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Short Video describing my padlet of Necrotizing Faciitis

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Necrotizing: The death of tissue.

Fasciitis: Inflammation of the fascia, which is a thin casing of connective tissue that surrounds and holds every organ, blood vessel, bone, nerve fiber, and muscle in place

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a bacteria that used to live in our mouths, now 4 mutations and 35 years later its a bacteria that destroys flesh.

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20% - 80% depending on

age

uncontrolled diabetes

immunosuppressed

strains

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Early Symptoms

A red, warm, or swollen area of skin that spreads quickly

Severe pain, including pain beyond the area of the skin that is red, warm, or swollen

Fever

Later Symptoms

Ulcers, blisters, or black spots on the skin

Changes in the color of the skin

Pus or oozing from the infected area

Dizziness

Fatigue (tiredness)

Diarrhea or nausea

streptococcal toxic shock syndrome may occur

hypotension

tachycardia

altered mental state

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Performing a biopsy (taking a tissue sample)

Looking at bloodwork for signs of infection and muscle damage

gram stain

Looking at imaging (CT scan, MRI, ultrasound) of the damaged area

-asymmetrical facial thickening

-presence of gas

finger test

-make a cut in the skin about 2cm, insert finger into the skin and if there is lack of bleeding or grey colored fluid its NF

-if tissue dissect with little to no resistance = +NF

ultrasonography

-subcutaneous emphysema, fluid collections, echogenicity of fatty tissue, and swelling

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Broad spectrum antibiotics

Clindamycin: inhibits protein synthesis, inhibits pyrogenic exotoxins SPE-A and SPE-B from being produced

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No vaccine is available for group A Streptococcus

however, research is being developed to find a vaccine in the UK. They are hoping to use a tonsil organoid model. This is where they take tonsils from patients who got them removed and use the cells and grow them alongside the bacteria.

One does need to be available for Group A Streptococcus bacteria because the bacteria has such a wide range of human diseases

Wash hands

Clean and care for wounds

Avoid hot tubs, swimming pools, and natural bodies of water if you have an open wound or skin infection.

Care for fungal infections (athletes foot)

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Virulence Factor of group A Streptococcus

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Virulence Factor of group A Streptococcus

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* polysaccharide capsules: used to help evade immune system

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very rare however physician may have close contacts take preventative antibiotics however it normally enters your body when there is a break in you skin such as

cuts and scraps

burns

insect bites

puncture wounds

surgical wounds

blunt trauma

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*increased risk of dying early

-higher risk of pneumonia, cholecystitis, urinary tract infections, and sepsis.

*body appearance changes

-lost of limb

-extreme scarring

*decreased physical, social, and emotional characteristics

-depression, body dysmorphia

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Flesh Eating Bacteria (Necrotizing fasciitis)

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ARIF, N., YOUSFI, S., & VINNARD, C. (2016). Deaths from necrotizing fasciitis in the United States, 2003–2013. Epidemiology & Infection, 144(6), 1338-1344. doi:10.1017/S0950268815002745

Babiker, A., Li, X., Lai, Y. L., Strich, J. R., Warner, S., Sarzynski, S., Dekker, J. P., Danner, R. L., & Kadri, S. S. (2020). Effectiveness of adjunctive clindamycin in β-lactam antibiotic-treated patients with invasive β-haemolytic streptococcal infections in US hospitals: A retrospective multicentre cohort study. The Lancet Infectious Diseases. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30523-5

Duhaime-Ross, A. (2014, April 14). It only took 35 years for flesh-eating bacteria to become an infectious terror. The Verge. Retrieved October 26, 2023, from https://www.theverge.com/2014/4/14/5613642/only-thirty-five-years-flesh-eating-bacteria-infectious-terror

Kruppa C, Hutter DJ, Königshausen M, Gessmann J, Schildhauer TA, Coulibaly MO. Necrotizing fasciitis and the midterm outcomes after survival. SAGE Open Med. 2019 Apr 4;7:2050312119842433. doi: 10.1177/2050312119842433. PMID: 31057795; PMCID: PMC6452519.

Light TD, Choi KC, Thomsen TA, Skeete DA, Latenser BA, Born JM, Lewis RW 2nd, Wibbenmeyer LA, Shyamalkumar ND, Lynch CF, Kealey GP. Long-term outcomes of patients with necrotizing fasciitis. J Burn Care Res. 2010 Jan-Feb;31(1):93-9. doi: 10.1097/BCR.0b013e3181cb8cea. PMID: 20061842.

Markowitz, Michael DO; Kwan, Stephanie DO; Matzon, Jonas L. MD. Household Transmission of Group A Streptococcus Necrotizing Fasciitis. JAAOS: Global Research and Reviews 6(8):e21.00171, August 2022. | DOI: 10.5435/JAAOSGlobal-D-21-00171

McSweegan, E. (2023, October 23). necrotizing fasciitis. Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/science/necrotizing-fasciitis

Medical University Malaysia (n.d.). ABCs of: Necrotising Fasciitis. Surgical Interest Group. Retrieved October 31, 2023, from https://sigmum.org/2022/06/27/abcs-of-necrotising-fasciitis/

(n.d.). Necrotizing Fasciitis (Flesh-Eating Disease). Cleveland Clinic. Retrieved October 26, 2023, from https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/23103-necrotizing-fasciitis

Wallace HA, Perera TB. Necrotizing Fasciitis. [Updated 2023 Feb 21]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2023 Jan-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK430756/

[Youtube]. (2019, July 7). Flesh Eating Bacteria (Necrotizing fasciitis) [Video]. Youtube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=akcU_BnseHM

(2022, November 17). Necrotizing Fasciitis: All You Need to Know. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Retrieved November 1, 2023, from https://www.cdc.gov/groupastrep/diseases-public/necrotizing-fasciitis.html

(2023, October 6). Strep A: University of Bristol study to aid hopes of vaccine. BBC NEWS. Retrieved October 26, 2023, from https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-bristol-66987033.amp