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El comercio internacional se encuentra en constante evolución, impulsado por fuerzas como la globalización, la digitalización y las nuevas tecnologías.

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Crecimiento del comercio electrónico transfronterizo: Las plataformas de comercio electrónico transfronterizo como Amazon, Alibaba y eBay han impulsado esta tendencia, permitiendo a los consumidores comprar productos de cualquier parte del mundo.

Reorientación de las cadenas de suministro: La pandemia de COVID-19 y la guerra en Ucrania han puesto de manifiesto la necesidad de diversificar y fortalecer las cadenas de suministro.

Crecimiento del comercio de servicios: Los servicios como los financieros, de transporte, empresariales y profesionales son cada vez más importantes en la economía global.

Enfoque en la sostenibilidad: Las empresas están adoptando prácticas sostenibles en sus operaciones y cadenas de suministro para satisfacer esta demanda.

Regionalización: Los bloques comerciales regionales, como la Unión Europea y el Tratado entre México, Estados Unidos y Canadá (T-MEC), también están impulsando esta tendencia.

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 Regiones y Países involucrados en el comercio internacional

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 Regiones y Países involucrados en el comercio internacional

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Los países y regiones involucrados se encuentran en los siguientes continentes: América, Asia, Europa, Africa

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Impacto de la pandemia de COVID-19: El comercio de servicios se vio más afectado que el comercio de bienes debido a las restricciones de viaje y la disminución de la actividad económica.

Existe una fuerte correlación positiva entre el comercio mundial de mercancías y el PIB mundial.

Esto significa que, en general, cuando el comercio mundial de mercancías aumenta, el PIB mundial también aumenta.

Esta relación se debe a que el comercio mundial de mercancías es un componente importante del PIB mundial.

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Análisis de cambio efectivo nominal y real del dólar

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Análisis de cambio efectivo nominal y real del dólar

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Un valor de 100 en el índice probablemente indica que el tipo de cambio del dólar estadounidense está en su nivel base en comparación con otras monedas.

Valores superiores a 100 sugieren que el dólar estadounidense se ha apreciado (fortalecido) en relación con otras monedas.

Valores inferiores a 100 sugieren que el dólar estadounidense se ha depreciado (debilitado) en relación con otras monedas.

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Sectores relevantes en comercio internacional 

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Sectores relevantes en comercio internacional 

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Los consumibles ocupan una parte importante del mix de las exportaciones mundiales, seguido por suplementos industriales, lo que hace sentido debido a que el consumo masivo es el campo más importante en temas de producción y aporte al PIB

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World Trade Statistical Review 2023

Banco Mundial (GDP)

OMC: https://www.wto.org/spanish/thewto_s/coher_s/wto_itc_s.htm

Banco Mundial: https://datos.bancomundial.org/indicator/NE.TRD.GNFS.ZS

International Trade Centre: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Trade_Centre

Observatory of Economic Complexity: https://oec.world/

https://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/climatechange/overview

WTO: https://www.wto.org/

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The World Bank is committed to helping countries deliver modern, reliable, sustainable, and affordable energy for all. During FY2014-18, the World Bank committed $5 billion to energy access programs. Over the last five years (FY14-18), the World Bank directly contributed to providing new electricity connections for more than 52 million people.

The World Bank is one of the largest providers of finance for renewable energy and energy efficiency projects in low- and middle-income countries: more than $11.5 billion between FY2014-18. Clean energy represented 35% of the total World Bank energy portfolio in this period.

The World Bank is supporting India with two major energy initiatives -- to increase solar generation to 100 GW by 2022 with $1 billion in lending, and to scale up its energy efficiency program on a national level. One example is support to the 750 MW Rewa Ultra Mega Solar Ltd. Project, which has doubled the solar capacity of the state of Madhya Pradesh and is one of the largest single-site solar plants in the world. The project is expected to avoid 0.6 million tons per year in greenhouse gas emissions, which is equivalent to taking more than 135,000 cars off the road every year.

The India Energy Efficiency Scale-Up Program with a $220 million IBRD loan and a first ever $80 million IBRD guarantee underscores a growing partnership with the country to help tackle its huge energy efficiency challenge. Between April 2017 and May 2019, EESL deployed 118 million LED bulbs and tube lights, 1.6 million energy efficient fans, and over 4.7 million LED street lights supported by the $220 million India Energy Efficiency Scale-Up Program for Results lending operation. These measures are expected to generate an estimated 15,700 GWh of energy savings and avoid 12.7 million tons of CO2 emissions each year. On a lifetime basis, energy savings associated with this deployment is about 111,600 GWh of electricity and corresponding avoided CO2 emissions of nearly 90 million tons.

In Bangladesh, the World Bank supports the largest off-grid program in the world, powering 2.5 million beneficiaries households through 1.2 million solar home systems, 867 solar irrigation pumps, and 20 solar-based mini-grids and 1.4 million efficient cookstoves. More than 6.84 million people in rural areas now have reliable access to solar-powered electricity through this program, which has created 70,000 jobs.

Thanks to a $400 million IDA credit, 215,000 households and over 8,000 clinics, schools and religious buildings have already been electrified in Myanmar through off-grid renewable electricity. Another 640,000 households will be connected to the grid by 2021 and off-grid electricity will be extended to 300,000 additional households. The project will also provide electricity to 13,000 more clinics, schools and religious buildings and fund technical assistance to build capacity among local staff to implement the plan and improve policies with the goal of achieving universal access by 2030.

With support from the World Bank and Climate Investment Funds, Indonesia is planning a new Geothermal Risk Mitigation Facility to develop more than 1 GW of new geothermal capacity. The facility is expected to help mobilize several billion dollars in private sector funding, unlocking investments through risk mitigation for exploration and early production drilling. Ultimately, the facility could help Indonesia reach its target of increasing the share of new and renewable energy in its primary energy mix to 23% by 2025, including an overall addition of 5.8 GW of geothermal capacity -- a clean alternative to coal-fired power generation in a country where 30 million people still lack access to modern and reliable electricity.

Through the Scaling Solar program, the World Bank Group is helping sub-Saharan African countries - including Zambia, Senegal, Madagascar, and Ethiopia - develop utility-scale solar power quickly and affordably. Scaling Solar brings together a suite of World Bank Group services under a single engagement to help create viable markets for solar power in each country. This "one-stop shop" aims to make privately funded grid-connected solar projects operational within two years at competitive rates. On March 11, 2019, the program's first solar plant with a total capacity of 54MW was inaugurated in Lusaka, Zambia.

In FY19 IFC arranged for $2.8 billion in renewable energy, including $545 million of own account investments and $1.8 billion in core mobilization.

As part of continuing efforts to work upstream, IFC has developed a roadmap for Côte d'Ivoire to achieve its 42% renewable energy commitment under the Paris Agreement.

Adaptation and Resilience
o boosting adaptation financing to $50 billion

o helping countries adapt so that climate risks are managed at every phase of policy planning, investment design, and implementation; and

o developing a new rating system to create an incentive for investments in adaptation and resilience, and to improve tracking.

In FY19, the World Bank committed $7 billion in adaptation investments. Close to half (49%) of all World Bank climate finance is devoted to adaptation, demonstrating a commitment to focus as much on supporting countries to adapt to climate change as on mitigating future emissions.

The World Bank and the Global Facility for Disaster Reduction and Recovery (GFDRR) are helping countries to reduce disaster and climate risk using nature-based solutions (NBS). NBS use local ecosystems to build resilience, avoid maladaptation, and protect biodiversity. Since 2012, the World Bank has integrated NBS in around 100 projects across 60 countries to reduce flooding, coastal erosion, landslides, and droughts.

In October 2018, the Global Commission on Adaptatio nwas created to accelerate action and support for climate change adaptation, with 3 co-chairs: Kristalina Georgieva, Ban Ki-moon, and Bill Gates. It is convened by 19 countries, guided by 33 commissioners, and supported by a global network of research partners and advisors, including the World Bank, who provide scientific, economic, and policy analysis. The Commission published its flagship report in September 2019 which finds that investing $1.8 trillion in 5 sectors of climate adaptation can yield up to $7.1 trillion in economic benefits.

Transport

The transport sector presently contributes about a quarter of global energy-related greenhouse gas emissions. Therefore, decarbonizing transport is crucial to helping countries meet the Paris agreement. At the same time, transport infrastructure is particularly vulnerable to extreme weather events, rising temperatures, and other environmental risks, all of which are being exacerbated by climate change. To address these challenges, the World Bank supports an extensive range of climate-smart transport projects in developing and middle-income countries. Between FY14-19, we committed a total of $6.2 billion to support low-carbon and resilient transport infrastructure, policies, and planning.

Innovative solutions such as Electric Mobility will be instrumental in transitioning toward a greener, more sustainable transport sector. A World Bank report launched at COP 24 reveals that developing countries stand to benefit significantly from electric mobility, and lays out basic principles for eMobility programs that respond to the climate, economic, fiscal, technical, institutional, and policy circumstances of different countries.

The World Bank is helping countries around the world expand and upgrade their public transport systems. In Dakar, Senegal, it is working with partners to help develop a new transport system aimed at moving 300,000 passengers per day. The Dakar Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) Pilot Project will improve travel conditions and reduce by half the average rush hour in-vehicle travel time by public transport. It combines contributions from the World Bank and other development partners and an expected financing of more than $50 million from the private sector through a PPP structure. The BRT project also lays the foundation for technology upgrades. Senegal's NDC lists the BRT as central to reducing the country's transport-related carbon emissions. The World Bank supports this project with $300 million in financing from the International Development Association.

The World Bank is helping India put climate resilience at the heart of its flagship Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana project (PMGSY)-an ambitious $35-billion program that aims to connect every village across the country to an all-weather road. World Bank support to the project totals $1.8 billion, a large part of which is devoted to the implementation of an all-of-government programmatic approach that integrates climate risk considerations at every level of policymaking, planning, investment, design, implementation, and network operations. The objective is to ensure that the rural roads and bridges can withstand weather events such as floods or heavy rains, and to help improve road access for rural communities-even in the face of growing climate risk. Also in India, the World Bank has also committed $375 million to the National Waterway 1 project, a modern inland waterway over a 1,360-km stretch of the Ganga River. Shifting freight traffic to the upgraded waterway will save an estimated 162,000 tons of CO2 emissions per year, amounting to 4.9 million tons over the economic life of the project interventions.

Due to their size and location, Small Island Developing States (SIDS) are disproportionately affected by climate change. While climate events can impact all aspects of life in SIDS, damage to transport infrastructure is of particular concern, as it can quickly paralyze economic life and impede recovery efforts. In a bid to enhance the overall climate resilience of SIDS, the World Bank has substantially increased assistance to the transport sector in many of these countries, with a clear focus on climate change adaptation. In fact, a record eight transport projects have been launched in SIDS over FY19-all of which have been designed with climate risk in mind. Although, in many cases, resilience provisions are a component of broader-scope transport projects, there has been an increasing number of projects dedicated entirely to climate risk-reflecting the strategic importance of the resilient transport agenda. A good example is the Pacific Climate-Resilient Transport Program, a series of projects currently under implementation in Samoa, Tonga, Tuvalu, and Vanuatu, with more countries expected to join the Program in a second phase.

Food and Agriculture

In 2019, 53% of the Bank's agricultural investments are directly financing climate mitigation and adaptation measures, up from 28% just 4 years ago.

In China,since 2014, a Bank-supported project has helped expand climate-smart agriculture. Better water-use efficiency on 44,000 hectares of farmland and new technologies have improved soil conditions and boosted production of rice by 12% and maize by 9%. More than 29,000 farmers' cooperatives report higher incomes and increased climate resilience.

In Uruguay, since 2014, climate-smart agriculture techniques have been adopted on 2.4 million hectares, by 5,087 farmers, providing for a carbon sequestration potential of up to 9 million tons CO2 annually.

The West Africa Agricultural Productivity Program (WAAP),a regional program involving 13 countries and multiple partners, helped develop climate-smart varieties of staple crops, such as rice, banana plantain and maize. Collaboration with cooperative and extension workers across West Africa helped deliver 233 improved technologies including climate-smart crop varieties to farmers; provided climate-smart technologies such as post-harvest and food processing technologies; and trained farmers on climate-smart practices such as composting and agroforestry. Farmers also gained access to technologies such as efficient water harvesting systems. As of July 2019, the project had directly helped more than 9.6 million people and more than 7.6 million hectares of land be more productive, resilient and sustainable. Beneficiary yields and incomes have grown by an average of about 30%, improving food security for about 50 million people in the region.

Forests and Landscapes

DRC,GhanaandMozambique - African countries with globally significant forest resources - have recently signed landmark agreements with the World Bank that reward community efforts to reduce carbon emissions by tackling deforestation and forest degradation. Together, these three agreements, known as Emission Reductions Payment Agreements, unlock performance-based payments of up to US$155 million. The payments will come from the Forest Carbon Partnership Facility Carbon Fund, whose Secretariat is hosted by the World Bank. Several other countries are expected to finalize similar agreements in the coming months.

In Colombia, cultivation of the cacay fruit is introducing profitable livelihood opportunities across the Orinoquia region. The potential for more stable and higher income streams from this tree, which grows natively along the base of the Andes mountains, can also motivate farming communities to further conserve the local environment. The country's recently launched US$20 million program with the World Bank's BioCarbon Fund Initiative for Sustainable Forest Landscapes is focused on promoting sustainable agricultural production like this to help reduce emissions from the land use sector.

In Zambia, an innovative program has established over 200 farmer field schools that are training more than 10,700 farmers on climate-smart agricultural practices that boost yields and help conserve forests. This work, supported by the World Bank's BioCarbon Fund Initiative for Sustainable Forest Landscapes, ties into broader efforts to improve landscape management and increase environmental and economic benefits for targeted rural communities in the country's Eastern Province. The program aims to train more than 118,000 farmers across nearly 60,000 hectares on how to adopt these approaches, improving both the environment and their ability to thrive in an age of climate change.

Cities

The World Bank's work on urban development has been instrumental in advocating for addressing climate change issues during COP21/22/23 and the One Planet Summit. In recent years, the World Bank has worked in cities and towns across over 140 countries, investing $5.3 billion during fiscal year 2018 in disaster risk management.

Since December 2017, through the City Resilience Program, the WBG has engaged over 50 cities to help them integrate climate resilience early on into their development planning. The WBG is also transforming the way we do business, and helping these cities to mobilize the additional capital required for key strategic investments.

Since its establishment in June 2017, the City Resilience Program (CRP) has worked with over 90 cities in more than 50 countries, influencing 20 ongoing and future investment projects for a combined $2.3 billion ($1.3 billion IDA and $975 million IBRD).

CRP has delivered 41 City Resilience Scans which provide a series of maps, visualizations, and analysis which spatially lay out the city's risk information and the built environment.

Urban resilience goes hand in hand with environmental sustainability. The World Bank's Global Platform for Sustainable Cities (GPSC) is a partnership and knowledge platform that includes 28 cities across 11 countries that have received $151 million from the Global Environment Facility. This support has leveraged $2.4 billion in project co-financing. The platform promotes integrated solutions and cutting-edge knowledge for cities seeking to improve their resilience and overall urban sustainability in the areas of indicators and tools, integrated urban planning and management, and municipal finance

As part of its focus on cities, IFC's EDGE (Excellence in Design for Greater Efficiencies) Green Building Market Transformation Program stimulates demand for green buildings and boosts the capacity of developers and banks to build and finance environmentally friendly construction. IFC's total cumulative commitments for green buildings have now surpassed three billion dollars, including own account investments and mobilized financing. In FY18 IFC committed $1.1 billion of own-account in green buildings, in affordable homes, hospitals, and retail buildings, mobilizing an additional $260 million for a total of $1.4 billion.

Innovative Partnerships

In April 2019, at the Spring Meetings of the World Bank Group and International Monetary Fund, Finance Ministers from more than twenty countries launched a new coalition aimed at driving stronger collective action on climate change and its impacts. The newly formed Coalition of Finance Ministers for Climate Action endorsed the Helsinki Principles at the meeting, that promote national climate action, especially through fiscal policy and the use of public finance.

The Carbon Pricing Leadership Coalition (CPLC), an initiative that WBG helps convene and support, brings together leaders from national and sub-national governments, the private sector, and civil society with the goal of putting effective carbon-pricing policies that maintain competitiveness, create jobs, encourage innovation and deliver meaningful emission reductions.

o During its High-Level Assembly in April 2018, CPLC launched the High-Level Commission on Carbon Pricing and Competitiveness.This initiative, co-chaired by Mr. Feike Sijbesma, CEO of Royal DSM and Anand Mahindra, Chairman and Managing Director of Mahindra Group, launched a report with a call from business leaders for long-term, stable and robust carbon pricing policies. The report, tackled concerns about industrial competitiveness, finding that these can be addressed through strong carbon pricing policies.

o With over 30 researchers and 150 participants from all over the world, the Coalition hosted the First International Research Conference on Carbon Pricing in February 2018. The conference brought together practitioners and researchers to take stock of the carbon pricing knowledge base and foster an improved understanding of the evolving challenges to its successful application.

o CPLC supports the Carbon Pricing Dashboard, an interactive online platform that provides up-to-date information on existing and emerging carbon pricing initiatives around the world.

o In 2017, the Coalition also supported the report from the High-Level Commission on Carbon Prices.

o PMR Participants include 19 developing countries that account for almost 40% of global GHG emissions and represent more than half of the world's population and 23 developing countries that account for 40% emissions and represent 54% of the global population.

o Since 2014, there are now 14 carbon pricing instruments in place in PMR participant countries that make up close to ten percent of the world's greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions.

o For example, with support from the PMR, South Africa passed a national carbon tax with a price starting at R120 (USD 8.20) effective from June 1, 2019. It is the first country in Africa to pass a national carbon tax.

The Connect4Climate (C4C) global communications program of the Communications for Climate Change Multi Donor Trust Fund (CCC MDTF) connects with over 500 partner organizations to drive global and local climate action through advocacy, operational support, research and capacity building. C4C engages diverse audiences and young people especially by popularizing climate issues through influential industries such as film, fashion, music and sports. Some examples of this work are as follows:

o In 2017, C4C led the Uniting4Climate communications campaign for COP23 to reach a global audience by highlighting the unified need and urgency for climate action, including through a historical first live broadcast from Fiji,

o C4C has developed Digital Media Zones to message climate action through innovative digital and multi-media communications and facilitated high-profile events, including IPCC's 30th anniversary celebration in Bologna.

o C4C's feature documentary Youth Unstoppable that premiered in 2018 is now energizing the global youth climate movement across the globe by mobilizing mass debate and encouraging young film makers involvement in a continuing 'living documentary'.

o The X-Ray Fashion Virtual Reality installation, winner of C4C's youth VR Pitch competition, was selected for the Venice Film Festival and highlights the social, environmental and climate impacts of the fashion industry. In addition to the installation, X Ray Fashion is now available in headset form.

o The Great Green Wall feature documentary gives a musical voice to the efforts of African countries to revitalize their land and their communities by 're-greening' vast areas that have succumbed to the encroaching desert. The film advocates for increased attention and involvement in sustainable land management so that young people in particular can take part in the regeneration and renewal of their land.

o For major climate change events, C4C is now inviting local communications students to take over its social media coverage through a series of Youth Takeovers which allow them to lead with their own ideas and perspectives giving a valuable platform to a demographic whose voices are too often ignored. In 2019, students have reported on the Innovate4Climate conference in Singapore, the United Nations Asia Pacific Climate Week in Bangkok and the United Nations Climate Summit in New York.

o Connect4Climate projects often involve working with their partners to leverage funds or in-kind contributions to projects. Projects such as All4the Green, Fiat Lux, X Ray Fashion and Great Green Wall have all benefited from this. Estimations of amounts culled for projects each year for the last three financial years average out at around $20million.

Last Updated: Oct 04, 2019

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Climate change is a fundamental threat to sustainable development and the fight against poverty. The World Bank Group is concerned that without bold action now, the warming planet threatens to put prosperity out of reach of millions and roll back decades of development.

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Comercio intraregional: El comercio intraregional ha experimentado un fuerte crecimiento en las últimas décadas, especialmente en Asia y Europa. Esto se debe a la integración económica regional, la reducción de las barreras comerciales y la mejora de la infraestructura.

Comercio de servicios: El comercio de servicios ha crecido a un ritmo más rápido que el comercio de bienes en los últimos años. Esto se debe a la globalización de la economía y la creciente importancia de los servicios en la economía mundial.

Comercio digital: El comercio digital ha experimentado un crecimiento exponencial en los últimos años. Esto se debe a la普及 de Internet y la tecnología digital.

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Comercio Norte-Sur: El comercio Norte-Sur ha experimentado un declive relativo en las últimas décadas. Esto se debe al ascenso de China y otros países en desarrollo como actores importantes en el comercio mundial.

Comercio de productos básicos: El comercio de productos básicos ha experimentado un declive en términos de su participación en el comercio mundial. Esto se debe a la caída de los precios de los productos básicos y la diversificación económica de los países en desarrollo.

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Productos con Relevancia en el mercado Internacional

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Productos con Relevancia en el mercado Internacional

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Materias Primas

Petróleo crudo

Gas

Minerales

Productos manufacturados

Automóviles y autopartes

Maquinaria y equipo

Electrónica y telecomunicaciones

Textiles y prendas de vestir

Productos farmacéuticos

Servicios

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Aumento de la demanda de productos ecológicos y sostenibles: Los consumidores son cada vez más conscientes del impacto ambiental de sus compras y buscan productos que sean ecológicos y sostenibles.

Crecimiento del comercio electrónico: El comercio electrónico ha experimentado un crecimiento exponencial en los últimos años y está cambiando la forma en que se compran y venden los productos.

Personalización: Los consumidores buscan productos personalizados que se adapten a sus necesidades y preferencias.

Auge de la economía digital: La economía digital está creciendo rápidamente y está creando nuevas oportunidades para el comercio internacional.

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Cambio en los patrones de consumo: Los patrones de consumo están cambiando a medida que los consumidores se vuelven más conscientes del impacto ambiental y social de sus compras.

Aumento de la clase media: El crecimiento de la clase media en los mercados emergentes está impulsando la demanda de productos y servicios.

Envejecimiento de la población: El envejecimiento de la población mundial está cambiando la demanda de productos y servicios.

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Cristina Herrera

Esteban Tutasi