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Following a dismissal of a socialist official, the Spartacists called a general strike which led to an attempt to seize power. In response, Defence Minister Noske, called in the Freikorps to oppose the rebels. After a week of fighting - the strike was called off, captured rebels were executed and Liebknecht and Luxemburg were murdered.

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Delegates to the conference represented 32 countries, not only to re-draw the map of Central Europe but also created new countries in the Middle East, including Iraq, Lebanon, Jordan and Syria. It also created the foundations for the creation of the state of Israel, which emerged in 1948. All the victorious nations except for Russia attended the conference.

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The Assembly  approved the new Weimar Constitution which included the following:

Granted basic political liberties such as freedom of speech, equality before the law, and gave all men and women over the age of 20 the right to vote.

Head of state was a President elected by the people for seven years

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On 7 May 1919, the German delegation was presented with the Treaty of Versailles as a fait accompli and were expected to sign. Terms of the treaty:

The loss of 13 per cent of German territory to the east, the north and the west.

Germany was forbidden from joining with Austria

The loss of all overseas German colonies

The limitation of the German Army to 100 000 volunteers; conscription was forbidden

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The League of Nations (1920 – 1946) was the first intergovernmental organisation established “to promote international cooperation and to achieve international peace and security”. It is often referred to as the “predecessor” of the United Nations.

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The Kapp Putsch was a March 1920 attempt to overthrow the Social Democratic Party (SPD) government, carried out by army officers, Freikorps members, and right-wing nationalists. The attempted coup was thwarted by public opposition, divisions within the military, and misjudgments by those who initiated it.

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Treaty of Trianon and Sevres are signed - 1920

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Treaty of Trianon and Sevres are signed - 1920

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Trianon - This treaty with Hungary confiscated parts of its territory to give to neighboring Romania, Czechoslovakia, and Yugoslavia.

Sevres - This peace treaty with Turkey confiscated most of its European-held territory, and the Ottoman Empire was broken up, with most of it going to Britain and France to be governed as mandates of the League of Nations.

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Germany defaulted on a payment to France - November 1922

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Germany defaulted on a payment to France - November 1922

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In 1922 Germany defaulted on a payment to France, when it failed to deliver 140,000 telegraph poles. As a result, France and Belgium occupied the Ruhr Valley. The Ruhr Valley was the industrial heartland of Germany at this time. The German government reacted to this by issuing a policy of ‘passive resistance’, where German workers would slow down or strike to prevent French and Belgium troops taking the goods as payment.

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The treaty recognized the boundaries of the modern state of Turkey. Turkey made no claim to its former Arab provinces and recognized British possession of Cyprus and Italian possession of the Dodecanese.

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Germany admitted to the League of Nations - 1926

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Germany admitted to the League of Nations - 1926

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Germany was not an original member of the League of Nations when it was established in 1920. Germany joined in 1926 and remained a member until Adolf Hitler withdrew the country from the League in 1933.

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The Great Depression was the worst economic downturn in the history of the industrialised world, lasting from 1929 to 1939. It began after the stock market crash of October 1929, which sent Wall Street into a panic and wiped out millions of investors. Germany felt the effects of the depression almost immediately. By 1932, 6 million Germans were unemployed in a nation of about 60 million people.