# data[].attributes.body
de Vriend, J. (2019). A series of photos taken during the protests against global warming. TELL THE TRUTH! [Image] Unsplash. Available at: https://unsplash.com/photos/people-having-rally-in-the-middle-of-road-B4coIKuk55I [Accessed 29 Nov. 2023].

Fewings, N. (2020). The Forbidden City, Beijing, China, taken from Tiananmen Square. [Image] Unsplash. Available at: https://unsplash.com/photos/cars-parked-in-front-of-red-and-brown-building-zqwV28pcUTg [Accessed 29 Nov. 2023].

Spiske, M. (2020). man in black suit jacket. [Image] Unsplash. Available at: https://unsplash.com/photos/man-in-black-suit-jacket-RX-BevgxSXs [Accessed 29 Nov. 2023].

Spratt, A. (2020). Young teen doing schoolwork at home after UK schools close due to the Coronavirus. [Image] Unsplash. Available at: https://unsplash.com/photos/woman-in-black-long-sleeve-shirt-sitting-in-front-of-silver-macbook-4-4WPFLVhAY [Accessed 29 Nov. 2023].

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Tell the truth. Photo by Jöel de Vriend (2019) on Unsplash.

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Studying. Photo by Annie Spratt (2020) on Unsplash. 

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Donald Trump. Photo by Markus Spiske (2020) on Unsplash. 

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Tiananmen, Gate of Heaven-Sent Peace, Beijing, China. Photo by Nick Fewings (2020) on Unsplash. 

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Edwards, L. Stoilova, M., Anstead, N., Fry, A., El-Halaby, G. and Smith M. (2021). Rapid Evidence Assessment on Online Misinformation and Media Literacy: Final Report for Ofcom. [online] The London School of Economics and Political Science , pp.1–64. Available at: https://www.lse.ac.uk/business/consulting/reports/rapid-evidence-assessment-on-online-misinformation-and-media-literacy [Accessed 26 Nov. 2023].

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Edwards, L. Stoilova, M., Anstead, N., Fry, A., El-Halaby, G. and Smith M. (2021). Rapid Evidence Assessment on Online Misinformation and Media Literacy: Final Report for Ofcom. [online] The London School of Economics and Political Science , pp.1–64. Available at: https://www.lse.ac.uk/business/consulting/reports/rapid-evidence-assessment-on-online-misinformation-and-media-literacy [Accessed 26 Nov. 2023].

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Lambert, J. and Stevens, M. (2023). ChatGPT and Generative AI Technology: A Mixed Bag of Concerns and New Opportunities. Computers in the schools, 1, pp.1–25. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/07380569.2023.2256710.

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Lambert, J. and Stevens, M. (2023). ChatGPT and Generative AI Technology: A Mixed Bag of Concerns and New Opportunities. Computers in the schools, 1, pp.1–25. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/07380569.2023.2256710.

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LeCompte, K., Blevins, B. and Ray, B. (2017). Teaching Current Events and Media Literacy: Critical Thinking, Effective Communication, and Active Citizenship. Social studies and the young learner, 29(3), pp.17–20.

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LeCompte, K., Blevins, B. and Ray, B. (2017). Teaching Current Events and Media Literacy: Critical Thinking, Effective Communication, and Active Citizenship. Social studies and the young learner, 29(3), pp.17–20.

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This annotated bibliography covers a wide range of sources that provide valuable information in relation to gaining Information, Digital and Media Literacy with the emergence of Generative Artificial Intelligence in the context of everyday life and citizenship – precisely focusing on the theme of fake news and disinformation. To remain relevant and with the nature of Gen-Ai as an emerging and currently developing technology, the vast majority of sources are published in the current year of 2023.

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ALA (2015). American Library Association Fact Sheet. [online] News and Press Center. Available at: https://www.ala.org/news/american-library-association-fact-sheet#:~:text=The%20American%20Library%20Association%20(ALA [Accessed 28 Nov. 2023].

Amos, N. (2023). Ofcom. [online] Institute for Government. Available at: https://www.instituteforgovernment.org.uk/explainer/ofcom.

Bass, D. (2015). https://twitter.com/dinabass?lang=en. [online] X (formerly Twitter). Available at: https://twitter.com/dinabass?lang=en [Accessed 28 Nov. 2023].

BBC (2023). Licence fee and funding. [online] Bbc.com. Available at: https://www.bbc.com/aboutthebbc/governance/licencefee.

CIIIR (2016). Copy of Royal Charter for the continuance of the British Broadcasting Corporation . Available at: https://www.bbc.co.uk/bbctrust/governance/regulatory_framework/charter_agreement.html#:~:text=The%20Royal%20Charter%20is%20the,Trust%20and%20the%20Executive%20Board. [Accessed 27 Nov. 2023].

Google Scholar (2023). Google Scholar. [online] Google.co.uk. Available at: https://scholar.google.co.uk/scholar?hl=en&as_sdt=0%2C5&q=Teaching+Current+Events+and+Media+Literacy%3A+Critical+Thinking%2C+Effective+Communication%2C+and+Active+Citizenship&btnG= [Accessed 28 Nov. 2023].

Jones, N. (2019). Welcome. Available at: http://nicola-kim-jones.blogspot.com/2010/10/welcome.html [Accessed 28 Nov. 2023].

Lambert, J. (2023). Judy Lambert, Ph.D. [online] www.utoledo.edu. Available at: https://www.utoledo.edu/education/faculty/lambert/ [Accessed 28 Nov. 2023].

Nature (2023). Editorial criteria and processes | Nature. [online] www.nature.com. Available at: https://www.nature.com/nature/for-authors/editorial-criteria-and-processes.

NCSS (2023). National Curriculum Standards for Social Studies: Introduction | Social Studies. [online] www.socialstudies.org. Available at: https://www.socialstudies.org/standards/national-curriculum-standards-social-studies-introduction.

Nicoletti, L. (2022). Data Stories - Leonardo Nicoletti. [online] www.leonardonicoletti.com. Available at: https://www.leonardonicoletti.com/ [Accessed 28 Nov. 2023].

Plc, C. (2022). Clarivate Names World’s Leading Journals with the 2022 Journal Citation Reports. [online] www.prnewswire.com. Available at: https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/clarivate-names-worlds-leading-journals-with-the-2022-journal-citation-reports-301576151.html [Accessed 28 Nov. 2023].

PubMed (2023). Cited In for PMID: 36812645 - Search Results - PubMed. [online] PubMed. Available at: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?linkname=pubmed_pubmed_citedin&from_uid=36812645 [Accessed 28 Nov. 2023].

Stevens, M. (2023). People. [online] LinkedIn. Available at: https://www.linkedin.com/in/mark-stevens-b989796 [Accessed 28 Nov. 2023].

University of Navarra (2023). Ramón Salaverría, Full Professor of Journalism at the University, recognized as researcher of the Year. [online] University of Navarra. Available at: https://en.unav.edu/news/-/contents/28/09/2023/ramon-salaverria-catedratico-de-periodismo-de-la-universidad-reconocido-como-investigador-del-ano/content/lovPblW1fC70/67032558 [Accessed 28 Nov. 2023].

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The above report commissioned by Ofcom evaluates and criticises the various interventions and progress in developing media literacy within school curriculums. The report argues the importance of educating the citizen, beginning within the school years.

Diverse interventions are inspected like ‘System 2 thinking’ and ‘Gamification’ and a number of improvements are listed like focusing outside the US context, social media and drawing on multiple disciplines across the syllabus.

Ofcom is the official regulator/authority for UK communications industries and is held accountable to UK Parliament (Amos, 2023) thus information they are concomitant with will be thoroughly regulated.

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BBC (2023). AI used to target kids with disinformation - BBC News. [online] YouTube. Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GdJKwrUxDiU. [Accessed 28 Nov. 2023].

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BBC (2023). AI used to target kids with disinformation - BBC News. [online] YouTube. Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GdJKwrUxDiU. [Accessed 28 Nov. 2023].

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Working in concordance with (LeCompte, Blevins and Ray, 2017), the following peer-reviewed review article dips into the educational aspect providing an optimistic view on Gen-Ai’s contribution to citizens.

It explores educational opportunities and future developments of the workplace using systems like Khanmigo to support students with learning difficulties, act as a personal tutor and provide feedback. The authors comment on the development of Ai detectors and new iterations of ChatGPT over fears of cheating and a change in examination practises, as well as supporting information and digital literacy to keep students informed with current technology.

Both authors are considered experts in their respective fields. Professor Lambert specialises in technological integration into teacher development and the classroom, delving into its cognitive effects (Lambert, 2023). Professor of technology, Stevens centres on integrating emerging technologies to everyday life, having incorporated augmented reality into his courses since 2011 (Stevens, 2023).

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Students are also citizens thus the following article targeted at educators, endorsing the implementation of media literacy in the social studies curriculum (PSHCE in the UK) is highly recommended.

Associate professors in the school of Education, LeCompte and Blevins and community programme coordinator, Ray have compiled a research article for the National Council for the Social Studies covering  ‘Building Bridges’ projects, a developed Media Literacy framework and learning schemes to scaffold critical and analytical skills in the classroom. Much of the material can be transferred to supporting digital literacy.

This work has been cited 26 times (Google Scholar, 2023) and with the NCSS being at the forefront of setting curriculum standards for Social studies (NCSS, 2023), the article can be considered highly rigorous.

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This peer-reviewed news feature takes a people-centric viewpoint, providing a comprehensive overview of the social impact of Gen-Ai referencing current events such as deepfakes of Donald Trump’s ‘illicit affair’ leading up to the 2024 general election, Tom Cruise dancing on TikTok and US chairman Jerome Powell’s video-call with somebody he thought was President Zelenskyy.

The feature further mentions developments in policy like Google committing to marking Ai-generated content in July 2023 and as well as dedicating an entire section to techniques users can employ to identify deepfakes.

A wealth of information is presented in a clear and concise manner for the average reader with discussion of recent controversial events allowing one to balance opinion in a reasoned way.

Science journalist Jones (Jones, 2019) supports the feature with academic references throughout. The publisher ‘Nature’ was citied more than 1 million times in the year 2022 (Plc, 2022) and prestige/accuracy of content is central with only 8% of submitted papers making it to publication (Nature, 2023).

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Kung, T.H., Cheatham, M., Medenilla, A., Sillos, C., De Leon, L., Elepaño, C., Madriaga, M., Aggabao, R., Diaz-Candido, G., Maningo, J. and Tseng, V. (2023). Performance of ChatGPT on USMLE: Potential for AI-assisted medical education using large language models. PLOS Digital Health, 2(2), p.e0000198. doi:https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pdig.0000198.

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Kung, T.H., Cheatham, M., Medenilla, A., Sillos, C., De Leon, L., Elepaño, C., Madriaga, M., Aggabao, R., Diaz-Candido, G., Maningo, J. and Tseng, V. (2023). Performance of ChatGPT on USMLE: Potential for AI-assisted medical education using large language models. PLOS Digital Health, 2(2), p.e0000198. doi:https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pdig.0000198.

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The above research article, although positioned in the education domain, presents a detailed study evidencing the accuracy, reasoning and insightfulness of the answers provided by ChatGPT when taking the 8 hour long and highly complex US Medical Licensing exam.

The study therefore takes a contrasting approach presenting ChatGPT as being able to perform intricate tasks and handle conceptually dense questions, challenging ideas expressed in Salaverría, R. and Cardoso, G. (2023).

A variety of views leads to stronger research, allowing one to critically analyse and develop a comprehensive understanding of Gen-Ai issues. Kung et al., have produced a highly influential and credible piece of work having been cited 201 times in other articles (PubMed, 2023) and declared free of competing interests, omitting any bias (declared on the article).

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Xu, H., Donovan, K., Wong, M. and Franks, E.C. (2023). China’s New AI Regulations. Latham & Watkins Client Alert Commentary, 3110. pp.1–25.

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Xu, H., Donovan, K., Wong, M. and Franks, E.C. (2023). China’s New AI Regulations. Latham & Watkins Client Alert Commentary, 3110. pp.1–25.

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Client Alert, a news reporting service by law firm Latham & Watkins provides an overview of the world’s first law specifically targeted at regulating Gen-Ai systems by the Cyberspace Administration of China on the 15th of August 2023 - ‘Provisional Provisions on Management of Generative Artificial Intelligence Services.’

The regulation is only concentrated on public Gen-Ai services such as ‘Ernie Bot’ - China’s version of ChatGPT. Regulations claim to address risks of personal data leakage, distribution of illegal information, and fake news in PRC, imposing obligations on users, service providers and online platforms.

The authors go on to further compare the bill’s development with that of the EU’s ‘Strengthened Code of Practice on Disinformation’ published on the 16th of June 2022.

Such a legal source provides a global synopsis of the future, allowing one to identify gaps and propose corrective measures. The text in itself is easier to comprehend than the original bill and thus more accessible.

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Nicoletti, L. and Bass, D. (2023). Humans Are Biased. Generative AI Is Even Worse. Bloomberg. [online] Available at: https://www.bloomberg.com/graphics/2023-generative-ai-bias/.

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Nicoletti, L. and Bass, D. (2023). Humans Are Biased. Generative AI Is Even Worse. Bloomberg. [online] Available at: https://www.bloomberg.com/graphics/2023-generative-ai-bias/.

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This news article centres around a case study providing an in-depth analysis surrounding the impact of bias data inputted into Gen-Ai systems. Data visualisation reporter, Nicoletti (Nicoletti, 2022) and News Tech reporter, Bass (Bass, 2015) inserted textual prompts of occupations into the text-to-image tool ‘Stable Diffusion’ finding outputs brandished with stereotypes surrounding race, religion and gender with implications noted for the future of policing, criminal justice system and wider society. This data can shape the approach of theories/daily practise and can be supplemented with the work of Salaverría and Cardoso to support the convergence of linguistic analysis and natural language processing to identify false information (2023).

It is important to note that news articles by Bloomburg Technology can be influenced by the authors perspective and thus should be treated with caution however in the case of active research, this data can be highly influential.

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American Library Association (2017). Digital Literacy. [online] Welcome to ALA’s Literacy Clearinghouse. Available at: https://literacy.ala.org/digital-literacy/ [Accessed 16 Nov. 2023].

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American Library Association (2017). Digital Literacy. [online] Welcome to ALA’s Literacy Clearinghouse. Available at: https://literacy.ala.org/digital-literacy/ [Accessed 16 Nov. 2023].

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Established in 1876, the ALA is a reputable organisation, holding the status of the oldest library association in the world with a wide-ranging membership of librarians, trustees and publishers (ALA, 2015). The ALA commits to enhance learning and information access by supporting the growth and promotion of library professionals and services (ALA, 2015).

The webpage is easy to navigate and provides a clear, direct definition of digital literacy and its connection to related literacies. A list of resources is provided such as a link to a Service Development Plan for Youth services exploring the changing roles of librarians in a technological world, detailing the practical strategies to develop digital literacy amongst younger audiences as well as a hyperlink to Digital Learn, showing example tools, best practises and resources. This list is not exhaustive. The accessible format targets a wide audience from working professionals to everyday people – serving the wider purpose of advancing DL across society.

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Salaverría, R. and Cardoso, G. (2023). Future of disinformation studies: emerging research fields. El Profesional de la información, [online] 32(5), pp.1–7. Available at: https://doi.org/10.3145/epi.2023.sep.25 [Accessed 18 Nov. 2023].

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Salaverría, R. and Cardoso, G. (2023). Future of disinformation studies: emerging research fields. El Profesional de la información, [online] 32(5), pp.1–7. Available at: https://doi.org/10.3145/epi.2023.sep.25 [Accessed 18 Nov. 2023].

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This is a peer-reviewed journal article by professor of Journalism Ramón Salaverría and professor of Sociology Gustavo Cardoso published in the current year, 2023.

The author Ramón Salaverría has been granted ‘researcher of the year’ by the the Revista Latina de Comunicación Social and is amongst the most cited researchers in the world (University of Navarra, 2023) Salaverría is an adviser to the committee of Europe, considered an expert in the sustainability of journalistic media and is currently leading a project on disinformation in the Iberian Peninsula (University of Navarra, 2023). There is plenty of cope to consider his work of reliable and sound quality.

The article provides an insight into the relationship between disinformation and digital news media and its impact on ethical journalism and citizen behaviour. It presents existing studies on disinformation, fact-checking, digital platforms such as social media through the use of bots and the importance of media literacy. Focus is also placed on the future with the emergence of Gen-Ai and the need to merge multidisciplinary approaches such as Linguistics and natural language processing to detect false and derogatory information. It is a well-versed resource to develop an overview of key ideas for further research.

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The BBC is predominantly funded by the British public through TV licenses (BBC, 2023) and governed by a Royal Charter (legally binding) commanding it to remain impartial (CIIIR 2016). Like other news sources, there will be some degree of bias however the news is an excellent resource to observe reactions and opinions during the time of an event.

Pseudoscience and conspiracy theories are flooding peoples YouTube feeds with Gen-Ai being used to manipulate snippets of real videos and create false information to maximise viewership for money. This brings about the question of ethics due to cuts taken by YouTube from adverts.

The video also focuses on the reactions of unaware pupils and emphasises the worldwide impact with some videos having millions of views and being subtitled in up to 20 languages.

Supplemented with further research, this resource provides an up-to-date overview of the social consequences of disinformation and focuses on a group who are often dismissed as soon-to-be-citizens - younger people.