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Judicial activism is enforcing of the power of the judicial review to set aside government acts. Judicial restraint is the refusal stop these acts therefore leaving the issue to ordinary politics. (AMSCO textbook)

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The principle of judicial review is to determine whether public authorities performing in accordance with laws enforced by parliament. It gives protection to people against state power and makes sure the government and public figures are held accountable.

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Whenever a policy is being made the supreme court's job is to interpret the meaning of this law. They're tasked with determining whether the law is relevant or how the law should be applied. (AMSCO textnook)

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The key members in the judicial system is the judge, a court reporter, and clerk, and a bailiff. The judge is the the big guy in the judicial system. In the ends he decides what happens. Court reporters are responsible for making a full and accurate transcript of depositions, trials, and other legal proceedings. A court clerk maintains court records, give the oaths, and make copies of court orders. A bailiff let's everyone know when the judge is coming, make sure the defendant is seared with the counsel before the jury is summoned, and escort the jurors to and from the box. (AMSCO textbook)

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Marbury v Madison is about the unfair overstepping of the congress attempting to pass laws that would override the constitution. This case is important because it established the power of judicial review and how they can declare congressional actions inconsistent. (Scotus Cases)

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Federalist 78 is the process of federal courts reviewing statutes to determine whether they're consistent with the constitution. (AMSCO textbook)

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There are three types of federal courts. The first level is the supreme court. The second level is circuit courts of appeals. The third level is district courts. The supreme court is for the biggest of debates. The appeal courts are for those who feel their ruling was incorrect. District courts are for simple things and first time trials. (Unit 2 slides)

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Committee hearings are large open discussions held to usually discuss proposed legislation, conduct an investigation, or evaluate the effectiveness/activities of a government department (week 7 textbook reading)

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The power of the purse is the ability that congress possesses to tax and spend taxed money on things for the national government. (AMSCO textbook)

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There are many key agencies that play a big role in government but there are agencies that are more important than others. The US department of Transportation, motor vehicles, and defense are some of the most important. The US department of transportation does all planning and coordinating for federal transportation projects. The US department of motor vehicles  administers motor vehicle registration and driver licensing. The US department of defense provides the military force needed to prevent war and protect the country. (week 8 & 9 textbook reading)

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The iron triangle/issue network is the relationship between the congressional committee, the federal bureaucracy, and interesting groups during the process of creating policies. These relationships form naturally and all use each other for their own benefits. (Unit 2 slides)

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The main 4 types of agencies are cabinet departments, independent executive agencies, regulatory agencies, and government corporations.  Cabinet departments advise the president on any subject the president needs.  Independent executive agencies have the job of administering laws and federal regulations that apply to certain fields. Regulatory agencies are agencies that have been given authority by congress to do things like issue rules and issue licenses. Finally government corporations are government agencies that are established by congress to provide public service and produce revenues.
(week 8 & 9 textbook reading)

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Legislature has made many advancements and had much growth over time. Their main form of expansion is their power over the economy. They have control over taxing, spending, and commerce.

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Federalist 70 argues that a unitary executive would be best to make sure congress is held accountable. A unitary government is a government where the president has the ability to control the whole of the federal executive branch, therefore increasing the presidents power. (Federalist 70 foundational document analysis assignment)

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The 25th amendment addresses what will happen if the presidency spots are vacant. It says if the presidency isn't fulfilled the vice president will be president. It also says if there's a vacancy in the vice president spot  the president will nominate a vice president that will take office but only if confirmed by a majority vote from house of congress. (constitutioncenter.org)

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The 22nd amendment says that no president should serve more than 2 terms in office. Meaning that the most a president can serve is 8 years. The 22nd amendment was created when president Franklin D Roosevelt serve four terms as president. This is to prevent a person from being president too many times. (constitutioncenter.org)

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The cabinet is the main support for the president. The cabinet performs as advisors for the president in any way they require. They work closely to the president and is responsible for presenting directives the American people may need. (week 8 & 9 textbook reading)

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The term "presidential hats" refers to the different roles the president has to fulfill. The president has many roles like chief executive, chief of state, and chief diplomat. (Unit 2 slides)

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The president/executive branch holds a lot of power, a lot consider it to be the most powerful branch. One of those powers is giving an executive order. An executive order is when a president shows demonstrates his power by directing a federal office or agency and the "take care" clause allows the president to oversee the bureaucracy and make sure it filling its responsibilities. (constitutioncenter.org)

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A divided government is when one party controls the executive branch and a different party controls one or both of the houses of congress. (week 8 & 9 textbook reading)

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Gerrymandering  is the act manipulating boundaries in an election to favor or help one party, examples of this are Baker v Carr and Shaw v Reno
In Baker v Carr someone claimed that their 14th amendment right was violated because his vote was devalued due to the redistricting known as gerrymandering.
Another example of this gerrymandering is in Shaw v Reno. In this case racial minorities were being discriminated against in voting districts because their votes were seen as less than therefore violating the 14th amendment. (scotus cases)

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In the government the budget is very important. The president gives his final proposal to the congress and the congress moves forward with their plans and projects.
(week 8 & 9 textbook reading)

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When something has been approved after a states procedure it will let the other parties know they consent to follow the treaty, this is ratification.
Whenever a president nominates someone for a position in administration they must be confirmed by the US senate. This is confirmation. (week 8 & 9 textbook reading)

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A filibuster is a strategy used by the senate to delay a vote by prolonging the debate on it. (week 8 & 9 textbook reading)

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Chamber boards higher a president for their chamber to handle the everyday operations. They oversee the staff and the volunteers. The chamber executive must help plan events and recruit members. (week 8 & 9 textbook reading)

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The necessary and proper clause allows congress to apply their power or act in places where the constitution doesn't explicitly say they cant. This is one of the implied powers in the constitution. Implied powers mean powers that aren't directly stated but are sort of hinted at and can apply to parts of the government (constitutioncenter.org)

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A public policy is a decision that creates a result in a political system like transportation policies. The process of federal budgeting means the president and congress can make fully informed decisions and can find resources to carry out these. It also allows for them to determine the priorities and goals so they can act accordingly.  (week 7 textbook reading)

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In the constitution there are powers given to the branches of government. There are two types of powers. There's enumerated powers and implied powers. enumerate powers are powers that are explicitly stated in the constitution. Implied powers are powers that are unwritten but hinted at/implied to be given. (constitutioncenter.org)

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In a multi-party system coalitions are meant to act as rules/an agreement between them that form a coalition government. It outlines the collective goals and objectives that both parties want to achieve. (week 7 textbook reading)

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The house is the second chamber of congress and is part of the legislative branch of government. There can be no more than 435. This is meant so it can proportionally represent the 50 states. The house of representatives can make and pass federal laws. (AMSCO textbook)

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Senate is the upper house of congress which is made of two people from every state elected by the people of said state. This is apart of the legislative branch of government. The senate can confirm the presidents appointments that required consent, and they can consent to ratify treaties. The  house also must approve vice presidency appointments and treaties that involve foreign trade. senate debates have rules.
1.no senator shall interrupt another senator without consent and to get consent he must address the presiding officer
2.no senator can speak twice on a singular question in debate on the same legislative day without leave of the Senate, which shall be determined without debate.
(AMSCO textbook)