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Boris & Natasha: At last! We are at the end of our journey! Now, we just need to get the destroy-the-wrold-inator and use it!

Rocky & Bullwinkle: Oh No! Now what do we do!

Bullwinkle: I guess we will follow them in! Lucky for us, he lab also has a complete explanation of cities!

Rocky: Awesome! Let's do this!

Rocky & Bullwinkle: ET'S GO!

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Boris(to Natasha): HAHAHAHA, now we will RULE the WORLD!!!

Natasha(to Boris): YES, NOW we will rule the world!!!

(Cackling, they walk off into a dark street)

(Bullwinkle and Rocky from behind a wall, looking at Boris and Natasha walking off)

Bullwinkle: How are they here!!!!

Rocky: And they are going towards the lab that has the destroy-the-world-inator!

Bullwinkle: Lets follow them, but alongside lets also explore the Canadian agricultural landscape!

Bullwinkle: Ok!

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[This statement has been redacted by the agency]

By [Redacted]
On [Redacted]

Operation [Redacted] and [Redacted] is officially closed,   threat has been nullified.

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It sounds like a squirrel! Guess I'll just ignore it for now, but I gotta keep telling you guys about the wonderful country of Canada! Onto the next part about Canada: Its Population and its Migration! Don't worry if you don't know what these are, I got your back, let's learn together! Onwards!!!

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Bullwinkle: Is that... Is that ROCKY!!!!

Rocky: BULLWINKLE!!!

Bullwinkle: ROCKY!!!!

Bullwinkle: So, I am teaching these kids about the wonders of Canada. Want to join me?

Rocky: SURE!!!

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Hi! I'm Bullwinkle J. Moose and I will guide you through the wonderful country of Canada! Lets go!

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Hi! I'm Bullwinkle J. Moose and I will guide you through the wonderful country of Canada! Lets go!

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We in Canada love Hockey, so keep in mind to never insult Hockey! On to the next thing about Canada!

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We in Canada love Hockey, so keep in mind to never insult Hockey! On to the next thing about Canada!

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Maple syrup bottle in the shape of a maple leaf, which is on the Canadian Flag

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Maple syrup: The quintessential representation of Canada! Now, let us enter the wonderful world of Canada!

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Maple syrup: The quintessential representation of Canada! Now, let us enter the wonderful world of Canada!

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That picture wasn't really me. This is me. But, you can't blame me, can you? I just looked so much better in that photo, even though uncle Brian will be mad at me for showing you guys his photo now.

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Lets explore Canada! But, first, we have to learn about it!

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Lets explore Canada! But, first, we have to learn about it!

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The world's second-largest country by surface but relatively small in terms of population, Canada has a much better economy than what you would think! A federation of former British colonies, Canada follows the British pattern of parliamentary democracy. (Democracy with a figurehead(looks like they do something but don't) but actually elected representatives run the government.) Ties with the US are now vital, especially in terms of trade, but Canada often goes its own way.

Both English and French enjoy official status, and mainly French-speaking Quebec - where pressure for full sovereignty (Wanting to be your own country!) has abated in recent years - has wide-ranging cultural autonomy(Freedom!). Indigenous(People who lived there before the colonizers(people who took over land that, to the developed world, was previously uncolonized)) peoples make up around 4% of the population. Canada is one of world's top trading nations - and one of its richest. Alongside a dominant service sector, Canada also has vast oil reserves and is a major exporter of energy, food and minerals.

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The absolute location of Ottawa is located 45 degrees North Latitude and 75 degrees West Longitude. The relative location of Canada is North of the United States,South of the Arctic Ocean,East of the Pacific Ocean,and West of the Atlantic Ocean. In order to get from Canada to the USA, you would go North. West of Canada is Alaska and North of Canada is Greenland. Just in case you kids don't know, the absolute location is the exact location of something on the Earth, whereas the relative location is where something is when compared to something else. Kids, you get it now?

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The capital of Canada is Ottowa! Now you know, kids!

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This map is at a national scale, with the scale of analysis being regional. It is also a small-scale map. What? You don't know what a scale and scale of analysis is? A scale is what size you are looking at, whereas a scale of analysis is what scale you are analyzing the map at. Onto the next Topic!!!

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A chart of Birth rates and Death rates in Canada for the last 70 years

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I know these are a lot of terms, so let's get into it! Canada is a stage 4 country (There are 4 stages that a country can be in, and if you count a theoretical(possible) stage then it's 5. The first stage is hunting and gathering, the second stage is extracting raw materials, the third is processing those raw materials and the fourth is selling those raw materials. As the countries progress through the stages, their overall standard of living increases and its influence over the world increase. Its birth rates go down, and so do death rates, but death rates go down first leading to a spike in total world population, after which it stays the same. Stage 5 is a hypothetical stage that has less birth rates than death rates.) as its population rate is dropping and its NIR (National Increase Rate: How much the population is increasing per year! Does not include migration.) has evened out. The death rate (how many people die per year) and the birth rate (How many people are born each year) of Canada is equal, which in turn has led to the aforementioned low NIR. Healthcare has progressed to the extent that the IMR (Infant Mortality Rate: How many infants die per 1,000 births) is near 0, and the MMR (Maternal Mortality Rate: How many mothers die per 1,000 births) is alongside that. Women can get access to contraceptives everywhere, leading to a low TFR (Total Fertility Rate: On average, in the years that a woman can have a child, how many children a woman has), and they are also given more opportunities and are more literate, leading to many women prioritizing business and corporate (business) advancement over marriage and children, also contributing to the low TFR.

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Pull factors, why YOU should come TO Canada!

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Pull factors, why YOU should come TO Canada!

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- Pull factor: A factor that attracts international migrants and other people to a country.

- Universal healthcare: The healthcare in Canada is free for all even though it is a capitalist country. People who live in capitalist economies without free healthcare may find it more attractive if they need constant and expensive medical care.

- Better Work-Life balance: In Canada, the average person works for 40 hours a week whereas the average person in the US works for 47 hours a week.

- More accepting for migrants: According to studies, Canada has been shown to be one of the most accepting countries for migrants(1)

-Because of these pull factors, you SHOULD come to Canada, but, since I am a nice Canadian, I will show you why you should NOT too!

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Thevenot, Shelby. “Canada Most Accepting Country for Migrants, U.S. 6th Place: Poll.” CIC News, Canada Immigration News, 1 Oct. 2020, https://www.cicnews.com/2020/10/canada-most-accepting-country-for-migrants-u-s-6th-poll-1015940.html.

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Canada appears to be the world's most accepting country for migrants, according to a new global survey.

Gallup, an analytics and advisory company based in the U.S., conducted a wide-scale public opinion poll in 2019. There were 145 countries included in the study, and about 1,000 people from each country were surveyed. Researchers contacted people by phone or conducted interviews face-to-face.

People were asked whether they think migrants living in their country, becoming their neighbours, and marrying into their families are good things or bad things. Gallup then created an index of the answers, scoring each country on a scale of 0 to 9. Higher scores meaning the population was more accepting of migrants and lower scores meaning the country was less accepting of migrants.

Canada scored the highest of any country surveyed, earning a total of 8.46 out of a possible 9.0 points on Gallup's Migrant Acceptance Index. The U.S. ranked sixth overall with a score of 7.95.
Find out if you are eligible for Canadian immigration
Both countries increased from their ranks in 2017 when Canada was the fourth most accepting country, and the U.S. was the ninth most accepting.

Since then, immigration policies in both countries have taken opposite paths. Canada has pushed for more immigration while the U.S. government has reduced it. Despite these diverging political strategies, public opinion on migration seems relatively positive in both countries.

The results from Canadians were slightly higher than those from U.S. residents in all three questions.

The report written by Neli Esipova, Julie Ray, and Dato Tsabutashvili, drew some interesting conclusions from comparing results between Canada and the U.S.

Migrant acceptance follows political fault lines

As in 2017, the polls suggest that there is a co-relation between migrant acceptance and political affiliation.

In the U.S., people who approved of Trump as president were less accepting of migrants than those who did not. Whereas, Canadians who approved of Trudeau were more accepting of migrants than those who disapproved of the prime minister. These results were consistent when asked about the country's leadership. Those who approved of the leadership in the U.S. were less accepting of migrants, and those who approved of the leadership in Canada were more accepting.

Gallup used the Migrant Acceptance Index to quantify approval levels by political slant. Higher scores co-relate with higher acceptance towards migrants.

Political Divides on Migration in Canada, U.S.

Migrant Acceptance Index U.S.

Migrant Acceptance Index Canada

Disapprove of Trump

8.59

Disapprove of Trudeau

8.21

Approve of country's leadership

7.10

Approve of country's leadership

8.59

Disapprove of country's leadership

8.49

Disapprove of country's leadership

8.31

The researchers found that, in the U.S., there are differences in migrant acceptance among those who personally identify most with their city and country compared with those who identify most with their race or religion. U.S. respondents who identified most with their geographical location were more accepting (8.16) than those who identified with their social location (7.69). In Canada, there were no differences in migrant acceptance based on how people identified themselves.

Age affects acceptance differently in Canada and U.S.

The patterns of acceptance by age in the two countries were also different. U.S. respondents were less accepting with age, dropping nearly a full point on the Migrant Acceptance Index between the 15-29 cohort and people over age 65.

In Canada there was, "no real statistical differences by age group," the report said. The 15-29 age group scored an 8.32, the lowest of all age groups, though a footnote indicated that the difference was not significant because of smaller sample sizes.

Migrant Acceptance by Age in Canada, U.S.

In addition, the Gallup poll found that migrant acceptance is higher among those are living in urban areas and who have more education. These findings were consistent with the 2017 poll results.

Top 10 most accepting countries in the world for migrants

Here is Gallup's complete list of most accepting countries for migrants in 2019, according to their Migrant Acceptance Index.

The margin of error was calculated per country at the 95% confidence level, and ranged from ±1.9 percentage points to ±5.4 percentage points. Data samples were influenced by data weighting, sampling error, question wording and practical difficulties that could have caused responses to include error or bias in the findings. Gallup weighted the data samples to match the national demographics of each country.
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Canada most accepting country for migrants, U.S. 6th place: poll

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Canada appears to be the world's most accepting country for migrants, according to a new global survey. Gallup, an analytics and advisory company based in the U.S., conducted a wide-scale public opinion poll in 2019. There were 145 countries included in the study, and about 1,000 people from each country were surveyed.

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Push Factors- Why you should NOT come to Canada!

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Push Factors- Why you should NOT come to Canada!

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- Push Factor: Something that makes people want to move to someplace else.

- Housing Expensive: Canadian housing is very expensive, which may be a push factor for low-income families.

- Climate cold: Since the climate is cold, people with skin reactions to the cold may be forced to move due to adverse weather conditions.

- High Taxes: Since Canada has a lot of regulations, taxes are extremely high, possibly leading to low-income families being forced to move to another country.

Although these factors may not be pretty, you should still move to Canada! It is one of the best places to live in right now! Just look at its population pyramid!

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Population pyramid: A graph that depicts how to population is distributed based on cohorts(groups of ages).

The population pyramid of Canada depicts an aging population, with birth rates less than amount of adolescents, indicating that the country is in stage 4 or the DTM, which I showed you in the DTM section. Increased healthcare, contraceptives, and more literacy and equality all lead to low birth rates and low death rates, meaning people live longer and therefore the dependency ratio is fairly high. This means that the government will have pro-natalist policies and encourage immigration to boost the workforce.

Mind blown, right! Now, lets look at the rich culture of Canada!

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- Popular Culture: The United States of America strongly influences Canada's popular culture. Many Canadian actors work in Hollywood (the American movie industry), and you'll hear many Canadian bands and artists on American radio. However, there are also many unique cultural aspects to Canada. Canadians have their favourite sports, a fantastic literary scene, and a different media culture than other countries. Canadians enjoy watching television from Canada and the United States. The Canadian Broadcasting Corporation, known as the CBC, is Canada's national television station, funded through the federal government. Many movies are filmed in Alberta due to the panoramic and vast landscapes. Kananaskis (in southwest Alberta) and the south Albertan prairies are especially popular for many movies featuring mountain or western scenes. Canadian popular music is very similar to American popular music - many Canadian artists are well known in the United States and around the world. Most Canadians listen to an extensive range of music from around the world, although many Canadian and American artists are most popular. Canada's climate and landscape heavily influence its sporting culture - winter sports are significant in Canada, and many Albertans enjoy mountain sports.

- Folk Culture: raditional folk music has existed in Canada since the 16th century.  Canadian folk music is rooted in oral tradition, Canadian heritage, and the struggles of the common people.  Today, Canadian folk music is still strongly linked to a uniquely Canadian past.  Anglo-Canadian folk songs often relate stories about the sea, fishing, lumbering, mining, and other activities which Canada was built upon.  Additionally, folk music often reflects the diversity of the original settlers of Canada.  The various sub genres of folk are frequently linked to a particular culture such as Franco-Canadian, Gaelic, Ukrainian,  and many others. Folk music often acts as a form of oral tradition and is directly linked to Canada’s past. One of the reasons for the lack of awareness of folk music might be the flexible and somewhat illusive definition of Canadian folk music.  One of the more agreed upon definitions of folk music is the trans-generational nature of the music and the fact that this music was designed by and for the working classes.  Even though folk music has a very distinct cultural heritage, it is often lumped together with other genres such as alternative or east coast music.  Traditional folk music needs to be preserved as the songs and stories of folk reflect our unique multi-cultural past and emphasize the hardships, triumphs, and colourful events of Canada’s past. Some work has already gone into preserving the history of the folk music community.  Through a ministry of heritage grant and work with York University a portion of the Mariposa Folk Foundation’s archives have been digitized and placed online.  This is a significant step towards preserving the history of the folk music community and folk music itself.

But what IS pop and folk culture?

- Pop Culture:  Pop Culture is rapidly diffused around the world among heterogeneous societies, often through mass communication.

- Folk Culture:  Folk Culture is practiced by relatively small, homogeneous populations in particular areas, often communicated through oral tradition.

Now, Let's see what the official languages of Canada are, and where they come from!

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Picture of English and France combined in a maple leaf

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The two official languages of Canada are English and France. France is a romance language, meaning it evolved from vulgar Latin whereas English is a germanic language, meaning that it evolved from Proto-Germanic. Overall, both languages are from the same Indo-European language tree. But, what are the main religions of Canada?

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City of Toronto. “Global City.” City of Toronto, City Of Toronto, 4 Oct. 2019, https://www.toronto.ca/business-economy/invest-in-toronto/global-city/.

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The City produces many sources of data about Toronto's communities including information from a variety of sources on population groups, housing characteristics, languages, income and more.

Learn more about Toronto's Demographics.

Fifty-one per cent of Toronto's residents were born outside Canada and over 150 languages and dialects are spoken here
- National Household Survey (NHS), 2011

Eighth most popular destination for global talent - ahead of San Francisco, Tokyo, Munich and Copenhagen
- Boston Consulting Group, 2014

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If you come to our studio and take a look at the people sitting around the table discussing ideas, they're from almost every part of the world. I think it has really helped Umbra create an international style. Paul Rowan, Co-Founder and VP Inspiration, Umbra Every day, people from around the world are converging in Toronto; [...]

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The primary religion of Canada is Roman Catholicism. This religion was defused to Canada through the primary means of missionaries, leading to many forced conversions of natives into Roman Catholicism. In this case, Roman Catholicism spread to Canada around the 1700s to 1800s, and conversion lasted all the way into roughly 1950.

I know this is really cool and all, but what if the ethnicities were converted? That would be a very mean thing for the colonizers to do!

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Chart of ethnic backgrounds of Canadians

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More than 50% of Canadians have a ethnic background of other. This represents cultures that are too small of the population to be represented, signifying that a large amount of indigenous populations have been preserved. Historically, the English colonized Canada after France, leading to possible cultural suppression and people of English ethnicity discriminating against or forcing the migration of people of French ethnicity.

Oh no! My suspicions turned out to be true! That is a very mean thing for the colonizers to do! But, that doesn't mean that Canada itself is bad, its just the first people to colonize Canada did some bad things! To understand the entirety of Canada, lets look at its physical geography!

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Canada is a fragmented state, meaning that it has several landmasses that are separated by water, but still in Canada.

Rocky: No way!!! Really cool, but what were the historical political conflicts that shapes this great state of Canada?

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Some parts were taken from (12).

Canada is a vast, resource-rich but lightly populated land which, especially after the mid-19th century, invited politicians to build platforms around programs of national economic expansion.

Political parties have long used economic themes as a means of uniting Canadians. Economic questions have often bitterly divided Canadians. For example, railway construction could be presented as necessary to open up the nation and to further trade, but questions as to how many lines should be built, whether they should be privately or publicly owned, and what the federal government's railway policy should be have divided Canadians.

A large and diverse territory also fostered the growth of regional economies whose interests have been exceedingly difficult to harmonize. The exploitation of natural resources was promoted as certain to enrich the entire country, but when it has come time to divide up the profits, national unity has always been sorely taxed. It is scarcely surprising that Canadian economic and political unity has obsessed federal politicians. Federal parties, to gain power, have had to build coalitions of classes and regional interest groups whose goals are often contradictory. Moreover, provincial governments have seen themselves as more attuned to local and regional interests and have thus often been obliged to defend those interests against federal intrusion.

Religion was once the primary factor affecting the citizen's vote. As education came to be seen as a necessity, politicians at all levels had to elaborate policies to reform traditional institutions, revamp curriculum, train teachers, and increase funding and access to educational institutions. Industrialization made it necessary to protect workers and improve working conditions, and governments had to intervene increasingly in disputes between workers and employers.

The spectre of unemployment made it necessary to define policies that would not only alleviate misery but would support workers' buying power for economic reasons. Urbanization changed the needs of Canada's population. Citizens' health became an important question, and governments began to assume an active role in improving medical and hospital care and facilitating access to it. Some debates have centered on housing, urban and regional planning, municipal and regional organization, child care, women in the labour force, consumer protection and crime. Lobbies and interest groups have developed to promote specific policies.

Population characteristics have also greatly influenced Canadian politics. 30% of Canada's population speaks French, largely concentrated within Québec, has had special implications for the debate on Canadian unity. On the one hand, many French Canadians have perceived the interests of their society as being clearly different from the interests of Canada as a whole. For them, Canadian unity has meant assimilation and the destruction of the foundations of French Canadian culture.

Outside of war and, perhaps, opposition to separatism in Québec, having a single nation composed of many ethnicities has always united English-speaking Canadians. Regional, provincial, social and ethnic differences have proven to be stronger, in most cases, than a common language that for many has not even been the mother tongue of many.

It is impossible to study Canadian political history without recognizing Canada's economic and social links with Britain and later with the US. As long as most Canadians were of British origin, ties with the mother country, notably in wartime, remained close. But as Canadians whose bonds with Britain were distant or nonexistent became a majority, Canada came increasingly to define itself by reference to its North American setting. Economic links with the US became much more important in the 20th century.

Canada's cultural independence has been at issue as well. In the 1920s Canadians were already reading American magazines, listening to American radio and watching American movies. Later their leisure hours included more and more American television. Canadian university students were often taught by American professors, but after the early 1980s indigenous Canadian studies of history and the social sciences solidified their position and provided a variety of new approaches.

Bullwinkle: Hmmmm... feels like something is missing... Rocky do you know what they are?

Rocky: I think don't know how the actual boundaries changed!!!

Bullwinkle: THANKS ROCKY!!! Okay kids, now we will see HOW these boundaries changed!

Bullwinkle & Rocky: Let's get started!!!

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- On July 1, 1867, The Dominion of Canada was founded by the British Empire, including the Provinces of Canada, New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia. This was a superimposed boundary, as the Brits set this boundary up without regard for local culture.
- September 26, 1907: Newfoundland county part of UK
- March 31, 1949: Dominon of Newfoundland as 10th province
- April 1, 1999: Territory of Nuvanut created from roughly eastern half of Northwest Territories. Is a example of a subsequent boundary, as due to diverging cultures and ideologies, new teritory created.

Bullwinkle: Wow! I didn't know this EITHER! I wonder what is happening in Canada right now...

Rocky: Let's find out!!!

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Although there are no current conflicts occurring in Canada, here are some of the conflicts of other countries in which Canada is assisting:

- Conflict in Syria: Canada has given generously to the various international efforts to support the Syrian people, including those living as refugees in neighboring countries. To date, Canada has committed over $1 billion in humanitarian, development and security assistance in response to the Syria crisis. In 2016, Prime Minister Justin Trudeau announced Canada's new strategy to address the ongoing crises in Iraq and Syria, including further increases over the next three years to Canada's security, stabilization, humanitarian and development assistance.

- Rohingya crisis in Myanmar & Bangladesh: Canada has committed considerable humanitarian and development assistance to Bangladesh. In responding to this crisis, Canada has played a leadership role, and its concerted efforts continue to have a real, positive effect on the lives of hundreds of thousands of people. Canada’s response to the Rohingya crisis recognizes that the current situation does not have an immediate solution. It will require sustained engagement for years to come. This will ensure the humanitarian needs and security situation in Bangladesh and Myanmar remain at the forefront of a coordinated international response.

- Venezuela crisis: Canada has been instrumental in the adoption of several statements and resolutions, including at the G7, the G20, the UN Human Rights Council, the Organization of American States, and the Lima Group, in support of the people of Venezuela in their efforts to achieve political and economic reforms. It has also joined with other countries to address the critical situation in Venezuela and to explore ways to contribute to the restoration of democracy through peaceful and negotiated means. Canada commends the significant ongoing efforts by countries in Latin America and the Caribbean to host and integrate Venezuelan migrants and refugees and to respond to their needs. Since 2019, Canada has committed over $86 million in international assistance to help respond to the impacts of the Venezuela crisis, both inside Venezuela and in host countries of the Latin America and Caribbean region. This includes over $38 million in gender-responsive humanitarian assistance funding to help meet the immediate needs of people affected by this crisis.

Bullwinkle: Wow! They must have a very good political system to respond to so many crisis's! I wonder what type of political system they have?

Rocky: You know what I'm going to say!

Rocky & Bullwinkle (in unison): Let's find out!

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Canada’s political system is based on that of the United Kingdom. It is a constitutional monarchy, which means that they recognize the Queen or King as the Head of State, while the Prime Minister is the Head of Government.

Canada’s Parliament is composed of the Queen of Canada (who is officially represented by the Governor General), the Senate and the House of Commons. The Senate has 105 seats and its members are appointed by the Governor General on the recommendation of the Prime Minister. The House of Commons consists of 338 members who are elected by Canadian citizens in general elections and by-elections.

According to Canada’s Constitution, elections are held at least once every five years. However, an election may be called earlier if the Governor General accepts the resignation of the Prime Minister after the Government has been defeated on a motion of confidence in the House and the Governor General does not ask the leader of another party to become Prime Minister and form a government.

Representation in the House of Commons is based on geographical divisions known as “electoral districts,” commonly referred to as “ridings.” The number of electoral districts is established by a formula set out in the Constitution Act, 1867, and one member of Parliament (MP) is elected in each electoral district. Canada currently has 338 ridings.

Canada’s electoral system is referred to as a “single-member plurality” or “first-past-the-post” system. In every electoral district, the candidate with the highest number of votes wins a seat in the House of Commons and represents that electoral district as an MP. An absolute majority (more than 50 percent of the votes in the electoral district) is not required for a candidate to be elected.

Voting in Canada is by secret ballot. The security of the ballot is paramount, and the system makes it impossible to discover who any voter has voted for.

Parliament and Government are not the same.

Parliament is made up of the monarch (represented by the governor general), appointed senators and all elected members of the House of Commons

Government is responsible for managing the business of the country. It is usually formed by the political party that has the most elected representatives, and it is led by the prime minister.

Bullwinkle: NOW it all makes sense, but I still have a few questions.

Rocky: What?

Bullwinkle: What sort of agriculture do they have?

Rocky: Let's find out!

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- Poutine: Created in Quebec in the 1950s, it quickly became a staple of Canada and is the most famous canadian food.
- Bannock: Once a staple of early settlers, this food is now considered a luxury. Can be eaten at any time of day, which also makes it so attractive.
-  Maple Taffy:  Popular winter treat around Canada’s ‘maple belt’ regions of New Brunswick, Ontario, Nova Scotia, and Quebec (with over 90% of the country’s maple syrup production).
- Montreal Smoked Meat: One of several of Canada’s most popular cuisines to come from the Montreal region, Montreal smoked meat is a form of deli meat salted and cured. Thought to be Montreal’s answer to pastrami.
- Butter tart: Quintessential Canadian food at its best, the butter tart is simple yet delicious. Made by filling pastry cases with butter, sugar, and egg, it is a popular choice in this part of the world, both as a snack or dessert.
- Montreal-Style Bagel: Although being sweeter and thinner than the New York bagel, its main difference lies in being baked in a wood-fired oven for an extra crispy texture.
- Nanaimo Bar: A Nanaimo bar is the prime indulgent dessert around these parts. Taking its name from the British Columbian city of Nanaimo, this sweet treat, consisting of three layers of crumb base, custard, and chocolate, requires no baking. Thought to have originated from the 1950s, when a Nanaimo housewife entered her recipe for a chocolate square in a magazine contest, they are now a household name across the country.
- Traditional Cuisine: Due to a mix of other cuisine influences, traditional Canadian food is harder to pinpoint. However, in general, the cuisine of Canada focuses largely on meat and carbohydrates. It is also often rich and heavily spiced. However, their cuisine is as diverse as the population that makes up the country.

Bullwinkle: Mmmmm... all this food is making me feel sooo hungry, but where do they grow all this food? Isn't Canada like, frozen all over?

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Only 7% of Canadian land is suitable for growing. Most of  this land in West Canada. Through agribusiness, the number of farms has decreased significantly, but the average farm size has grown to 800 acres. Because of its great latitudinal extent, Canada has a wide variety of climates. Ocean currents play an important role, with both the warm waters of the Gulf Stream in the Atlantic and the Alaska Current in the Pacific affecting climate. Westerly winds, blowing from the sea to the land, are the prevailing air currents in the Pacific and bring coastal British Columbia heavy precipitation and moderate winter and summer temperatures. Inland, the Great Lakes moderate the weather in both southern Ontario and Quebec. In the east the cold Labrador Current meets the Gulf Stream along the coast of Newfoundland and Labrador, cooling the air and causing frequent fog. The northern two-thirds of the country has a climate similar to that of northern Scandinavia, with very cold winters and short, cool summers. The central southern area of the interior plains has a typical continental climate—very cold winters, hot summers, and relatively sparse precipitation. Southern Ontario and Quebec have a climate with hot, humid summers and cold, snowy winters, similar to that of some portions of the American Midwest. Except for the west coast, all of Canada has a winter season with average temperatures below freezing and with continuous snow cover.

Rocky: Wow! Even I didn't know that so many climates exist in Canada!

Bullwinkle: Yeah, but what do they grow?

Rocky: Lets find out!

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- Crops: Among Canada’s top agricultural products are canola, cattle and calves, beef and veal, vegetables, and poultry. Canadian companies export crops, meat, maple syrup, and many other products. Canada is a top exporter of agricultural products in the world. These exports were worth more than $60 billion in 2016.

-Types of Agriculture: Livestock Ranching (Livestock Ranching is the practice of raising herds of animals on large tracts of land. Ranchers commonly raise grazing animals such as cattle and sheep)(9), Market Gardening(the commercial pro- duction of vegetables, fruits, flowers and other plants on a scale larger than a home garden, yet small enough that many of the principles of gardening are applicable,)(10) Aquaculture(The cultivation of aquatic plants and animals) , mixed crop & livestock(growing crops in order to feed the livestock and to sell as food, alongside livestock products) and subsistence farming like nomadic herding(moving animals to good grazing lands, and using animals products like milk, dairy, etc. for subsistence farming).

Bullwinkle: Wow! I didn't know there were so many different types of agriculture in Canada!

Rocky: Yeah! But what about its cities?

Bullwinkle: ok! Guess we know what we are going to do next!

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Mega/World Cities in Canada and their significance

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Mega/World Cities in Canada and their significance

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- According to (2), Toronto is a world city. Here is what it says on the website: "Every day, people from around the world are converging in Toronto; tens of thousands choose this city as their new home each year. Toronto’s numerous and reputable academic institutions are international hubs of research and higher learning, attracting thousands of international students annually. Canada ranks among the top of OECD countries  for completed post-secondary education and Toronto residents have higher levels of educational attainment than other Canadians. Toronto’s deep, diverse and globally connected talent pool of skilled, highly-educated and culturally savvy individuals is the driving force behind its economic prosperity and innovation. Diversity truly is Toronto’s strength, making the city a dynamic, progressive and welcoming place to work and live." Through this, it can be concluded that Canada has a world city, and it is Toronto, even though it does not have more than 10 million people in it.
- Canada does not have any mega or meta cities.  (3)

Bullwinkle: WOOOOOW!!! SO COOL!!! CANADA HAS A WORLD CITY!!!!

Rocky: Yeah! Based on what some people consider a world city, Toronto qualifies!

Bullwinkle: Hmmmm, I wonder what the layout of cities in Canada is?

Rcoky: You KNOOOOW it! LET'S FIND OUT!!!

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Bullwinkle: Cool! But what organizations that are international exist here?

Rcoky: WE are going to find out!!!

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Four seasons hotel headquarters in Toronto, Canada

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Multinational corps/ sports teams/ supranational organization HQ in Canada

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Multinational corps/ sports teams/ supranational organization HQ in Canada

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- Four Seasons hotels and Resorts are headquartered in Canada. This is a multinational corporation. A multinational corporation (MNC) has facilities and other assets in at least one country other than its home country. A multinational company generally has offices and/or factories in different countries and a centralized head office where they coordinate global management. Some of these companies, also known as international, stateless, or transnational corporate organizations, may have budgets that exceed those of some small countries.  (4)

- Hockey is the quintessential Canadian sport and players have done quite well in it internationally, including in the NHL and the Olympic Games. Therefore, there is a Canadian hockey league called: Canadian Hockey League (CHL)

- There are no Supranational organizations headquartered in Canada.

Bullwinkle: Kinda sad that there are no supranational organizations in Canada, but we hope to fix that!

Rocky: But, what about the urban sustainability challenges that are associated with cities?

Bullwinkle: What about them?

Rocky: Don't you want to preserve this beautiful land of Canada for as long as possible?

Bullwinkle: Why yes! Of course!

Rocky: Then,

Rocky and Bullwinkle in unison: Let's get into it!

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According to the Canadians for a Sustainable Society(5), "Canada's cities are growing very rapidly, driven largely by mass immigration. Balanced immigration would be ~ 60,000 annually, while the current level of 6 times that is designed to inflate housing costs and provide cheap labour for an expanding commercial economy. Growing cities may have policies in place to increase density which increases congestion, but they will inevitably grow outward. In virtually every major city in Canada, this means sprawling onto prime farmland. Increasing density means more people per square kilometre, less green space per person, clogged traffic arteries and longer commutes. Both air quality and quality of life suffer. Constant growth also means endless construction of new and upgraded buildings and infrastructure.

Congestion

Loss of prime farmland

Myriad of social issues

Inflated housing costs

Debt

Higher service costs and taxes

Lower quality of life

Endless construction

Commute times are longer and transportation costs increase in a large urban area. If a city has not properly laid out a transportation plan ahead of actual growth, the costs of upgrading transportation can be astronomical. Allowing an urban area to simply grow from the initial settlement without due regard to larger environmental considerations (like river and flood patterns) will eventually lead to massive costs being inflicted on the community and its citizens as seen in the Alberta floods of 2013. Size is a problem for urban areas in its impact on the quality of life (how well someone is living, as in how much income they have for other things other than basic needs, do they have basic needs, sanitation, etc.) and disposable incomes of its citizens. A high rate of growth heightens every social and economic problem and urban growth of any kind comes at a heavy environmental price. Canada is currently committed to growth-forever of its urban areas with no regard for the welfare of its citizens, the health of the environment nor the ever-increasing energy supplies and finances needed to maintain the growing and complex infrastructure." This shows the major problems and challenges to urban sustainability in modern-day Canada.

Bullwinkle: Woow! I didn't know that there were so many urban sustainiblity issues in Canada!

Rocky: Yeah! But Canada is working to fix them! But, this all comes under the umbrella of development, and with it inevitably comes industry!

Bullwinkle: So what are we waiting for! Let's get started!

Rocky: Before that, do you see Boris and Natasha anywhere?

Bullwinkle: I think they have reached the destroy-the-world-inator! Oh no! We gotta stop them! But, before that, we have to teach about the final unit! We'll teach the final unit while running to save the world!

Rocky: Let's do this!

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Graph showing gender inequality in Canada

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Due to Canada being a developed country, the gender inequality trends are low, as women are given near-equal education to men, along with women having access to contraceptives and prioritizing business over marriage and family. The gender pay gap for full-time employees is 0.90, (6) meaning that per dollar that a man makes, a woman makes 0.9 dollars. Therefore, gender inequality is lowering in Canada, as they aim to bridge the gap between men and women.

Bullwinkle: (Panting) So...cool!!! I can't believe that Canada... also has... so much equality!

Rocky: (Panting) Yeah... now let's move... on to the... next one!

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The HDI of Canada comes in at a whopping 0.929 out of a scale of 1, in which 1 is the highest possible. This means that combining a multitude of factors, Canada is among the most developed countries in the world, which shows in its HDI ranking as 16th in the world. This is because Canada is a stage 4 country, meaning that it. in itself, has good heatlhcare, contraceptives, etc. It also has a fairly low gender wage gap of only 0.9, adding further to its development index. This, and other factors like education, GNI and good air quality all add up to give Canada a total HDI of 0.929.

Bullwinkle: (Panting) Rocky, could you take this one?

Rocky: Sure! Onto the next one! Meanwhile, we'll take a break!

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Economic sectors - Most and Least popular 

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Economic sectors - Most and Least popular 

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The most popular economic sector in Canada is the service sector,(7) which is common in developed countries as they have more automation to do manual tasks like mining and manufacturing, leading to less jobs in those respective job sectors. This then leads to people searching for jobs in different sectors, and since the jobs in manufacturing and resource extraction went down, they go to the big cities, where the demand for service sector jobs is high leading to more people in the service sector, as it is an industry that is GROWING in developed countries, not declining, unlike primary and secondary sector jobs.

Bullwinkle (Panting): We almost caught up to them!

Rocky (Panting): Almost there!

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The three largest industries in Canada are real estate, mining and manufacturing. (8) This is because Canada has a lot of resources and land, with little people, leaving a lot of space for more residential or corporate locations. Canada also has a lot of coal, along with the aforementioned amount of space leads to the ideal location for both resource extraction and manufacturing.

Bullwinkle & Rocky: (Whispering) We made it! Now we need to wait for them to get away from the destroy-the-wrold-inator! Anyways, waht are enivronmental challenges, you ask? Let's find out! Before we do this, know that we might not be able to teach you again! It has been a pleasure, and (hopefully not) goodbye!

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Rise in temperatures, shifts in precipitation patters, air pollution, melting glaciers, road salt pollution, etc., are some of the major environmental threats in Canada in the present day.

Canada's average temperature is rising at nearly double the rate of the global temperature rise.

The environmental issue of road salt is one that although not uniquely Canadian, is certainly far more prominent there than in many other countries.

2016 saw a devastating forest fire which blazed through Fort McMurray, Alberta, an area which continues to see more forest fires in recent years.

As the second largest country in the world (from a geographical standpoint) Canada is becoming increasingly aware of the effects of climate change within the country.

Bullwinkle: These aren't that muuuuuuc.... (Bullwinkle gets pulled away into the darkness.)

Rcoky: Bullwink.....(Rocky also gets pulled into the darkness)

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Canada is a core country, as it is a wealthy, industrialized country that other, less developed countries depend on, alongside it having some power over less developed countries.

(Eyes slowly open, disoriented)

(Bullwinkle and Rocky are tied together)

(Natasha and Boris are chuckling)

Natasha: Oh, so you are finally awake, and just in time to see our...

Natasha and Boris: Big Plan!!!

(Rocky and Bullwinkle watch helplessly as the machine charges up)

(Everything goes black)

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Kennedy, Timothy. “Is Toronto Considered a Megacity?” About Canada, About Canada, 13 Dec. 2021, https://cubetoronto.com/toronto/is-toronto-considered-a-megacity/.

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Despite the size and significance of the city of Toronto, it is not considered a megacity with the Greater Toronto Area supporting 6 million people. A megacity is a city with over 10 million inhabitants. In the world in 2018, there were 33 cities recognized by the United Nations as a megacity.

Is Toronto a megacity?

1998 amalgamation
They were dissolved by an act of the Government of Ontario, and formed into a single-tier City of Toronto (colloquially dubbed the "megacity") replacing all six governments.

What megacities are in Canada?
Canada's Five Largest Cities

Toronto, Ontario - 6.2 million. Toronto, Ontario.

Montréal, Québec - 4.2 million. Montreal, Quebec.

Vancouver, British Columbia - 2.6 million. Vancouver, British Columbia.

Calgary, Alberta - 1.5 million. Calgary, Alberta.

Edmonton, Alberta - 1.4 million. Edmonton, Alberta.

In what year did Toronto become a megacity?

In 1967, small suburbs were amalgamated, leaving a Metro structure of the city of Toronto and five boroughs, of which all but East York had become cities by 1991. All lost their individual municipal structures in 1998 when the new "megacity" of Toronto came into existence.

What are the 37 megacities?
Megacity

Tokyo 37.39 million.

Delhi 30.29 million.

Shanghai 27.05 million.

São Paulo 22.04 million.

Ciudad de México (Mexico City) 21.78 million.

Dhaka 21 million.

Al-Qahirah (Cairo) 20.9 million.

Beijing 20.46 million.

Does Toronto have boroughs?

Toronto City, Etobicoke, North York, Scarborough, York, East York Are The 6 Boroughs Of The T-Dot.

What is considered Toronto?

The Greater Toronto Area (GTA) is the most populous metropolitan area in Canada. It includes the City of Toronto and the regional municipalities of Durham, Halton, Peel, and York.The area is also combined with the city of Hamilton to form a conurbation known as the Greater Toronto and Hamilton Area (GTHA).

Is Toronto a big city?

630.2 km²

What is an example of a megacity?

Tokyo (Japan) is currently the largest 'megacity' in the world with 37.4 million inhabitants. In 2100 it will be Lagos (Nigeria) with 88 million.

How is a megacity defined?

Megacities are quantitatively defined as cities having a population of more than five (Kraas & Mertins, 2014), eight (Chen & Heligman, 1994; Fuchs, Brennan, Chamie, Lo, & Uitto, 1994; UN, 1987) or ten million people (Kraas & Mertins, 2014).

Does Ontario have boroughs?

Ontario. In what is today Toronto, the former Metropolitan Toronto, an upper-tier regional municipality-type of municipal government, had five boroughs; East York, Etobicoke, North York, Scarborough, and York, surrounding a then-much-smaller City of Toronto. Today, there are no longer any boroughs in Ontario.

Why do we call Toronto the 6?

Toronto is called the 6 thanks to Forest Hill 'hood rapper Drake, who refers to his hometown as the 6 when he named his album, Views from the 6. FYI, you can actually rent out the luxury condo he used to live in.

Is Scarborough considered part of Toronto?

Scarborough, former city (1983-98), southeastern Ontario, Canada. In 1998 it amalgamated with the borough of East York and the cities of Etobicoke, York, North York, and Toronto to form the City of Toronto. Scarborough township (incorporated 1850) was reconstituted as a borough in 1967 and a city in 1983.

Is Mumbai a megacity?

Mumbai is a megacity, one whose population is more than 10 million. More than 21 million people live in the greater Mumbai metropolitan region.

Is NYC a megacity?

With over 20 million people in its metropolitan statistical area and 23,582,649 in its combined statistical area as of 2020, New York is one of the world's most populous megacities.

Which of the following is not a megacity?

Which of the following is NOT a Megacity? Explanation: Jerusalem, Israel is not a Megacity. It only has a population of about 800,000.

What is considered North Toronto?

North Toronto is a former town and informal district located in the northern part of the Old Toronto district in Toronto, Ontario, Canada.The name is still used to refer to the area in general, although Yonge-Eglinton and Midtown Toronto are officially used.

What is considered Toronto East?

Today East Toronto commonly refers to the portion of the old city of Toronto east of the Don River. This includes neighbourhoods such as Upper Beaches, Riverdale, Leslieville, East Danforth, and the Beaches.

What municipalities are in Toronto?
GTA municipalities are:

Town of Ajax.

Town of Aurora.

City of Brampton.

Township of Brock.

City of Burlington.

Town of Caledon.

Municipality of Clarington.

Durham Region.

How is Toronto divided?

For administrative purposes, the City of Toronto divides the city into 140 neighbourhoods. These divisions are used for internal planning purposes. The boundaries and names often do not conform to the usage of the general population or designated business improvement areas.

What are the 6 areas of Toronto?

On Jan. 1, 1998, Toronto's amalgamation took effect, merging the six previous municipalities that made up Metro Toronto - Etobicoke, Scarborough, York, East York, North York, and the City of Toronto, into a new singular City of Toronto.

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Is Toronto considered a megacity? - CubeToronto.com

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FAQ: Is Toronto considered a megacity? Our answer is… Read the article and find out!

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Chen, James. “Multinational Corporation (MNC).” Investopedia, Investopedia, 3 Jan. 2022, https://www.investopedia.com/terms/m/multinationalcorporation.asp.

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A multinational corporation has facilities and assets in at least one country other than its home base.

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Canadians For a Sustainable Society. “General.” Urban Issues & Congestion, Canadians For a Sustainable Society, 2021, https://sustainablesociety.com/social/urban-issues-and-congestion.

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Canada's cities are growing very rapidly, driven largely by mass immigration.

Balanced immigration would be ~ 60,000 annually, while the current level of 6 times that is designed to inflate housing costs and provide cheap labour for an expanding commercial economy. Growing cities may have policies in place to increase density which increases congestion but they will inevitably grow outward. In virtually every major city in Canada, this means sprawling onto prime farmland.

Increasing density means more people per square kilometre, less green space per person, clogged traffic arteries and longer commutes. Both air quality and quality of life suffer. Constant growth also means endless construction of new and upgraded buildings and infrastructure.

Congestion

Loss of prime farmland

Myriad of social issues

Inflated housing costs

Debt

Higher service costs and taxes

Lower quality of life

Endless construction

Commute times are longer and transportation costs increase in a large urban area. If a city has not properly laid out a transportation plan ahead of actual growth, the costs of retro-installation through already built-up areas is astronomic and possibly not feasible.

As we saw in the Alberta floods of 2013, allowing an urban area to simply grow from the initial settlement without due regard to larger environmental considerations (in this case river and flood patterns) will inevitably lead to massive costs being inflicted on the community and its citizens.

Size is a problem for urban areas in its impact on the quality of life and disposable incomes of its citizens. A high rate of growth exacerbates every social and economic problem and urban growth of any kind comes at a heavy environmental price.

Canada is currently committed to growth-forever of its urban areas with no regard for the welfare of its citizens, the health of the environment nor the ever-increasing energy supplies and finances needed to maintain the growing and complex infrastructure.

Learn more about urban issues:

While our cities expand, the quality of life within them is declining and the costs of running them and living in them is increasing. Very little needs to be said about congestion and gridlock which are apparent to all but the factors contributing to them must be taken out of the closet and made part of everyday discussion.

In trying to maintain the business as usual approach to policy, governments of large urban areas are forced to reconcile the "grow-forever" goal with the "live like it's the '50s" aspirations. As Mayor Rob Ford (a great '50s guy) of Toronto put it when asked about his opposition to public transit and bike lanes "People want to drive cars." And big cars, judging by his own large SUV. More cars, larger cars, higher density and longer commutes guarantee constriction of traffic flow and the failure to recognize this is the reason for the increasingly severe gridlock in Canada's major cities.

The source of congestion? - the same length of roads used by an increasing number of people for longer distance travel. In Toronto, there are 5600 kilometres of roads. That was the number in 1962 and that was the number 50 years later in 2012. But the population has increased from 1.8 million people to 2.6 million. Also, the number of people living outside of the Toronto area and commuting into the city has increased from 300,000 to 3 million. The road system was not designed for this and congestion and wasted time and energy are the predictable outcomes.

While Toronto stumbles around the mass transit issue, whatever is decided on, will be an immensely expensive band-aide solution that will not be able to accommodate the millions of immigrants the growth lobby wants to settle in the area on a never-ending basis.

The situation is much the same in Vancouver where the population has gone from 390,000 in 1962 to over 600,000 in 2012 while the greater Vancouver area went from 800,000 to over 2 million people over the same period.

Montreal's road system has been famous for decades as the poster child for immobility. Simply out, gridlock, high-stress transit, high cost of living and low quality of life are not in the national interest.

An Overdue Comparison

Farmers feed cities but Canadian cities are eating farmland. Canada has the highest rate of farmland loss in the western world due to urban expansion. See Land Use.

Oil sands development has come under a great deal of criticism for turning hundreds of square kilometers of boreal forest into pools of toxic sludge. Few would argue that the oil sands are an environmental nightmare. What is less commonly appreciated is that the growth of cities in Canada far outstrips the environmental damage done by the oil sands.

Part of the perception problem is optics. Tailings ponds appear far more environmentally nasty than shopping malls and suburbs. But both the oil sands and urban sprawl destroy environments with some key differences. The oil sands have destroyed large tracts of boreal forests. Some level of regeneration and recovery may be possible although neutralizing the tailings ponds requires technology humans do not yet possess.

Suburbs in Canada are general built on farmland. Not just any farmland, but the best farmland we have. This land will never be returned to agriculture. We have paved over more square kilometres of prime farmland to make suburbs than we have mined square kilometres of forest for the oil under them.

Once removed as environmental assets, the area occupied by the oil sands will do little additional damage. Downstream pollution and wildlife deaths will be important problems here but basically, the exploited oil sands, once they have given up their oil will remain resource-input dormant. Not so suburbs. They require large amounts of resources to maintain in the form of energy and raw materials. Suburbs are a huge and never-ending resource sink. Built them once and they will always remain hungry.

Corrupted Process

Urban decision-making is in the hands of politicians who get the vast majority of their campaign funds from developers. (see Funding City Politics by Robert MacDermid) Developers want population growth as do news media corporations and big box retailers whose fortunes are tied to the size of the local market.

Meanwhile, the average citizen would like a clean, safe and stable community with living costs and travel times at levels which will allow a high quality of life. That popular interest is diametrically opposed to that of the interests of those groups who have control of the policy making process.

How badly public policy can stray from representing public interest is well illustrated by the Calgary flood example. (more in Institutional Corruption) There, consideration of the certainty of major flood damage was put aside in the 1980s so the development community could maximize its short term profits.

Calgary Flood 1932

Calgary Flood 2013

Even knowing absolutely that the public interest would best be served by dramatically expanding flood danger zones, the city politicians of the 1980's failed to implement the recommended legislation.

The economies of scale of municipalities are negative once they go over a certain size (possibly 60,000 to 100,000 people) as the graph below indicates. The larger the city, the more it costs to run and to live in. The costs of congestion and aging infrastructure put a great deal of pressure on city finances to the point where all programs of improvement have to be sacrificed to simply maintaining service levels or even managing decline.

Beautiful, livable cities can be built and many now exist all over the world but the pressures of constant growth in a world of finite resources (see Scarcity) will push a city beyond its potential to offer its citizens a high quality of life. Until we plan to preserve and improve the good aspects of a city rather than using a city as a vehicle for endless expansion, we will see urban life and urban finances continue to decline.

Learn more about urban issues:

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Canada's cities are growing very rapidly, driven largely by mass immigration. Balanced immigration would be ~ 60,000 annually, while the current level of 6 times that is designed to inflate housing costs and provide cheap labour for an expanding commercial economy.

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Canadian Women's Foundation. “The Gender Pay Gap: Pay Gap in Canada: The Facts.” Canadian Women's Foundation, Canadian Women's Foundation, 6 Apr. 2022, https://canadianwomen.org/the-facts/the-gender-pay-gap/#:~:text=According%20to%20Statistics%20Canada%20(2022,of%20every%20dollar%20men%20make.

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The Facts about the Gender Pay Gap What is the gender pay gap? In general, the gender pay gap refers to the difference in average earnings of people based on gender. It is a widely recognized indicator of gender inequities, and it exists across industries and professional levels.

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O'Neill, Aaron. “Canada - Distribution of the Workforce across Economic Sectors 2019.” Statista, Aaron O'Neill, 16 Feb. 2022, https://www.statista.com/statistics/271244/distribution-of-the-workforce-across-economic-sectors-in-canada/.

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The statistic shows the distribution of the workforce across economic sectors in Canada from 2009 to 2019. In 2019, 1.51 percent of the workforce were employed in agriculture, 19.24 percent in the industry and 79.24 percent in services.

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Canada - Distribution of the workforce across economic sectors 2019 | Statista

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The statistic shows the distribution of the workforce across economic sectors in Canada from 2009 to 2019. In 2019, 1.51 percent of the workforce were employed in agriculture, 19.24 percent in the industry and 79.24 percent in services.

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Johnston, Matthew. “The Economy of Canada: An Explainer.” Investopedia, Investopedia, 8 Feb. 2022, https://www.investopedia.com/articles/investing/042315/fundamentals-how-canada-makes-its-money.asp#:~:text=The%20three%20largest%20industries%20in,estate%2C%20mining%2C%20and%20manufacturing.

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Canada's economy is highly developed and one of the largest in the world. In 2020, the country's annual gross domestic product (GDP) was $1.64 trillion in current USD, according to the latest available World Bank data. That made Canada the world's ninth-largest economy.

Canada's economy is highly dependent on international trade with exports and imports of goods and services each comprising about one-third of GDP. The country's three largest trading partners are the U.S., China, and the U.K. Its three largest industries, measured by their contributions to GDP, are real estate, rental, and leasing; manufacturing; and mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction.

Canada is home to the e-commerce company Shopify Inc. ( SHOP.TO, SHOP), major banks such as the Royal Bank of Canada ( RY.TO, RY), and energy transportation and distribution company Enbridge Inc. ( ENB.TO, ENB).

The COVID-19 pandemic caused Canada's economy to pull back sharply in the first half of 2020 before rebounding in the latter half of the year. In the second quarter of 2020, real GDP fell 11.3% quarter-over-quarter ( Q/Q), but rose 9.1% Q/Q in the third quarter and then 2.2% Q/Q in the fourth quarter of 2020, offsetting the steep decline earlier in the year.

Real GDP was up 0.3% in the first quarter of 2021 compared to the first quarter of 2020. The increase in first-quarter GDP was fueled in part by low mortgage rates, rising housing demand, and government transfers to households and businesses.

The CAD/USD exchange rate used in this story is 0.787149 as of Sept. 9, 2021.

Some of the statistics below may vary between sources because each source uses its own methodology for defining and calculating statistics.

The Canadian Economy by the Numbers

Canadian 2020 GDP: $1.64 trillion (World Ranking: #9).

Canadian 2020 GDP per Capita: $43,241.62 (World Ranking: #29).

Canadian 2020 GDP Growth: -6.428%.

Canadian 2020 Consumer Price Index (CPI) Inflation: 0.7%.

Canada's December 2020 Balance of Trade in Goods and Services: a deficit of CAD$36.2 billion ($28.6 billion) because imports were greater than exports.

Canada's Largest Export Destination in May 2021: the U.S. (63.5% of goods exported).

Canada's Largest Import Origin in May 2021: the U.S. (50.6% of goods imported).

Canada's Largest Goods Export by $ Value in 2021: crude petroleum CAD$7.31 billion ($5.77 billion).

Canada's Largest Goods Import by $ Value in 2021: cars CAD$3.13 billion ($2.47).

Canada's Top Industries: Real Estate, Manufacturing, and Mining

Real Estate, Rental, and Leasing

Canada's real estate, rental, and leasing industry is comprised of establishments engaged in the following types of activities: real estate management; selling, renting, or buying real estate for others; appraising real estate; rental and leasing of tangible assets such as automotive equipment; and leasing of nonfinancial intangible assets such as copyrighted works.

GDP for the industry, which employs about 250,000 people, rose 3.7% for the 12 months ending June 2021, according to the Government of Canada.

Some of the biggest companies in the industry are real estate investment trusts (REITs), including Canadian Apartment Properties REIT ( CAR.UN), RioCan REIT ( REI.UN), and Allied Properties REIT ( AP.UN).

Manufacturing

Canada's manufacturing industry is engaged in the physical or chemical transformation of materials or substances into new products. These products may either be finished goods for consumption or semi-finished goods to be used in manufacturing processes.

Canada's industries manufacture food, chemicals, petroleum, fabricated metal products, machinery, transportation equipment, and other products. GDP for the industry, which employs approximately 1.5 million people, grew 8.1% for the 12 months ending June 2021, according to the Government of Canada.

Some major Canadian manufacturers include ATS Automation Tooling Systems ( ATA.TO), a custom engineer and manufacturer of industrial automated manufacturing systems; Ballard Power Systems Inc. ( BLDP.TO, BLDP), a manufacturer of hydrogen fuel cells; and NFI Group Inc. ( NFI.TO), a manufacturer of heavy-duty transit buses.

Mining, Quarrying, and Oil and Gas Extraction

Canada's mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction industry is primarily engaged in the extraction of naturally occurring minerals. The industry is dominated by oil and gas extraction, but other types of mining activity include mining coal and a range of metals, including gold, silver, copper, nickel, and more. Stone, sand, gravel, clay, and ceramic mining and quarrying are also part of the industry, as well as mining for potash.

GDP for the industry, which employs approximately 190,000 people, grew 15.1% for the 12 months ending 2021, according to the Government of Canada.

Some of Canada's biggest mining companies include Nutrien Ltd. ( NTR.TO, NTR), a producer and distributor of potash, nitrogen, and phosphate products; Barrick Gold Corp. ( ABX.TO, GOLD), a gold mining company; and Teck Resources Ltd. ( TECK.B.TO, TECK), a natural resource company that mines for zinc, copper, molybdenum, gold, and metallurgical coal.

Below is a closer look at Canada's 10 biggest industries by contribution to the economy. Together, they are an important reflection of Canada's economy because they contribute about three-quarters of the nation's GDP.

Source: Statistics Canada (industry GDP and employment data); industry GDP contributions based on seasonally adjusted chained 2012 Canadian dollars.

Canada's Top Trading Partners

In May 2021, Canada's trade balance for goods and services was CAD$1.8 billion deficit ($1.41). Total imports were CAD$50.9 billion ($40.13 billion). Inventories, gross fixed capital formation, and exports each comprise roughly a third, respectively, of Canada's GDP, according to the Government of Canada.

The country's top three trading partners in 2020, by total volume of the exports and imports of goods and services, were the U.S., China, and the U.K.

#1 Trading Partner: The U.S.

In July 2021, Canada ran an overall surplus of CAD$0.78 billion ($0.61) in its balance of trade (BOT). Total exports of goods amounted to CAD$53.7 billion ($42.32). Total exports of services were $56.3 billion while services imports amounted to CAD$53 billion ($41.77). In May 2021, Canada's top goods export to the U.S. was crude petroleum; its top goods import from the U.S. was cars, according to the Observatory of Economic Complexity.

Canada's trade relationship with the U.S., as well as Mexico, is governed by the United States-Mexico-Canada Agreement (USMCA), which came into force on July 1, 2020. The agreement includes key provisions in areas such as dairy and agriculture, automobiles, intellectual property, and labor. USMCA replaced the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), the trade agreement that had governed trade relations between the three countries since 1994.

# 2 Trading Partner: China

Canada ran a large BOT deficit with China in 2020. Total exports of goods amounted to CAD$31.6 billion ($23.6) while total goods imported were CAD$51.9 billion ($38.7), resulting in a deficit in Canada's trade of goods with China. Total 2019 exports of services were $6.1 billion while total services imported amounted to $2.5 billion, resulting in a services trade surplus with China, according to Statistics Canada. Canada's top goods export to China in 2020 was coal. Its top goods import from China was computers.

#3 Trading Partner: The U.K.

Canada ran a BOT surplus with the U.K. in 2020. Total exports of goods were $14.9 billion while total goods imported were $5.85 billion, resulting in a surplus in Canada's trade of goods with the U.K. Total exports of services amounted to $1.4 billion while total services imported were $1.8 billion, resulting in a slight services trade deficit with the U.K., according to Statistics Canada. Canada's top goods export to the U.K. in 2020 was pearls, precious stones, metals, and coins. Its top goods imports from the U.K. were machinery, nuclear reactors, and boilers.

The Canada-United Kingdom Trade Continuity Agreement (Canada-UK TCA) recently came into effect on April 1, 2021. Following Brexit, the U.K.'s exit from the European Union (EU), the Canada-UK TCA preserves the main benefits of Canada's trade agreements with the EU as outlined under the Canada-European Union Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement (CETA).

What Is Canada's Rank in Economy Size?

As of 2020, Canada ranked ninth in terms of economic size. Countries with an economy larger than Canada were the U.S., China, Japan, Germany, the U.K., India, France, and Italy.

Is Canada Richer Than the U.S.?

Canada is not richer than the U.S. While Canada does have one of the largest economies in the world, its economy is much smaller than that of the U.S., which has the largest economy in the world as of 2020. The U.S. had a GDP of $21 trillion while Canada had a GDP of $1.6 trillion.

Why Is Canada Wealthy?

Canada is a wealthy nation because it has a strong and diversified economy. A large part of its economy depends on the mining of natural resources, such as gold, zinc, copper, and nickel, which are used extensively around the world. Canada is also a large player in the oil business with many large oil companies. The country also has a large financial sector with many banks and other financial institutions, as well as a large real estate industry.

The Bottom Line

Canada is a highly developed nation with one of the largest economies in the world, impacting much of global trade. Its largest industries are real estate, mining, and manufacturing, and it is home to some of the largest mining companies in the world. A large portion of its GDP comes from international trade, with its largest trading partners being the U.S., China, and the U.K.

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Canada's economy is highly developed and one of the largest in the world. In 2020, the country's annual gross domestic product (GDP) was $1.64 trillion in current USD, according to the latest available World Bank data. That made Canada the world's ninth-largest economy.

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(Voice in the void) The expanse of Canada's natural beauty, from mountains and glaciers to secluded lakes and forests, is almost unparalleled worldwide. But Canada's allure is not just the great outdoors. Canada has cosmopolitan cities that are clean, safe, friendly, and multicultural. In fact, Canada repeatedly is lauded as one of the world's most livable countries. Whether your interests are river rafting or live theater, Canada won’t disappoint.

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(Voice in the void) Truckers opposed to Canada's vaccination requirements have besieged the national capital and blockaded international crossings crucial to Canada’s economy.

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[THREAT LEVEL:10 || CONTAINMENT: BREACHED || OPERATION [REDACTED] & [REDACTED] HAS BEEN REOPENED]

Rocky: *gasps* we are back!

Bullwinkle: Yaaay!

Rocky & Bullwinkle: Okay kids, we'll see you next time!!! Goodbye!!!

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Bullwinkle: Hmmm... must have been my imagination. Because the only Russian we know is Boris, and he's in prison!

Rocky: Yes, and for a good reason!  He was plotting to destroy the world with his destroy-the-world-inator!

Bullwinkle: Well, I hope he hasn't escaped...

Rocky: Yeah! Now, lets continue to agriculture!

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National Geographic Society. “Ranching.” National Geographic Society, National Geographic Society, 9 Oct. 2012, https://www.nationalgeographic.org/encyclopedia/ranching/#:~:text=Encyclopedic%20Entry%20Vocabulary-,Ranching%20is%20the%20practice%20of%20raising%20herds%20of%20animals%20on,agricultural%20sector%20in%20the%20world.

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Ranching is the practice of raising herds of animals on large tracts of land. Ranchers commonly raise grazing animals such as cattle and sheep. Some ranchers also raise elk, bison, ostriches, emus, and alpacas. The ranching and livestock industry is growing faster than any other agricultural sector in the world.

Ranching is common in temperate, dry areas, such as the Pampas region of South America, the western United States, the Prairie Provinces of Canada, and the Australian Outback. In these regions, grazing animals are able to roam over large areas. Some Australian ranches, known as stations, extend more than 10,000 square kilometers (3,861 square miles). The largest, Anna Creek station, covers almost 24,000 square kilometers (9,266 square miles).

Cowboys are responsible for herding and maintaining the health of animals across these vast ranches. Cowboys often work with horses to herd cattle and sheep. Cowboy culture is an important part of the identity of ranching regions. In Mexico and South America, cowboys are known as vaqueros. In Australia and New Zealand, they are called jackaroos. Herding, round-ups, cattle drives, and branding often symbolize ranching and cowboy culture.

Herding is the practice of caring for roaming groups of livestock over a large area. Ranchers and cowboys often herd animals toward favorable grazing areas. Herding also involves keeping the herd safe from predators and natural dangers of the landscape. Grazing is so important to Australian stations, ranchers are known as s.

A round-up, called a muster in Australia, is a gathering of all livestock on a ranch. A round-up is usually conducted by cowboys on horseback, ATV, or other vehicle. It can be done for a wide variety of reasons: health care (such as immunization shots) for the animals, branding, or the shearing of sheep.

A round-up is one of the most difficult responsibilities of ranchers and cowboys. Animals often do not want to be rounded up and herded into a small, confined area. Even the most docile cattle or sheep are likely to become aggressive during a round-up. Round-ups also involve a large number of ranch personnel performing different tasks at the same time: veterinarians administering care to the animals, cowboys herding the animals, and wranglers caring for the ranchs horses.

A cattle drive is a massive effort of moving a herd of cattle from one place to another. In the 1700s and 1800s, cowboys on horseback took a year or more to drive cattle thousands of kilometers. Cattle drives start on ranches and usually end near points of major transportation routes, such as a harbor or railroad station. From there, cattle are loaded into vehicles and shipped to slaughterhouses.

Branding is the process of permanently marking an animal to indicate ownership. The traditional brand is known as a hot brand. A rancher or cowboy heats an iron instrument with a design unique to his ranch. Each animal belonging to that ranch has the design burned into its skin. The scar left by the burn is the animals brand.

Hot brands are less frequently used on modern ranches. Ear-tags and ink tattoos are more common. Many ranchers use microchips instead of brands. A microchip is implanted under the skin of the animal. The microchip uses radio-frequency identification (RFID) to not only identify the animals owner, but also to relay information about its location and health.

Livestock raised on ranches are an important part of a regions agriculture. Livestock provide meat for human and animal consumption. They also supply materials, such as leather and wool, for clothing, furniture, and other industries.

Some ranches, nicknamed dude ranches, offer tourist facilities. Some of these sites are working ranches that allow guests to help out in real ranching activities. Others focus on horseback riding, offering lessons and trail rides. Still others allow visitors to hunt native or imported animals. Resort ranches provide a more relaxing experience, with fun activities like trail rides and sing-alongs.

History of Ranching

People raised livestock throughout the Middle Ages, but usually only in small numbers on small areas of land. The practice of raising large herds of livestock on extensive grazing lands started in Spain and Portugal around 1000 CE. These early ranchers used methods still associated with ranching today, such as using horses for herding, round-ups, cattle drives, and branding.

Ranching was only firmly established in the New World of the Americas. When the first Spanish explorers came to the Americas, they brought cattle and cattle-raising expertise with them. A variety of ranching traditions developed in the Americas, depending on the region the settlers came from and the characteristics of the land where they settled.

are cowboys of the grasslands (or Pampas) of Argentina, Brazil, and Uruguay. In Central Mexico, particularly the state of Jalisco, cowboys are called s, like the charros from Castile, Spain, who settled the region. In Northern Mexico, wealthy ranchers known as s employed vaqueros to drive their cattle. Ranching in the western United States is derived from vaquero culture.

Throughout most of the 1800s, ranchers in the United States set their cattle and sheep loose to roam the prairie. Most of the grazing land was owned by the government. This was the so-called open range. Ranchers only owned enough land for a homestead and sources of water. Twice a year, cowboys rounded up cattle to brand calves (in spring) and gather steers for sale (in autumn).

Several factors contributed to the end of the open range. One was the invention of barbed wire in 1874. Farmers began to fence off their fields to protect them from being destroyed by livestock. This limited access to grazing land. Farmers and ranchers often came into conflict over land and water rights.

Overgrazing was also a problem. As more and more ranchers grazed their animals on the open range, the quality of the land became degraded. Cattle are not native to the Americas, and had to compete with native grazing animals, such as bison, for forage. Grasses did not have time to grow on the open range, especially in winter.

The winter of 1886-87, one of the harshest ever recorded, killed hundreds of thousands of cattle that were already weakened from reduced grazing. Many large ranches and cattle organizations went bankrupt. Afterwards, ranchers began fencing off their land, which they often leased from the American government.

In Western movies, ranchers and cowboys are played mostly by white men like Gene Autry, John Wayne, and Clint Eastwood. However, in the 1800s, more than one-third of all cowboys in the United States were Mexican vaqueros. Others were Chinese or Filipino. African Americans, seeking greater freedom in the West, also worked as cowboys and ranch hands during this period.

Working Animals

Ranches include animals other than livestock. These working animals help with the job of herding and rounding up livestock.

Horses are perhaps the most familiar working animal on ranches. If you imagine a cowboy, you probably picture him sitting astride a horse. Horses allow cowboys to travel over rangelands quickly and keep up with moving livestock. Horses are also strong and responsive, making them excellent herding animals.

The sport of rodeo developed from the skills required of cowboys and ranch horses. Informal competitions among ranchers and cowboys tested their speed, agility, and endurance. Today, events such as roping, barrel racing, and bull riding demonstrate those same qualities among professional athletes.

Dogs are also common on ranches. Several types of dogs have been bred for their herding abilities. Many of these highly intelligent, agile animals are simply called shepherds; Australian shepherds and German shepherds are probably the most familiar. Collies and sheepdogs are also used on ranches. Livestock guardian dogs do not herd animals, but are used to protect herds from predators. For example, the Great Pyrenees was bred to protect grazing animals from wolves and other predators native to the Pyrenees mountains in Spain and France.

Ranching Around the World

Today, ranches exist on every continent except Antarctica. South America enjoys an enormous ranching culture. The largest beef-producing company in the world is the Brazilian multinational corporation JBS-Friboi.

The South American ranching industry continues to grow. Many South American countries, led by Brazil and Argentina, are rapidly developing. The growing middle class has expanded the market for beef. Argentina and Uruguay are the worlds top per capita consumers of beef.

In Australia, like the Americas, ranching is a way of life and a strong part of the economy. A typical jackaroo (or female ) is a young, seasonal employee. Stations may employ their own veterinarians, mechanics, and engineers.

Sheep stations are more common than cattle stations in Australia. The difficult, annual process of shearing sheep is a symbol of Australian livestock culture. A shearing team or company usually moves from ranch to ranch with specialized shearing equipment and machinery.

In Africa, most ranches are wildlife ranches. Wildlife ranches, also known as game ranches, maintain healthy populations of species such as rhinoceros, elephant, leopard, and antelope. People pay a fee to hunt these animals on the ranch. Wildlife ranches also appeal to ecotourists. Ecotourism promotes traveling in a way that has minimum environmental impact and benefits local people.

Large-scale cattle ranching is rare in Asia but fairly common throughout the islands of the South Pacific. In the U.S. state of Hawaii, cowboy culture was born when Mexican vaqueros were brought in to help herd cattle in the 1830s. Cowboys in Hawaii are called s.

In Europe, few ranches exist outside Spain and Portugal. Most countries in Europe are too small to support ranches. In fact, Australias Anna Creek station is only slightly smaller than the entire nation of Belgium.

Ranching and the Environment

Ranching is an efficient way to raise livestock to provide meat, dairy products, and raw materials for fabrics. It is a vital part of economies and rural development around the world. However, the livestock industry has major, disruptive effects on the environment.

In South America, ranching has expanded beyond grasslands into rain forests. Ranchers clear large swaths of forest in order to create pastureland for their cattle. This clearcutting reduces habitat for native species such as monkeys, tropical birds, and millions of species of insects not found anywhere else in the world. During the past 40 years, about 20 percent of the Amazon rain forest has been cut down, much of it for cattle ranching.

Ranches established on former rain forest lands are usually not economically productive. Cleared rain forest land usually makes poor grazing land. A rain forests biodiversity exists in its above-ground canopy, not the earth beneath. Grasses do not thrive in the thin, nutrient-poor soil.

Even outside of the rain forest, many ranching practices have significant effects on the environment. Overgrazing, a threat throughout the Great Plains of the United States and Canada, puts the native tallgrass prairie ecosystem at risk. This can lead to soil erosion. The loss of valuable topsoil can reduce the agricultural productivity for crops and grazing lands. Poor agricultural practices contributed to the Dust Bowl of the 1930s, which destroyed hundreds of ranches throughout the Great Plains.

Compaction of the soil from animal hooves further degrades the land. This is unique to introduced species. Bison, native to the Americas, have small, sharp, pointed hooves. Their stampeding aerates the soil and actually contributes to the prairie ecosystem. Cattle have heavy, flat hooves that flatten the soil and reduce its ability to absorb water and nutrients.

Drylands are especially at risk for overgrazing and reduction in the quality of soil. In fact, ranching can be a key cause of desertification.

Livestock ranching also contributes to air and water pollution. Runoff from ranches can include manure, antibiotics and hormones given to the animals, as well as fertilizers and pesticides. Chemicals from tanneries that treat animal hides can also seep into water.

Ranching is also a major contributor to global warming. In fact, livestock are responsible for more greenhouse gas emissions than transportation. Carbon is released when forests are cleared for pastureland. Manure produces nitrous oxide, which has 296 times the warming potential of carbon dioxide. Cattle release large amounts of methane from their digestive systems.

Scientists, governments, and ranchers are working together to find ways to reduce these problems and make ranching a sustainable economic activity.

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Writers

Diane Boudreau
Melissa McDaniel
Erin Sprout
Andrew Turgeon

Illustrators

Mary Crooks, National Geographic Society
Tim Gunther, Illustrator

Editors

Jeannie Evers, Emdash Editing
Kara West

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Nancy Wynne

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Caryl-Sue, National Geographic Society

Sources

Dunn, Margery G. (Editor). (1989, 1993). "Exploring Your World: The Adventure of Geography." Washington, D.C.: National Geographic Society.

Last Updated

Nov. 8, 2011

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Ranching is the practice of raising herds of animals on large tracts of land. Ranchers commonly raise grazing animals such as cattle and sheep. Some ranchers also raise elk, bison, ostriches, emus, and alpacas. The ranching and livestock industry is growing faster than any other agricultural sector in the world.

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Bachmann, Janet. “Market Gardening Getting Started - Extension Douglas County.” National Sustainable Agriculture Information Service, National Sustainable Agriculture Information Service, 2009, https://douglas.extension.wisc.edu/files/2010/05/Market-Gardening-Getting-Started-ATTRA.pdf.

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According to the Library of Congress, "“Children's Literature” is defined as material written and produced for the information or entertainment of children and young adults. It includes all non-fiction, literary and artistic genres and physical formats." (11) This means that all ages count as a childrens book as long as they are under 16, leading to me structuring my story as such. The first few chapters are for little kids, then the next for for 8-10 year old and chapter 7 and on are for young adults.

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Library Of Congress. “Home | Library of Congress.” Library Of Congress, Library of Congress, Apr. 2022, https://www.loc.gov/acq/devpol/chi.pdf.

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Behiels, Michael D., and Richard Jones. “Political History.” The Canadian Encyclopedia, The Canadian Encyclopedia, 7 Feb. 2007, https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/political-history.

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Political History | The Canadian Encyclopedia

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Political history is the study of the processes, activities and institutions of governments, the influences on them and the individuals involved with them....