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A process that unifies various independent German states into a single nation-state, officially completed in 1871 under the leadership of Otto von Bismarck. The Holy Roman Empire, which once encompassed many of these states, had dissolved. It was also driven by rivalry between Austria and Prussia, both competing for dominance within the German Confederation.

This was very, very important in the long run--as Germany will be a significant player in many European wars. Their alliance with Austria makes them a valuable ally in the future.

Sources:

https://theiashub.com/free-resources/mains-marks-booster/unification-of-germany-1871-nationalism-bismarck-europe.

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The triple alliance is the unionism of military formed in 1882 between 3 countries which consists of Germany, Austria Hungary, and Italy. This alliance was a defence alliance where each and every member contributed and gave support of an attack caused by another opposing nation. The agreement was designed to isolate France and to provide the member nations with a sense of security.

This system builds up a formation of rival blocs including the triple entente which fosters a series of multiple suspicion and rivalry between the two sides. Ultimately contributing to the outbreak of world war 1.

From this perspective, I personally think this tensions builds up because of the increasing men power, guns, artillery, fleet, and air-force. Instead of creating a sense of security it contributed in suspicion and mistrust. We can analyze that this topic is related with militarism because of the increasing demand of men power and the call to action of recruitments.

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Weltpolitik, meaning “world policy” in German, was the name of Germany’s foreign policy strategy in the late 19th and early 20th century, especially under Kaiser Wilhelm II after 1890. It marked a big change from Germany’s earlier foreign policy under Otto von Bismarck, who focused on keeping peace and avoiding conflicts in Europe. In contrast, Weltpolitik was about turning Germany into a global power.

When Germany followed the policy of Weltpolitik, it tried to make itself a strong world power by building a large navy and looking for colonies overseas. This made other countries, especially Britain and France, feel threatened. Germany got involved in international disputes like the Moroccan Crises in 1905 and 1911, which made tensions in Europe worse. Because of Germany’s actions, Britain, France, and Russia became closer through the Triple Entente, while Germany grew more isolated. This policy didn’t bring success instead, it led to more rivalries, a race to build up armies and navies, and helped cause World War 1 in 1914.

Germany followed Weltpolitik because it wanted to be seen as strong and important, like Britain and France. When Kaiser Wilhelm 2 took over, he didn’t want Germany to just focus on Europe. He wanted colonies, a big navy, and more respect from other countries. At that time, Germany’s factories were growing fast, and the population was increasing, so people believed the country needed more land and resources. Many Germans felt proud of their country and thought they deserved more power in the world. Groups inside Germany also pushed for expansion, saying it was the country’s right. All of these reasons pushed Germany to take a more aggressive path in foreign policy

https://www.britannica.com/place/Germany/Foreign-policy-1890-1914

https://historymadeeasier.com/4-weltpolitik-paragraph/

https://www.britannica.com/topic/Weltpolitik?utm_source

https://www.mytutor.co.uk/answers/26501/IB/History/Evaluate-the-claim-that-German-foreign-policy-was-the-main-cause-of-First-World-War/

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Germany - Imperialism, WWI, Alliance | Britannica

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Germany - Imperialism, WWI, Alliance: Bismarck's successors rapidly abandoned his foreign policy. The Reinsurance Treaty of 1887 with Russia was dropped, leaving Germany more firmly tied to the Dual Monarchy and Russia free to conclude an alliance with France in 1894.

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The Franco Russian Alliance was a military and diplomatic agreement between France and Russia aimed at countering growing German power in the triple alliance. It was created due to Russia and France feeling threatened due to increased German political and military strength. France sought an ally to reclaim the lost territory of Alsace-Loraine recently taken during the Franco Prussian war of 1871 and to deter German aggression. Russia was concerned with increased German influence in the Balkans which they felt was their sphere of influence and saw an alliance with France as a counterbalance to German power.

This helped intensify bloc mentality between the Triple Alliance and the Triple Entente which helped increase ties between France and Russia, allowing them to align against shared rivals in Great Britain. This also for a time created a balance of power between the entente and the triple alliance.

Sources: https://iris.uniroma1.it/retrieve/b0fe0e61-16a6-4c5b-a35f-72948d5c9c6b/Gravina_Franco-russian-alliance_2023.pdf

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German Naval laws of 1898 were key pieces of legislation that significantly expanded and modernized the German navy. The goal was to create a powerful fleet capable of challenging the royal navy which was central to Kaiser Wilhelm II's Weltpolitik. This was done by increasing fleet size and adding new replacement schedules for older ships to be replaced by newer ships more efficiently.

This in turn caused major tension with Britain which felt its position threatened by a new and upcoming nation, in response Britain at first tried a more diplomatic approach but when that failed they employed the "two-power standard" aimed at maintaining a navy that is as powerful as the next 2 naval powers combined and they championed a new battleship called the dreadnought and developed war plans incase of war against Germany. This would negatively effect Germany during the war as the High Seas fleet could not compete with the Royal navy in size and power ultimately leading to the blockade and starvation of Germany. This law helped build Germany's battleship stock increasing to 19 and helped gain support from nationalists and conservatists.

Source: https://revisionworld.com/gcse-revision/history-gcse-revision/germany-1890-1945/germany-1890-1914/navy-laws-and-their#:~:text=Naval%20Laws%20and%20Their%20Domestic,shaping%20domestic%20politics%20and%20society.&text=It%20satisfied%20Kaiser%20Wilhelm%20II's,ease%20in%20the%20early%20years.

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A military pact formed between the United Kingdom and Japan that lasted from 1902 to 1923, it's created to assist eachother in safeguarding their respective interest in expansion of East Asia --particularly China and Korea-- from Russia.

By strengthening Japan's position and ambitions, it led to increased friction with other European powers like France and Russia, and also fueled anxieties in the United States, setting the stage for future conflicts.

Sources:

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/9781118885154.dipl0010

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Russian defeat in the Russo-Japanese War (1904)

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Russian defeat in the Russo-Japanese War (1904)

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How did it happened??

Their loss was on the final and greatest battle of the war known as "The battle of mukden". Of course, Kuropatkin decided to start the attack first, But this time even with his new tactics it still didnt work, Three Russian armies faced the Japanese from all direction, using 330,000 men and 1,475 guns in all. The force successfully hold off against three Japanese armies that is commanded by Marshal Iwao Oyama, After long and stubborn fighting and heavy casualties, Kuropatkin decided to draw off his troops to the north that carried out successfully, but it left Mukden to fall into the hands of the Japanese.

Did it cause long term effect on the European Nation??

The loss of Russia caused major tension between the European states by making Russia look weak on the world stage. Because for the first time a non European nation had defeated a major European empire. As a result, other European powers like Germany and Austria-Hungary started viewing Russia as vulnerable, which made them more confident in pushing their own interests, especially in Eastern Europe and the Balkans. At the same time, Russia tried to rebuild its military strength and prove itself again, becoming more aggressive in foreign policy and relying more heavily on its alliances with France and Britain. This worsen the conflict between the two rival blocs in Europe. All of this built up long-term tension between the European states, creating the perfect storm that would eventually leads into the First World War.

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a) The First Moroccan crisis was a major disagreement between Germany and France on who must control Morocco. Other several countries had took an interest and decided to side with either Germany and French.  It was a significant reason in World War I as it tensioned across the Europe nation. France first claimed Morocco in 1899, after many agreements between Italy, Spain and Britain, France allowed the order over territory. A deal with British followed when Thèopile Delcassé (the French Foreign Minister), agreed to give in any territorial claims in Egypt. Germany remained the only European power that hasn’t reached an agreement.

b) The First Moroccan Crisis was initiated by Germany’s enemy to the French domination in Morocco, it then started some tension to Europe, making war more likely of the war over time. Germany’s actions, particularly Kaiser Wilhelm II trip to Tangier and his speech, were seen as a deliberate effort to weaken the Entente Cordiale between Britain and France and to show the German influence globally. This action has backfired, strengthening the connection between the France and Britain, and further solidfying the Triple Entente. While it has also increased the German resentment and a desire to prove the future confrontations.

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Dreadnought, British battleship launched in 1906 that established the pattern of the turbine-powered, “all-big-gun" warship, a type that dominated the world’s navies for the next 35 years. This is an innovative technology advancement included a uniform, "all-big-gun" armament and steam turbine propulsion, making it faster and more powerful than any warship of its time. This led to a global naval arms race as other nations rushed to build their own "dreadnoughts", significantly impacting the balance of power and shaping naval strategy in the lead-up to World War I

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Similarly to Triple alliance, the triple entente was a unionism bloc of military and diplomatic alignment between 3 countries which includes Great Britain, France, as well as Russia. Unlike its counterparts, triple entente was formed for a primary purpose which was to counterbalance the growing power of the triple alliance, protect their colonial empires as well as their nation, and maintain a balance of power in Europe.

Due to the high tensions between rival blocs this create a greater likelihood of war in Europe by creating a sense of encirclement and arms race.

In my opinion this tensions are caused because of the mistrust between both nations thus causing the great war. We can see that this topic is related with alliance because of the unionism of 3 countries which includes UK, France, and Russia.

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The Bosnian Crisis of 1908 was a regional crisis connected to recent international affairs. It was related to the interactions of various European countries, including the interactions between the Austria-Hungarian and Ottoman empires. In an indirect way, the Bosnian Crisis in 1908 was a cause of World War I. It also highlighted the conflicts between imperial powers and local inhabitants of specific regions of Europe.

In 1908, Austria-Hungary took over Bosnia and Herzegovina, even though it still officially belonged to the Ottoman Empire. This made Serbia and Russia angry, because Serbia wanted Bosnia and Russia supported Serbia. Germany supported Austria-Hungary and told Russia to back off. Russia and Serbia were forced to accept it, but they were very upset.

The cause of the Bosnian Crisis was the desire for political and resource control of the Balkans. The political impetus for the timing of the Bosnian Criss was the Young Turk Revolution of July 1908.

https://study.com/academy/lesson/the-bosnian-crisis-of-1908-annexation-by-austria-hungary.html

https://www.britannica.com/event/Bosnian-crisis-of-1908

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Bosnian Crisis of 1908 | Overview, History & Effect - Lesson | Study.com

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Learn about the Austrian occupation of Bosnia and the Bosnian Crisis of 1908. Read about the effects of Austria-Hungary’s annexation of…

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WHAT HAPPENED?

When Germany sent a warship panther to Agadir, serving a direct challenge to the France dominance in Morocco which had been solidified through an agreement with Britain and Spain. In which it caused a political dispute between both Germany and France.

source: https://www.ebsco.com/research-starters/history/agadir-crisis

HOW IT CREATED TENSION?

Due to both Germany and France chasing influence in Morocco it intensified their rivalry. Britain, who were already allies with France obviously had to jump in defense and show their support towards their ally.

HOW DID IT NOT CAUSE A EUROPEAN WAR?

Diplomatic Negotiations resulting in Franco-German accord in 1911 where France gained back their influence over Morocco and in return the Germany gained some territories in French Congo.

Alliances which might drag on a whole nation.

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The first Balkan war

(1912)

The first Balkan war involves the Balkan League Which is: Bulgaria, Serbia, Greece, and Montenegro. The league was originally formed by the Russian, in order to seperate the Ottomans from the Balkans. The league was able to make a combined force of 750,000 men. Montenegro opened hostilities by declaring war on Turkey on October 8, 1912, and the other members of the league followed 10 days later. The Balkan allies were soon victorious in Thrace the Bulgarians defeated the main Ottoman forces.

How did it causes Tension?

It significantly causes tension between the european state by making the conflict much larger, by increasing existing rivalries.

it also creates nationalism, territorial disputes, and power imbalances, that has a crucial role leading to the start of World War I.  Things got much intense especially after the Serbians killed Archduke Franz Ferdinand on 28 June 1914, which soon led to the start of World War I in early August 1914

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WHAT HAPPENED?

In 8th of December 1912, Germany's most influential military leaders where they discussed and debated the tense military and diplomatic situation in Europe at the time. It wasn't confirmed, but historians argued that Germany was preparing for future war in which might lead up to the outbreak of WW1 in 1914.

HOW IT CREATED TENSION?

Indications of war intentions, even if the meeting wasn't a declaration of war the Germans were still discussing on military.

The germans strengthening alliances, indicating preparation of upcoming war.

HOW DID IT NOT CAUSE A EUROPEAN WAR?

It was an informal conference between the German military leaders, discussing the tense situation in Europe, even if some historians claimed they were planning an upcoming war it was not confirmed as to why a war didn't break out.

source: https://www.macgregorishistory.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/WWI-1912-Potsdam-War-Council.pdf

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Second Balkan War was a conflict between Bulgaria and the Balkan League countries (Serbia, Montenegro, Greece, Romania) from 29 June - 10 August 1905. The war caused by Bulgaria who felt it had not received a fair share of the spoils, particularly in Macedonia, and launched a surprise attack against Serbia and Greece, its former allies. This triggered a wider conflict as other nations like Romania and the Ottoman Empire also intervened.

The war create a rising tension between the countries especially the Serbian towards Austria-Hungary, because the Serbia was gaining and rising influence. Austria-Hungary feared Serbian nationalism and its potential impact on its own multi-ethnic empire and oppose the empire

This war is basically filled with nationalism and imperialism. The Imperialism is where the Hungary wants more land and for the nationalist is the other country who opposed Hungary expansion to their own territory.