the Johnson administration in 1966.

What led up to the creation:
The Fair Packaging And Labeling Act was developed because of the unfair packaging of household consumer products by manufacturers. Manufacturers were free to misstate information of products, such as the identity and the ingredients, on the product’s label, putting consumers at risk. As a result, the Fair Packaging And Labeling Act was passed by President Johnson.

What is the purpose:
It was developed to require manufacturers to disclose information completely and truthfully through packaging and labeling and to ensure that consumers are given the correct information to make price and quantity comparisons between products from different brands.

How it affects businesses:
The Fair Packaging And Labeling Act directly affect the business as they are required to mark products with identity, net quantity of contents, and name and place of the manufacture. Manufacturers are also required to state the actual weight of the usable product, total net weight including usable and unusable portions, and other required information according to the laws of individual states. Manufacturers have restrictions on marketing methods as their labels should state accurate information about what’s advertised. All products sold within the country also should follow labeling requirements set by governing agencies. For example, products containing food should follow the labeling requirements of the Food & Drug Administration.

How it affects employees:
Employees should correctly label products according to what's included in the package. They also need to be aware not to mistakenly include things not stated on the label that would put the consumers at risk.

How it affects consumers:
Congress passed the Fair Packaging And Labeling Act to protect the consumers by requiring manufacturers to truthfully label products. As a result, consumers are more likely to purchase products with complete information rather than products with false or few information.

Revisions:
The Fair Packaging And Labeling Act was revised in 1992 to include the metric labeling requirement.

Links to three (3) court cases that have involved this agency, policy, law, or regulation:

1. General Mills Inc v. Jones - the weighing of flour sold to consumers is incorrectly stated on the product’s label. https://openjurist.org/530/f2d/1317/general-mills-inc-v-w-jones-general-mills-inc

2. Bimont v. Unilever United States, Inc. (New York, California) - misstated the deodorant weight on their packaging label. https://www.casemine.com/judgement/us/5914f414add7b049349847da

3. Ebner v. Fresh, Inc. (California) - both the tube and the cardboard box of sugar had misleading labels. https://caselaw.findlaw.com/us-9th-circuit/1729239.html

Sources (links):

Bunn, Phyllis. “Fair Packaging and Labeling Act of 1966 | Encyclopedia.Com.” Encyclopedia.Com, www.encyclopedia.com/finance/finance-and-accounting-magazines/fair-packaging-and-labeling-act-1966. Accessed 6 Dec. 2021.

“Fair Packaging and Labeling Act (FPLA).” Compliance Online, 16 Aug. 2011, www.complianceonline.com/fair-packaging-and-labeling-act-fpla-background-summary-of-provisions-and-recent-amendments-12390-prdad.

“Fair Packaging and Labeling Act Regulations.” Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs (OIRA), www.reginfo.gov/public/do/eAgendaViewRule?pubId=201504&RIN=3084-AB33. Accessed 6 Dec. 2021.

FindLaw. “FindLaw’s United States Supreme Court Case and Opinions.” Findlaw, caselaw.findlaw.com/us-supreme-court/430/519.html. Accessed 6 Dec. 2021.

National Agricultural Law Center. “Case Law Index: Food Labeling.” National Agricultural Law Center, 10 Dec. 2020, nationalaglawcenter.org/aglaw-reporter/case-law-index/food-labeling.

“Packaging and Labeling.” National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), 2 Aug. 2021, www.nist.gov/pml/weights-and-measures/laws-and-regulations/packaging-and-labeling.

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Year established: The Clayton Antitrust Act is a piece of legislation, passed by the U.S. Congress and signed into law in 1914, that defines unethical business practices, such as price-fixing and monopolies, and upholds various rights of labor.

What led up to the creation: It was drafted by Henry De Lamar Clayton. The act prohibited exclusive sales contracts, local price cutting to freeze out competitors, rebates, interlocking directorates in corporations capitalized at $1 million or more in the same field of business, and intercorporate stock holdings.

What is the purpose: Clayton antitrust act is an antitrust law in the United States codified in 1914 which prevents in its infancy the trade practices that are unfair and harmful to the competitiveness of markets.
The Clayton Act is still in force today, essentially in its original form. However, it was somewhat amended by the Robinson-Patman Act of 1936 and the Celler-Kefauver Act of 1950. The Robinson-Patman Act reinforces laws against price discrimination among customers. The Celler-Kefauver Act prohibits one company from acquiring the stock or assets of another firm if an acquisition reduces competition. It further extends antitrust laws to cover all types of mergers across industries, not just horizontal ones within the same sector.
Most people agree that these types of antitrust laws benefit society. If companies were given free rein to make profits by any means necessary, it would likely prove detrimental to everyone other than the company that came out on top.

How it affects businesses: Regulations are irreplaceable to the appropriate capacity of economies and social orders. They make the rules for residents, businesses, governments, and common society. They support markets, secure the freedom of residents, and guarantee the transfer of public labor and products. But it also has negative effects for example small companies may collapse, the prices can increase.
“The Clayton Act, in conjunction with other antitrust laws, is responsible for making sure that companies behave themselves and that there is fair competition in the marketplace, which, according to economic theory, should lead to lower prices, better quality, greater innovation, and wider choice.”

How it affects employees: The newly created Federal Trade Commission enforced the Clayton Antitrust Act and prevented unfair methods of competition.

How it affects consumers: Under the Act, the Government challenges those mergers that a careful economic analysis shows are likely to increase prices to consumers.

Revisions: The Clayton Act defined as illegal certain business practices that are conducive to the formation of monopolies or that result from them. For example, specific forms of holding companies and interlocking directorates were forbidden, as were discriminatory freight (shipping) agreements and the distribution of sales territories among so-called natural competitors. Two sections of the Clayton Act were later amended by the Robinson-Patman Act (1936) and the Celler-Kefauver Act (1950) to fortify its provisions. The Robinson-Patman amendment made more enforceable Section 2, which relates to price and other forms of discrimination among customers.

Links to three (3) court cases that have involved this agency, policy, law, or regulation:
1. United States v. Borden Co., 347 U.S. 514 (1954) In a civil proceeding brought by the United States against several Chicago dairies, the complaint charged a conspiracy to restrain and monopolize the sale of fluid milk in the Chicago area, in violation of the Sherman Act, and price discrimination in violation of the Clayton Act.
https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/347/514/

2. FTC v. CONSOLIDATED FOODS. The Federal Trade Commission held that the acquisition violated 7 of the Clayton Act, as the opportunity for reciprocal buying in this oligopolistic industry created a probability of a substantial lessening of competition and ordered divestiture. The Court of Appeals reversed, finding no substantial impact on the market in the light of ten years of post-acquisition experience.
https://caselaw.findlaw.com/us-supreme-court/380/592.html

3. Leh v. General Petroleum Corporation
The Clayton Antitrust Act ("Clayton Act") was enacted by Congress in 1914 to prevent anti-competitive practices in business. Section 5(b) of the Clayton Act halted the running of the statute of limitations on pending claims arising from the act. It also specified a four-year statute of limitations for these causes of action.
https://www.oyez.org/cases/1965/4

Sources (links): “Clayton Antitrust Act.” Infoplease, Infoplease, https://www.infoplease.com/encyclopedia/history/north-america/us/clayton-antitrust-act.
“The Clayton Antitrust Act.” US House of Representatives: History, Art &amp; Archives, https://history.house.gov/HistoricalHighlight/Detail/15032424979.
Michael C. Carroll, Michael Seman. “The Economic Impacts of the   Dallas‐Ft. Worth Creative Economy.” Microsoft Word - DFW_CreativeIndustries_07_05_16.Docx, https://economicsresearch.unt.edu/sites/default/files/DFW_CreativeIndustries%20final.pdf.
Segal, Troy. “Clayton Antitrust Act.” Investopedia, Investopedia, 26 Oct. 2021, https://www.investopedia.com/terms/c/clayton-antitrust-act.asp.
Xpansion Journal, Business. “Texas Enters 2021 as World's 9th Largest Economy by GDP.” Business Xpansion Journal, http://bxjmag.com/texas-enters-2021-as-worlds-9th-largest-economy-by-gdp/.

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Jordi Wickman - Fair Labor Standard Act | FLSA

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Jordi Wickman - Fair Labor Standard Act | FLSA

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Year established:
The Fair Labor Standard Act was created in 1938

What led up to the creation:
In 1938 what led to its creation was companies abusing workers because they were their only source of income. As well as the fact that there was nothing stopping them from doing so because it made product cost cheaper and the people at the top could keep more money for themselves.

What is the purpose:
The FLSA was created to get rid of the poor conditions companies had workers under and to give workers the minimum standard for living including health as well as overall well being. Along with preventing companies from using these compensations unfairly.

How it affects businesses:
While on the surface it means that businesses have to pay their workers more money than they did before and spend more resources into benefits. It does cause higher production value because the workers actually get something for their labor, compared to the chump change they received before. Overall business don't like that they now have to actually take care of their employees for they will face legal trouble.

How it affects employees:
Employees are essentially now getting a days worth of pay for a day's worth of labor. It also allows opportunity for lower class workers to get out of poverty since they now make enough to make a living. And companies can't abuse workers for their own personal gain. For a majority of Americans this is a good thing while the higher class people aren't affected unless they own a company. Also a general moral boost for the employees.

How it affects consumers:
Since the wages went up so did the product cost in order for companies to still make a profit, but since workers moral has gone up so has the quality of products. So while you are paying more in certain cases the products worth also went up.

Revisions:
The FLSA basically set the base minimum wage, overtime pay for when you work over 40 hours, child labor laws, and record keeping of employees hours and pay. To sum it up companies now have to properly compensate their employees for the hours they worked.

Links to three (3) court cases that have involved this agency, policy, law, or regulation:
1.  IBP, Inc. v. Alvarez :
- IBP wasn't paying their workers from walking from worksite   after putting on required gear. | Court ruled that it did violate the FLSA and that since they started working they should be compensated for it

2. Integrity Staffing Solutions, Inc. v. Busk :
-  Integrity Staffing Solutions makes their workers go through a security check at the end of the day, when they leave, that could take around 10 to 15 minutes that workers were not payed for. | Court ruled that they did not brake FLSA and did not have to pay the workers for the time spent under the security check.

3.Encino Motorcars, LLC v. Navarro :
- Navarro a service advisor was meant to do several jobs ranging from fixing cars along with conversing with customers about cars, prices, questions and more. Navarro says that Encino Motorcars failed to pay him overtime. | Court ruled that Encino Motors did not fail to pay him overtime since service men primarily in servicing automobiles are exempt from the overtime requirements.

Sources (links):
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Anshu Chundi - Federal trade commission of act

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Anshu Chundi - Federal trade commission of act

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Federal trade commission of act of 1915

Year established: 1914

What led up to the creation:
There was common cheating and scamming in businesses which kept impacting the public and the economy.

What is the purpose:
Empowers the agency to investigate and prevent unfair methods of competition, and unfair or deceptive acts or practices affecting commerce.  President Woodrow Wilson signed the Federal Trade Commission Act into law.  Most times the customers are paid a refund or the business has to pay the government a fine. Lawsuits are also a common consequence.

How it affects businesses:
This affects businesses because it could lead to higher prices, fewer choices, or less innovation.

How it affects employees:
This policy protects employees from working in fake businesses and projects from getting into legal problems.

How it affects consumers:
This policy positively consumers because this policy makes sure consumers don't get scammed with wrong prices or low quality products.

Revisions:
This policy was revised and more regulations were added like now there is a penalty for False representations of businesses, Misleading Price claims,  Sales without adequate disclosure, bait and switch techniques, failure to honor and legally registered business.

Links to three (3) court cases that have involved this agency, policy, law, or regulation:
1.https://www.ftc.gov/enforcement/cases-proceedings/x200041-202-3127/traffic-jam-events-llc-matter
A marketer from traffic jam events LLC was charged against deceptive conduct for never having a registered business but running it illegally. He was charged to pay a fine of $15,600.

2. https://www.ftc.gov/enforcement/cases-proceedings/202-3089/inmate-magazine-service-inc
Inmate magazine services scammed prisoners and families in the state of Florida. They asked money from family for the prisoner to be on the magazine and for their story to be heard. They were never a registered company and never printed any stories or magazines.

3. https://www.ftc.gov/enforcement/cases-proceedings/192-3060/vivint-smart-home-inc
Smart home security system misused credit reports to help unqualified customers gain financing for the companies products and services. They also had to pay a fine but price wasn't disclosed.

Sources (links):
“Federal Trade Commission Act – Prohibiting Unfair Trade Practices.” Debt.org, 17 June 2020, https://www.debt.org/credit/your-consumer-rights/federal-trade-c ommission-act/.

“A Brief Overview of the Federal Trade Commission's Investigative, Law Enforcement, and Rulemaking Authority.” Federal Trade Commission, 17 Nov. 2021, https://www.ftc.gov/about-ftc/what-we-do/enforcement-authority.

“FTC Publishes Inflation-Adjusted Civil Penalty Amounts.” Federal Trade Commission, 14 Jan. 2020, https://www.ftc.gov/news-events/press-releases/2020/01/ftc-publi shes-inflation-adjusted-civil-penalty-amounts.

“Cases and Proceedings.” Federal Trade Commission, 14 June 2021, https://www.ftc.gov/enforcement/cases-proceedings?page=2.

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EXAMPLE - Enter your Agency, Policy, Law or Reg here

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EXAMPLE - Enter your Agency, Policy, Law or Reg here

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Year established:

What led up to the creation:

What is the purpose:

How it affects businesses:

How it affects employees:

How it affects consumers:

Revisions:

Links to three (3) court cases that have involved this agency, policy, law, or regulation:
1.
2.
3.

Sources (links):