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Aristotle's Model (Geocentric) [384BC - 322 BC]

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Aristotle's Model (Geocentric) [384BC - 322 BC]

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Aristotle's model was extremely similar, if not almost exactly the same, to Ptolemy's. He also believed in the Geocentric theory, and as you can see above placed the Earth in the center of the universe. Aristotle believed that the Earth was in the center of the universe, with all other interstellar bodies attached to 47-55 invisible circles around them, which they rotated around. Heavenly bodies could have multiple circles around them. This is a major flaw in his and others' models- "epicycles" were often made up at random to explain why the planets moved at different times and speeds. One thing that set him apart from Ptomlemy was that he believed that the reason Earth was in the center of the universe was due to its matter- he thought that the Earth's matter type was so heavy that its gravity was exponentially more strong than the other planets, which were comprised of aether and fire.

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Aristarchus of Samos (Heliocentric) [310BC - 230BC]

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Aristarchus of Samos (Heliocentric) [310BC - 230BC]

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While Aristarchus is a relatively obscure mathmetician and astronomer, his work (while it has been mostly destroyed) was one of the first to accept the Heliocentric idea. Above is a drawing from his only surviving work, and it depicts a size comparison of several planets. While his model work has been destroyed, it has been cited in others' work and is generally regarded as on of the first geocentric theories. He also is credited for figuring out the distances from stars to Earth and the distance to the Sun and Moon.

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Zhang Heng was a Chinese mathmatician and astronomer who catalogued over 2,500 stars in his lifetime. He provided many intelligent theories on lunar and solar eclipses, as well as why the moon waxes and wanes- which he discerned to be the moon reflecting sunlight (true). The picture above shows his impressive catalogue of constallations and stars, which at the time was a much bigger and vaster collection than Ptolemy, Aristotle, or any other astronomer.

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Ptolemy's Model (Geocentric) [100AD - 170AD]

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Ptolemy's Model (Geocentric) [100AD - 170AD]

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This model is an illustration of a Pltolemic model, a type of Geocentric model. Much similarly to Aristotle, Ptolemy's model believed that the Earth was the center to the universe. This is wrong, of course- and is the biggest flaw in Ptolemy's model. Unlike Aristotle's model, however, Ptolemy did not belive that the Earth was the exact center, and merely thought the planets revolved around it due a complex amount of epicycles and other theories he had based off Arabic astronomers.

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Copernicus' Model (Heliocentric) [1473 - 1543]

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Copernicus' Model (Heliocentric) [1473 - 1543]

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Copernicus' model was a huge step from past models. It stated that the Sun was in the center of the universe, and that the planets orbited around it in their respective order. This model is the closest to today's standards so far, but Copernicus was not completely right. He also had to rely on epicycles, because he thought the planets orbited the Sun in a perfect circle. However, the Heliocentric idea was a gargantuan leap in knowledge and would push us much further in our knowledge of the stars.

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Galileo Galilei's Telescope (Heliocentric) [1564 - 1642]

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Galileo Galilei's Telescope (Heliocentric) [1564 - 1642]

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While he did not make a model of his own, Galileo contributed to Copernicus' model greatly with his telescope. With it he was able to see planets and stars up close, and this new ability was one of the determining factors in the making of Copernicus' model, especially the orbits. He was able to see the moons of Jupiter orbiting it, which was a large determining factor in the Heliocentric/Geocentric model war.

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Kepler's Model (Heliocentric) [1571 - 1630]

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Kepler's Model (Heliocentric) [1571 - 1630]

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After seeing the Heliocentric Model, Kepler committed the last few years of his life to making his own solar model. In this model, the planets orbited the Sun in elipses instead of circles, which helped explain the reason that the planets' movement "slowed down" at random points in models with circular orbit.   There were problems with this model, however- Copernicus still used epicycles as much as the next guy. Epicycles are wrong, and though his math was correct the epicycles were not.