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Phonemic variation refers to the different pronunciations of a specific sound in a language (phoneme). Referring to the phonetic chart would be helpful in identifying the differences of pronunciation sounds of different englishes.

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Syntactic variation involves the different ways words and phrases are arranged within sentences in a language.

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Australia is both a country and a continent situated in the southern hemisphere. Australia is known for its extensive and varied landscapes, ranging from deserts to rainforests, it boasts a diverse array of natural beauty. Major cities such as Sydney, Melbourne and Brisbane are vibrant cultural centers with diverse populations.

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1. Introduction

2. Map & Demographic of Northern Ireland

3. Map & Demographic of Melbourne, Australia

4. Background History of Inner Circle Englishes (Northern Ireland)

5. Background History of Inner Circle Englishes (Melbourne, Australia)

6. Demographic of the Speaker (Northern Ireland)

7. Demographic of the Speaker (Australia)

8. Phonemic Variation

9. Prosodic Variation

10. Lexical Variation

11. Syntactic Variation

12. Further/Detailed Explanation on the Analysis

13. Conclusion & Reflections

14. References

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EIC453 INDIVIDUAL WRITTEN REFLECTION - ALYA HANNANI BINTI FADZIL RAHMAN (2023898378)

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EIC453_INDIVIDUAL_WRITTEN_REFLECTION - AINA SOFIYA BINTI AHMAD HAFIZ (2023686588)

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EIC453_INDIVIDUAL_WRITTEN_REFLECTION by Aina Sofiya Binti Ahmad Hafiz (2023686588)

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Prosodic variation encompasses the rhythm, tones, stresses and intonations found in a spoken language.

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Lexical variation is the diversity in the words or vocabulary used in a language.

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Table for Grammar or Syntactic Variation

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1. Ander, B., & Murillo. (n.d.). A Phonological and Morphosyntactic Description. https://addi.ehu.es/bitstream/handle/10810/21387/TFG_Beristain%20_Murillo.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y

2. Decoding the Melbourne iccent. (2003, August 16). The Age. https://www.theage.com.au/national/decoding-the-melbourne-iccent-20030816-gdw7e4.html

3. Gina. (2023, January 30). Double Negatives in English—Explanation & Examples. Blog. https://languagetool.org/insights/post/double-negatives/

4. Introduction to Irish English. (2024). Oed.com. https://www.oed.com/discover/introduction-to-irish-english?tl=true

5. Morin, C., & Coats, S. (2023). Double modals in Australian and New Zealand English. World Englishes. https://doi.org/10.1111/weng.12639

6. Murillo, A.B. (2017). On Northern Irish English: A Phonological and Morphosyntactic Description.

7. Roos, D. (2021, November 12). How the Troubles Began in Northern Ireland. HISTORY. https://www.history.com/news/the-troubles-northern-ireland

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8. Valpa, A. (2022, March 30). Ulster English - Ana Valpa - Medium. https://agvalpa.medium.com/ulster-english-e3905b38cbee

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In the analyses of global Englishes, studying linguistic diversity within regions such as Northern Ireland and Australia unveils valuable insights into the nuanced adaption of the English language across diverse sociocultural contexts. Both Northern Ireland Irish English and Australian English embody unique linguistic varieties shaped by historical, cultural and sociopolitical dynamics. Northern Irish English, stemming from interactions spanning centuries among English, Scots and Irish Gaelic speakers, exhibits intricate phonological and lexical characteristics. In contrast, Australian English reflects the cosmopolitan essence of the city, showcasing a dynamic linguistic environment shaped by its diverse population. Both varieties significantly contribute to the broader spectrum of global Englishes which highlights the nuanced interplay between language, culture and social identity across multifaceted socio-cultural contexts.

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Ireland is a nation located in northwestern Europe and it is renowned for its cultural wealth, scenic landscapes and profound history. The island of Ireland is divided into two primary political entities; the Republic of Ireland (green), which encompasses the majority of its landmass, and Northern Ireland (yellow), a constituent of the United Kingdom.

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Melbourne is known as the capital of Victoria and was founded on the Yarra River in 1835 after an unsuccessful attempt to form a settlement inside the Port Phillip Bay in 1803. The Melbourne accent is distinct from accents heard in other places, both within Australia and internationally. In Melbourne accents, we might notice different ways of pronouncing vowel sounds like the "a" (/ɑ/) in words such as "dance" or "chance". There can also be variations in how certain consonant sounds are pronounced. For example, the "r" (/r/) sound at the end of words might be stronger or rolled more in Melbourne accents. Lastly, the way sentences rise and fall in pitch, known as intonation patterns can differ in Melbourne accent compared to others.

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Northern Ireland that consists of six counties; Antrim, Armagh, Down, Fermanagh, Londonderry (Derry) and Tyrone which itself is a constituent country of the United Kingdom has a unique accent that is different from other places in the UK as people often describe the Northern Irish accent has a musical or rhythmic quality with variations in pitch. Secondly, some vowel sounds are pronounced differently compared to other accents. For instance words like "goat" (/ɡəʊt/) or "boat" (/bəʊt/) might have a distinct, elongated "o" sound. Thirdly, there can be differences in how certain consonant sounds are pronounced. For example, the "th" (/θ/) sound might sound like a "t" (/t/) or "d" (/d/) in Northern Irish accent.