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Present the RLS:
TOK Links: Indigenous Societies (theme); Natural Science/Climate change (AOK); culture, values, responsibility, perspectives (concepts).

Your justification: Swinomish Tribe Washington is reviving a 3000 year old practice of clam gardens and creating a solution for issues related to climate change and conservation. The Center for Braiding Indigenous Knowledges and Science is attempting to unite science and indigenous practices. Demonstrates increasing value in various ways of knowing and understanding the environment.

Pose a Knowledge question or idea for comment/discussion:
Discuss the reactions and/or implications for the  mainstream community and/or the science community. Consider the possible conflicts with methodology between western science and the indigenous knowledge.

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Tribes in the Puget Sound region have a problem.

Many of them live on low-lying reservations surrounded by water. So, as climate change causes the oceans to rise, tribal land is disappearing. Climate change also threatens the fish and shellfish these groups rely on for food and income. Now, some tribes are looking at a surprising solution to these problems: clam gardens.

On a rocky beach on Whidbey Island - a densely forested island in Puget Sound - John Cayou watches for the telltale squirt that reveals a clam's location.

Then he takes what looks like a tiny pitchfork full of sand and rocks, turns it over, and tosses any clams he finds into a bucket.

Cayou's a member of the Swinomish Tribe. He's 72, and has been harvesting clams since he was a little kid.

He remembers a time when there were a lot more clams.
Clam decline
"You'd take the bucket and the clam fork, and you would go out, and believe you me it wouldn't take very long - maybe 10, 15 minutes max - you had a bucket," Cayou says.

But, nowadays, native clams up and down the West Coast are not doing well.

"Native littlenecks have declined so much throughout Washington's inland waters that they're really difficult to find now," says Julie Barber, a shellfish biologist for the Swinomish Tribe.

The likely culprit is climate change. Warming waters mean less algae for clams to eat. And more carbon in the atmosphere is also making oceans more acidic, which is bad for baby clams. That's why Barber and others are trying to build a clam garden on the Swinomish Reservation.

"What a clam garden can do is provide a place for the tribe to continue their practice of harvesting clams for subsistence," Barber explains.

A clam garden is a rock wall built so low on a beach it's only visible at the lowest tides. The walls are designed so sand and bits of clam shell build up behind them.

Those bits of shell can make the water around them less acidic, which creates some buffered habitat for baby clams-and other species.

"That rock wall creates a new rocky reef habitat that supports a whole different suite of marine plants and animals," says Skye Augustine, an ecologist and a member of the Stz'uminus Nation, from the east coast of Vancouver Island.

She says that Clam gardens can also cut down on beach erosion and reduce wave energy as sea levels rise. So these gardens would help hold the Swinomish Reservation in place as climate change advances.
An ancient tradition
"Clam gardens have been around on the British Columbia, Alaskan, and Washington state coasts for over 3000 years," Augustine says.

After colonization, those gardens fell into disuse. Now, Augustine is running the first project since then to restore the gardens in British Columbia. The Swinomish's would be the first revival of this tradition in the U.S.

At the annual Swinomish clam bake, more than a hundred tribal members gathered at long tables at a beach on the reservation, eating all kinds of shellfish.

"There's the old Indian saying in this part of the world that when the tide is out the table is set," Swinomish elder Larry Campbell says, "because the clams are in our tideland."

The goal of the clam garden is to keep the table set.

The Swinomish Tribe hopes that its new garden will be built as soon as next summer, in time for the next clam bake.

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Pacific Northwest Tribes Face Climate Change With Agricultural Ancient Practice

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Washington state's Swinomish Tribe is building a clam garden in hopes of protecting their reservation from sea level rise. This aquatic garden will also provide a home for disappearing native clams.

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TOK Links: Politics for the theme and Human sciences for AOK. The concepts are perspectives,  evidence, truth.

Justification:  CRISPR ex-scientist He Jiankui proposed that he helped two babies by genetically editing them. With further investigation, he was found guilty for illegal medical practices and procedures. With politics joining in he was sentenced to 3 years in jail :3. the center for conjoining politics and sciences is that because of the procedure that he enacted upon those two girls, although it can be argued that it helped those girls, it also was found that their maximum lifespan would have deteriorated. This was, by law, illegal. Causing politics to a play a hand in how the perspectives changed towards that He did.

Pose a Knowledge question or idea for comment/discussion: Should there be restrictions on scientific practices? If so,  how should we determine where the line is?

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Chinese scientist who produced genetically altered babies sentenced to 3 years in jail

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He Jiankui and two collaborators were found guilty of “illegal medical practices”

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TOK Links: Natural sciences: Values, Justification, Evidence

Justification: In China, He Jiankui had altered the DNA of two embryos and had them put in women in order to grow into infants. The justification of this experiment is what is questioned and eventually ended up with He Jiankui going to jail. This raised questions about the values and justification for experiments within the sciences.

Knowledge Question: At what line do values and justification overrule the desire to find new evidence?

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Chinese scientist who produced genetically altered babies sentenced to 3 years in jail

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He Jiankui and two collaborators were found guilty of “illegal medical practices”

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The question of if someone deserves to die has been a moral dilemma since the first recorded death sentence in the 16th Century BC in Egypt. With the ongoing modern debate in reference to the death penalty throughout the United States, many points have been made for and against this practice. For instance, many anti-death penalty activists cite human rights violations and ethical considerations for putting someone to death. However, many pro-death penalty activists cite deterrence towards other criminals considering crimes which would insight into the death penalty as well as the economic costs of incarceration for an inmate. In addition to this, it is also important to answer how one could "deserve" death. In many instances, the death penalty has been handed out to those who have committed violent crimes or other extreme cases of treachery. Because of this, the definition which will be asserted throughout this argument will be that for one to deserve death, they must do something to warrant the death penalty. Historically, however, execution has been an extreme case of treachery, perjury, and conspiracy, especially in French society. In light of this, the question of if someone, Cassiano specifically, could deserve death, it will be important to consider what he could do. As previously stated, the death penalty has been used as a common deterrent for violent crimes throughout the United States. In light of this, an extreme deterrent for future crimes could be the execution of someone who has not been convicted. To elaborate, if someone, Cassiano for example, were to be executed before being tried to the fullest extent of the court, then future crimes could be deterred to an extreme extent in order to stop future crimes. In all, Cassiano could potentially deserve to die if it could be proved to deter future crimes from being committed. So, to answer the question of if Cassiano should die, the answer is probably.

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should some traditions be changed due to ethical change?

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should some traditions be changed due to ethical change?

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Tok links: Ethics, culture, values (concepts).

Your justification: bullfighting is a sport and method of entertainment that has fallen out of practice substantially despite its cultural significance and influence in media and Spanish history. because of the violent and cruel nature of bullfighting, it is referred to negatively as a practice by animal rights groups and movements. the sport has fallen out of vogue because of the ethical change within communities and how we view the mistreatment of animals.

Knowledge question/idea for comment: how has this sport changed over time due to a change in ethics and beliefs?