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FMD is a serious and highly contagious disease.

Infects all the hoofed animals

It is not zoonotic

Affects the production rate of the animals

Caused by Apthovirus of the family Picornaviridae

Vaccines are available and are practiced in Malaysia unlike some countries such as the United Kingdom.

Endemic in different countries worldwide

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The diagnostic method for FMD

How the immune system reacts to this virus

Humoral or Cell mediated?

DIVA vaccine

The importance of DIVA

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Type 1 hypersensitivity (anaphylactic)

immune reactant: IgE

effector mechanism: Mast cell activation

sensitization phase and subsequent contact with the antigen/allergen

IgE coated mast cell --> mast cell activation --> mast cell release granule --> acute inflammation --> systemic effect

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Rabies is a disease caused by a virus that attacks the central nervous system. Pathogenesis depends on how fast the virus travels.

Rabies can be transmitted when saliva comes in contact with an open cut on the skin or the eyes, nose, or mouth of a person or animal

Clinical signs are fearfulness, aggression, excessive drooling, difficulty swallowing, staggering, paralysis and seizures

Rabies infection of an animal can only be confirmed after death, through microscopic examination of the animal’s brain, such as the presence of Negri bodies (cytoplasmic inclusion bodies) under H&E stain.

Bait containing rabies vaccine is commonly used for mass wildlife immunizations

Not a core vaccine for dogs.

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Types of immunity

Primary protection from the virus

Diagnostic assays that can be carried out

Vaccines available for this virus

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Types of immunity involve are CMI (eliminate invasion & access) and humoral immunity (neutralizing antibody - prevent absorption)

Primary protection is humoral immunity as it can prevent the spread of the virus into CNS and virus replication in CNS

Diagnostic assays

Sampling from brainstem and cerebellum

Gold standard test is direct immunofluorescence antibody test (DFAT) - green apple colour under fluorescence microscope

Immunohistochemistry - rose red colour indicating the inclusion body (Negri body) in the tissue

ELISA - detects antibody binding to G/N protein

RT-PCR

Vaccines

Inactivated adjuvanted vaccine, eg: Nobivac Rabies which is highly immunogenic

Recombinant vaccine, eg: Raboral V-RG (highly specialized and safe) and Purevax (lower risk of sarcoma). More commonly used in wild animals such as raccoon.

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Transmission method

Clinical signs

Diagnostic approaches that can be carried out

Is it a Zoonotic disease?

Immune response by the body against the infection

Management and control steps that are taken to prevent the disease

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Sensitization

Seasonal cullicoides bites -> saliva injection (protein) -> epithelium damage -> cytokines activate IL2CS -> IL2 secretes IL5 & IL13 -> APC modulated by IL2C cytokines -> APC migrate to draining LN -> CD4 and MHCII -> TH2 -> IL4 and IL13-> IgE -> sensitization to allergens

Re-exposure

cullicoides allergen re-exposure -> allergen bind to mast cell (bound by IgE) -> receptor cross-linking -> mast cell activation -> inflammatory mediators release and/or chemokines, cytokines release

inflammatory mediators release -> edema, itchiness

chemokines, cytokines release -> eosinophil, basophil, TH2 -> IL5 -> eosinophil recruitment

Clinical signs

cardiorespiratory problems

papular eruption - crusting, alopecia

thickening and lichenification

Diagnostic assays

skin-prick puncture - detect allergen specific to IgE - stimulate wheal and flare reaction

Indirect ELISA - titers of allergen specific antibody higher than non-allergic individuals

Vaccines

therapeutic vaccines

VLP vaccine (virus-like particle vaccine)

against IL5 - subcutaneous administration - neutralizing IL5 - inhibit differentiation, infiltration and activation of eosinophil

against IL31 - subcutaneous administration - vaccine induces anti-IL31 antibodies - reduce allergic reaction/inflammation

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The serotypes of FMDV in Malaysia is serotype O and Asia1. Immunity is serotpe-specific. The vaccine developed is multivalent.

Diagnostic method

GOLD STANDARD- ELISA test (Detection of FMD viral antibody and identification of viral subtype)

Virus Isolation (Inoculate the primary bovine thyroid cells)

Virus neutralization test (Quantitative immunology of FMD serum sample)

RT-PCR(Amplify the genome fragments and is more sensitive than virus isolation)

Humoral immunity

IgM and IgG (Opsonization , phagocytosis and ADCC)

IgA (blocks binding to host cell in respiratory tract mucosal surface)

Cell Mediated immunity

T dependent and Heterotropic - CD4 T-lymphocytes (Th1 and Th2)

Recruit and activate macrophages and neutrophils

Destroys intracellular and extracellular pathogens

CD8 T-lymphocytes (CTL)

Carry out cytotoxic action

Killing infected cells and exposing agent

DIVA

Differentiating Infected from Vaccinated Animals, allowing the effective use of the test-and-slaughter and vaccination policies simultaneously.

Vaccination with gene-deleted vaccine doesn't contain non-structural protein

Infected cows have non-structural protein and will show positive colour reaction in DIVA.

ELISA to detect the antibodies against non structural protein

Important to eliminate the infected and carrier animals.