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Read the abstract and identify the sexist use of language present in it

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Read the abstract and identify the sexist use of language present in it

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Spain, Portugal and Morocco have recently been awarded by FIFA the organization of the 2030 Football World Cup. There had been concern in the Spanish media that recent racism and sexism scandals that had drawn the attention of international news outlets would hamper this achievement. In his talk, Juan Pablo Mora Gutiérrez will address and discuss linguistic issues related to the scandal caused by the non-consensual kiss on the mouth given by Luis Rubiales, the president of the Royal Football Federation of Spain RFEF, to Jennifer Hermoso, a player of the Spanish female national soccer team, during the medal awarding ceremony of the Women's Football World Cup on August 20th 2023 in Sidney. Non-verbal communication gestures and language and gender issues arising from the events of August 20th and related to the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis will be discussed with the audience.

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Once you know what the example of sexist use of language in the abstract is, comment about it in a new post in this section

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Once you know what the example of sexist use of language in the abstract is, comment about it in a new post in this section

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You could try to answer the following questions:

If Juan Pablo Mora had used inclusive language instead of sexist language, would that change the situation of gender inequality in the field of football?

If not, what would be the purpose or goal of using a more inclusive language in this domain or in any other domain?

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What is your attitude towards Inclusive Language?

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I am all for it. I even try to use inclusive language all the time.

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I do not have an opinion about it. I understand both the people who  are in favour and against it.

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I think it is a waste of time and energy. Change society first and language will change as well.

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I get angry with inclusive language because I see it as an imposition on my freedom of speech.

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If  you are against inclusive language, what are your arguments to defend that position

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If  you are against inclusive language, what are your arguments to defend that position

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In the comments to this post, please state your reasons against inclusive language.

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If you are in favour of inclusive language, what are your arguments to defend that position

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If you are in favour of inclusive language, what are your arguments to defend that position

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In the comments to this post, please state your reasons in favour of inclusive language.

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With regards to the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis

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I am a universalist. I am totally against it. Language does not condition how we see reality

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I agree with a weak version: the way we see reality is influenced by our language

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I agree with a strong version: the way we see reality is determined by our language

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I do not have an opinion. It is a very difficult question that has not been solved by philosophers

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What do you know about the global scandal caused by Rubiales' kiss on Hermoso's lips 

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Very litlle (what I saw in the local news or what I have read in the abstract of this talk)

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Not much (a little bit from what I saw in local and international news as it was unfolding)

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A lot (I looked for information about it apart from reading the links provided to prepare the talk)

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I am an expert (I have even done research on it)

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What to do if you do not know much about the kissgate scandal

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What to do if you do not know much about the kissgate scandal

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You should devote the first few minutes of the talk that are going to be devoted to discussion in pairs to ask about the context to the people sitting next to you who know more about it, or you should at least read this interview to Jenni Hermoso in GQ (the first time she speaks to the media since the events took place almost three months ago.

What do you make of the fact that she is one of the "men of the year" according to this publication?

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Even prior to the World Cup, you and your teammates came under a lot of unwarranted criticism for making a stand for what you believed in.
It has always been said that we wanted to be paid the same as the male players, but that's not true. We simply wanted the basics, to have a minimum wage, to be respected, and to be given the opportunity to be able to do something very big. There is a phrase that has stuck with me since winning this World Cup: despite everything, we were champions.

It was pretty damning how few male players came out in support.
I'm grateful to Borja Iglesias, Héctor Bellerín and Isco, who were among the first to speak out. Our philosophy as a team is to always be united and do as we feel. This is how we've achieved everything so far.

Were you engaged in feminism before the #SeAcabó movement?
With everything that has happened, many of us have become more aware of what the word 'feminism' really means. Feminism is a movement for equality between men and women. Machismo, on the other hand, is an attitude. I think we have the responsibility to make people understand that we don't have to continue doing things as we have done all our lives.

Why do you think there are more openly gay female footballers, and so few in the men's leagues?
The lack of LGTBQI+ visibility in men's football can be explained by the prototype of the traditional footballer. I think they believe it could harm their sporting career. On the other hand, every woman who has started in football has a different mindset about this. We've been open from the very beginning. For us it's something absolutely normal. I'd like to thank the women who started in this sport, who created that vision for all of us who came after and who removed all the barriers so we could express ourselves freely.

You are back playing now, how has that been?
For a while I forgot I was a footballer. But you go back to a training session, to the pitch, wearing your kit, and you try to give the best version of yourself again. Being a Taurus makes me see that I have to fight, but also to protect myself. If I want something, I go after it no matter how many times I fail and knock myself against the wall. It has helped me to achieve everything I have set out to achieve in the world of football.

Have you had a chance to stop and think about the legacy you are shaping?
I don't know if destiny had this in store for me or not, but it has helped me look at life differently, and realise that, although I've reached the peak in my sporting career by winning a World Cup, there is much more to do. Having the voice that I have now is a real responsibility. I want to make the most of it.
Read about the GQ Men of the Year 2023 honourees here. Interview: Patricia Moreno
Photographs: Viridiana
Translation: Marta Caro and Víctor González
Make-up: Luz González
Set design: Josechu Garrido
Production and styling: Fernando Carrillo
Fashion assistants: Lisset Angeles, Regina Cortina
Photo assistant: Eva Montiel
Lighting: Jair Franco

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After Jenni Hermoso unwittingly found herself at the centre of Spanish football's sexism scandal, the forward turned her darkest moment into a movement for change.

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What punishment should Rubiales receive for the blunders and mistakes he made during the celebration of the winning by Spain of the 2023 Women's Football World Cup

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The judge who is investigating him should prosecute him and he should be sentenced to jail

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He has received enough punishment after his resignation and FIFA ban from football for three years

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He has been punished too harshly. The harm caused was not so serious

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He should be given his one million euro job back. I agree with him. that there has been a witch hunt

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Questions, comments, thoughts, reflections on the content and delivery of the talk

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Questions, comments, thoughts, reflections on the content and delivery of the talk

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In this section you should create posts for questions, comments, opinions you have while the talk is being delivered

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Why do you think this event got so much global attention?

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Why do you think this event got so much global attention?

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I have been reading the New York Times for almost 40 years. Never any event or any news about Spain or involving Spaniards got so many articles and so much attention. Why do you think this event that took place in Sydney reverberated and was followed with so much attention all over the world?

What does it say about the values of our society?

Read what John Carlin wrote in the catalan newspaper La Vanguardia:

"El beso en la boca que el suspendido presidente de la Federación Española de Fútbol le dio el domingo 20 de agosto a la jugadora Jenni Hermoso en la ceremonia de entrega de la Copa del Mundo femenina ha colocado a España en el foco de atención global como nunca, o al menos desde la Guerra Civil. Ni la muerte de Franco, ni los atentados yihadistas de Madrid en el 2004 han generado más noticias o más columnas de opinión durante más tiempo en más medios internacionales. "

In English:

"The kiss on the mouth that the suspended president of the Spanish Football Federation gave on Sunday, August 20, to the player Jenni Hermoso at the women's World Cup award ceremony has placed Spain in the global spotlight like never before. , or at least since the Civil War. Neither the death of Franco nor the terrorist attacks in Madrid in 2004 have generated more news or more opinion columns for a longer period of time in more international media."

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Crotch-Grabbing Gesture described by Rubiales

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Crotch-Grabbing Gesture described by Rubiales

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Description of the grabbing of the crotch gesture by Luis Rubiales during the interview with Piers Morgan in which he announced he would finally resign (minute 24:50)

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Piers Morgan vs Luis Rubiales | The Full And Uncut Interview

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Kiss on the lips (Rubiales version told to Piers Morgan)

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Kiss on the lips (Rubiales version told to Piers Morgan)

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The Kiss on the Lips explained by Luis Rubiales in the interview with Piers Morgan (minute 7)

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Piers Morgan vs Luis Rubiales | The Full And Uncut Interview

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Context during the medal award ceremony explained by Rubiales

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Context during the medal award ceremony explained by Rubiales

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Luis Rubiales explains his hugs and kisses on the cheek to all female players as typical of Latin culture (minute 4:21)

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Piers Morgan vs Luis Rubiales | The Full And Uncut Interview

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BBC News August 26th Luis Rubiales does not resign and is suspended by FIFA for 90 days

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BBC News August 26th Luis Rubiales does not resign and is suspended by FIFA for 90 days

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Luis Rubiales suspended by Fifa over Women's World Cup kiss - BBC News

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Article in The Conversation about Rubiales' speech at the Royal Football Federation on August 25th 2023, from https://theconversation.com/luis-rubiales-these-seven-tactics-made-his-speech-excusing-his-assault-on-jenni-hermoso-a-textbook-case-in-silencing-women-212546

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From article in The Conversation about use of inclusive language by Rubiales in his speech at RFEF assembly on August25th 2023

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From article in The Conversation about use of inclusive language by Rubiales in his speech at RFEF assembly on August25th 2023

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Rubiales began his speech by appealing to “all female and male assembly members”. He used the word “feminism” and its derivatives eight times in his speech. He said “equality” four times and “justice” six times.​

But later on, he spoke about using the masculine plural in Spanish, which “includes both women and men”, urging those present not to be “self-conscious” about using the word campeones to talk about the winning team, rather than the feminine plural campeonas.

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Celebrations in Spain following the national team's win at the FIFA Women's World Cup have been marred by the behaviour of Luis Rubiales, president of the Royal Spanish Football Federation. Rubiales kissed Jenni Hermoso, one of the players, without her consent and made rude gestures in the stands while watching the match.

Despite criticism of his behaviour, Rubiales has refused to resign, defending himself in a lengthy and at times bizarre speech.

Throughout, Rubiales resorted to strategies that are commonly used by those resistant to gender equality. It was straight out of the anti-feminist playbook. Sociologists Michael Flood, Molly Dragiewicz and Bob Pease set out a series of discursive mechanisms used to diminish feminism in a paper published in 2020. These were all on show when Rubiales took to the floor - from the most subtle to the most aggressive.

1. Denial

The first tactic is denial. This includes rejecting the idea that any problem even exists and denying the legitimacy of any case for change.

Denial is a very common element of resistance to gender equality. In Rubiales's case, he said: "It was spontaneous, mutual and consensual. I have a great relationship with all the players and we had some very affectionate moments at this training camp."

However, two days earlier, a statement issued on behalf of Jennifer Hermoso by her union didn't seem to go in the same direction. It stated that the union was working to ensure that "acts such as those we have seen never go unpunished, that they are sanctioned and that appropriate measures are taken to protect women footballers from actions that we believe are unacceptable."

2. Disavowal

In this context, disavowal amounts to refusing to recognise responsibility for addressing a problem or instigating change to address it.

Rubiales's speech was made at a special meeting of the federation, called in order for him to explain himself. But he did not engage with the questions around his behaviour towards Hermoso. He apologised for grabbing his crotch during the celebration, but not for the unwanted kiss.

In relation to the kiss, Rubiales only insisted: "They are not trying to do justice. That is false."

3. Inaction

Inaction is a refusal to implement change, and here too, Rubiales played it by the book. While rumours about his resignation were floating around since the previous evening, he made clear that it wouldn't happen. He didn't apologise for the kiss or even thought that it could have been a mistake. In fact, he did exactly the opposite. His big announcement - that he not only declared but yelled five times - was the fact that he refused to resign.

4. Appropriation

Appropriation can involve simulating change while covertly undermining it. This was in evidence during Rubiales because he did at one point apologise "unreservedly".

However, he did not apologise for the main problem. The apology was only for "an event that occurred in the box" in a moment of "euphoria" when he grabbed "that part of his body". He was referring to the moment when he grabbed his crotch in a moment of celebration. By apologising for this action, Rubiales was able to assume the position of someone seeking to atone without atoning for the more serious act.

5. Cooptation

When people use progressive language to maintain unequal structures and practices, it is called cooptation.

Rubiales began his speech by appealing to "all female and male assembly members". He used the word "feminism" and its derivatives eight times in his speech. He said "equality" four times and "justice" six times.

But later on, he spoke about using the masculine plural in Spanish, which "includes both women and men", urging those present not to be "self-conscious" about using the word campeones to talk about the winning team, rather than the feminine plural campeonas.

Other frequently used words were hunt, assassination, pressure and suffering - but always in reference to himself and those who support him.

"Claims of male victimisation and reverse discrimination are also common elements in resistance," according to Flood, Dragiewicz and Pease. "Many men feel under threat from feminism and draw attention to what they see as forms of male disadvantage," say Flood, Dragiewicz and Pease.

Anti-feminists try to reverse the problem by claiming reverse discrimination. Rubiales appeals to this several times. He is the victim. "A social murder is being carried out. They are trying to kill me," he says.

"We have suffered a lot. We have been through a lot. We have swallowed a lot. But we have been together. You and me and your team, who I'm grateful are here," Rubiales said to the team's coach.

Rubiales even assumed the right to define what feminism is and what it is not. Demanding responsibility for what happened, in his view, is "false feminism", which is "the great scourge of this country".

"Equality is not differentiating between what a man says and what a woman says. You have to differentiate between truth and lies. And I am telling the truth," said Rubiales. He also claimed the power to determine what constitutes aggression. "What will a woman [who] has been forced and sexually assaulted think?" he asked.

6. Repression

Rubiales's surprise refusal to resign is an example of repression, in that he was reversing the process of change. By the time he got up to speak, it was widely accepted that the appropriate thing to do would be to resign. Yet he pushed back against the tide.

7. Violence

The use of violence, harassment and abuse against subordinate groups is key to pushing back against the forces of change. For Rubiales, aggression against someone he considers subordinate is nothing more than a paternalic kiss - a gesture without desire. Yet he also indulged in a lengthy, graphic explanation of Hermoso's supposed actions in erotic terms - claiming she grabbed him "by the hips, by the legs", "lifted" him off the ground, "pulled him closer to his body", etc.

#Seacabó

The applause Rubiales received at the end of his speech corroborates what Flood, Dragiewicz and Pease say, and what many researchers have seen time and again in scientific studies - anti-feminism is not anecdotal but widespread. It is a real social scourge.

In response to his statements, Spanish female national team players and, later, many other sportsmen and women took a stand against such behaviour. The speech that Rubiales wanted to make in self-defence became a spark that ignited a movement, led by the hashtag #seacabó - "it's over".

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Luis Rubiales: these seven tactics made his speech excusing his assault on Jenni Hermoso a textbook case in silencing women

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Luis Rubiales' speech against the accusations of having abused of Jenni Hermoso distils constant examples of machismo disguised as feminism that experts in the field are able to detect.

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Parody of the account of the kiss given by Rubiales at the RFEF assembly 

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Parody of the account of the kiss given by Rubiales at the RFEF assembly 

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Video that recreates litterally in a parody video what Rubiales said that happened during the kiss and how Jenni Hermoso was an active participant in it.

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Micro #cuento del sábado noche.
Lo que el ojo no vió.
#nanit

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Micro #cuento del sábado noche.
Lo que el ojo no vió.
#nanit https://t.co/UmepWUCxht

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Micro #cuento del sábado noche.
Lo que el ojo no vió.#nanit pic.twitter.com/UmepWUCxht
— Lå Møñøs (@LolaLaMonyos) August 26, 2023

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Micro #cuento del sábado noche.
Lo que el ojo no vió.
#nanit https://t.co/UmepWUCxht

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Micro #cuento del sábado noche.
Lo que el ojo no vió.
#nanit https://t.co/UmepWUCxht

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Micro #cuento del sábado noche.
Lo que el ojo no vió.
#nanit

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“Enough is Enough”: tackling sexism, sexual harassment, and power abuse in Spain's academia and healthcare sector

"The sexual harassment experienced by participants in the study takes many forms. Verbal abuse which consists of inappropriate, offensive, and humiliating remarks is the most prevalent type (53%). Physical abuse, such as inappropriate unwelcome touching, groping, kissing, and hugging is prevalent too (44.9%), especially in healthcare workplaces. Unwanted sexual advances and requests for sexual favors are happening in 6.4% of the accounts, including Quid Pro Quo harassment. Cyber harassment and sexual memes are less frequent with 3.8% of the accounts reporting such practices. Furthermore, several participants described experiences of hostile or offensive environment harassment perpetrated by companions and colleagues in healthcare workplaces and academia, concretely in 47.5% of the experiences shared."

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UN Gender Inclusive Language  SDG 5:Gender Equality

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UN Gender Inclusive Language  SDG 5:Gender Equality

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1.1 Forms of address

When referring to or addressing specific individuals, use forms of address and pronouns that are consistent with their gender identity.

For United Nations staff members, you may check the intranet or the organizational or staff directory. If the staff member appears as "Ms.", that is the form of address that should be used for her, and female pronouns are appropriate. Alternatively, and if the situation permits, you may ask the persons you are addressing or writing about what pronoun and form of address should be used for them.

Note for United Nations staff members who draft texts to be translated: If you are the author of a text that is going to be translated, and your text is referring to a specific person, please let translators know what the gender of that person is so they can use appropriate language in their translations. This is crucial for languages such as Arabic, French, Russian and Spanish.

There should also be consistency in the way women and men are referred to: if one of them is addressed by their name, last name, courtesy title, or profession, the other one should be as well.

"Professor Smith (surname and title for a man) and Madeline (first name for a woman) will attend the luncheon."

"Professor Smith and Professor Jones will attend the luncheon (surname and title for both)."

Ms. or Mrs.?

Care should be taken to use the form of address preferred by each individual. However, when that preference is not known, precedence is given to Ms. over Mrs., as the former is more inclusive and can refer to any woman, regardless of marital status

1.2 Avoid gender-biased expressions or expressions that reinforce gender stereotypes

Discriminatory examples:

"She throws/runs/fights like a girl."

"In a manly way."

"Oh, that's women's work."

"Thank you to the ladies for making the room more beautiful."

"Men just don't understand."

"Guests are cordially invited to attend with their wives."

"Guests are cordially invited to attend with their partners."

"Fathers babysit their children."

"Fathers care for their children."

How do I know if I am using discriminatory language?

Reverse the gender: Would reversing the designation or the term from masculine to feminine or vice versa change the meaning or emphasis of the sentence? Would it make the sentence sound odd?

"Women should not seek out leadership positions."

"Men cannot do two things at the same time."

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1.1 Forms of address When referring to or addressing specific individuals, use forms of address and pronouns that are consistent with their gender identity. For United Nations staff members, you may check the intranet or the organizational or staff directory.

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 Paper about the Generic Masculine in Translation

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 Paper about the Generic Masculine in Translation

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Toledano Buendía, C. (2022). Interpreting and Non-Sexist Language: Some Observations on the Use of Masculine Generics. Linguistica, 62(1-2), 239–250. https://doi.org/10.4312/linguistica.62.1-2.239-250

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Authors Carmen Toledano Buendía University of La Laguna, Spain

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Interpreting and Non-Sexist Language: Some Observations on the Use of Masculine Generics | Linguistica

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Pojem neseksističnega ali spolno vključujočega jezika se nanaša na vsako ustno ali pisno izražanje, ki se izogiba vsakršni vrsti diskriminacije na podlagi spola, s čimer izloča spolne stereotipe (OZN 2019). Čeprav se polemikam ni izognil, se je raba tega jezika v zadnjih letih razširila v organih, u…

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Article in The conversation about #Seacabo and #meetoo moment

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Article in The conversation about #Seacabo and #meetoo moment

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Winning the women's World Cup was a significant moment for Spanish football. Spain is now one of only two teams who are world champions in both the male and female competitions (Germany is the other).

This momentous achievement cannot have been lost on Spanish football executives. For that reason, it is particularly incomprehensible that the president of the Spanish football federation kissed the women's team player Jenni Hermoso on the lips in plain view of the entire world, turning what should have been a celebration into a reckoning.

Luis Rubiales' defence is that he kissed Hermoso in a moment of euphoria (diminishing his own responsibility) and, more importantly, that it was by mutual consent. This he explained to a large crowd of the football federation's members in a general meeting, despite Hermoso saying publicly that she did not consent or "enjoy" the kiss.

So far, Rubiales has evaded calls to resign, both from the public and Spanish football federation officials (though he has been suspended by Fifa). But his protestations of innocence have been drowned out by a vociferous feminist movement, as well as the Spanish government, Fifa and other teams worldwide.

Even some men's teams are wearing shirts with the message #SeAcabó [it's over], #contigo Jenni [with you, Jenni] and todos somos Jenni [we're all Jenni].

Immediately hailed as Spain's #MeToo moment, it appears to mark a turning point. In a society where feminist progress has historically been met with backlash, it shows how far Spanish society has come to reject rancid machismo instantaneously.

Read more: Luis Rubiales: these seven tactics made his speech excusing his assault on Jenni Hermoso a textbook case in silencing women

Machismo, on and off the pitch

The kiss was not the only moment of such machismo that this team has had to contend with. In the autumn of 2022, 15 players demanded better working conditions, because they feared for their physical and mental health. "Las 15", as they became known, play football for first division clubs (Barcelona, both Manchester clubs, Atlético de Madrid), so they knew what can be achieved with better resources and conditions.

These legitimate concerns made in private were leaked to the press and spun as a revolt of spoilt, female brats against the head coach Jorge Vilda. Las 15 published a letter clarifying that their concerns referred to better management of the team to achieve peak performance, and a less controlling leadership style that treats players professionally.

Rubiales, unsurprisingly, gave Vilda unconditional support. And from Las 15, only three players were selected for the World Cup (Batlle, Bonmatí, Caldentey), making their win against a formidable English team even more remarkable.

Backlash to progress

These moments are best understood within the context of wider legal, social and cultural changes that have taken place in Spain. While there was slow but steady progress for women's rights in the 1980s and 1990s, it was not until the administration of José Luis Rodriguez Zapatero (2004-2011) that progress accelerated, and the longstanding machismo culture began to face a real challenge.

Two landmark legislative changes were made to combat gender violence in 2004 and progress gender equality in 2007.

The most recent new legislation, passed in October 2022, strengthens criminal charges for sexual aggression, among other advancements for women's rights. These changes were described as a fundamental feminist achievement by the UN.

This wording, while accurate, plays into the hands of the far right political party Vox, who all too happily spin these advancements as the making of a (too) leftwing government. Vox is vocal in its condemnation of feminism and blames women for destroying the nuclear family as the basis for society.

Most shockingly, they want to protect men from "fake feminism", such as supposedly fake stories about gender violence. This is the exact phrasing Rubiales used in his defence, showing how this ideology can be accepted and used by powerful men.

Throughout history, feminist movements have had to contend with setbacks and false narratives against them. As American journalist Susan Faludi argued in her 1991 book Backlash, the underlying cause for such a response against feminist movements is male anxiety about the loss of power in the public and private sphere.

In Spain, you can see these backlashes whenever there were radical (or even not so radical) legal changes. Even during the dictatorship in the 1960s, the slightest progress for female rights was perceived as a danger to a male-dominated society.

Equally, during the transition from dictatorship to democracy (1975-1982) women's demands for rights were at best considered as an afterthought and at worst seen as a serious danger to society.

Read more: Se acabó: de las universidades al fútbol, el consentimiento está en boca de todos

Solidarity

The vocal opposition to Rubiales' behaviour shows progress is being made culturally as well as politically.

Yolanda Díaz, a deputy prime minister, swiftly and confidently reacted to Rubiales' kiss in a press conference: "Spanish society is profoundly feminist, it's in the vanguard of equal rights, and that's why these abnormal behaviours stick out so much."

This assertion that Spain is a feminist nation is borne out by the statistics both at European and global level. The EU Gender Equality Index ranks Spain 6th of 27 countries, while the Global Gender Gap report ranks it 18th of 146 countries (the US is ranked 43rd).

The vast majority of reactions to Rubiales' power play was to say "todos somos Jenni/we are all Jenni", although the most prominent male players were conspicuous by their silence - there is still work to be done.

Female and male feminists from all walks of life took to the streets demonstrating in Spanish cities, showing Rubiales the red card. It's over for Rubiales, not even football tolerates toxic masculinity anymore.

An editorial in El País is brutally frank in its judgement of this powerful man who has behaved like a textbook perpetrator. No country can control its lunatics, but how it deals with them is a sign of its maturity.

Spanish feminism - one, machismo - nil.

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World Cup kiss: feminist progress is always met with backlash, but Spain's #MeToo moment shows things are changing

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The nonconsensual kiss of team captain Jenni Hermoso has sparked a massive and instant rejection of machismo.

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© 2023 International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance

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© 2023 International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance

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Case study: Gender Equality

Global State of Democracy 2023 Report

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This Case Study is part of The Global State of Democracy 2023 Report .

At the end of 2022, Gender Equality scores in the Global State of Democracy (GSoD) dataset were decidedly mid-range. Although mid-range global scores have long been the norm (since 1983), it is important to note that there has been slow improvement over time.

It is important to address data gaps regarding women's empowerment and gender equality. These include data on women's participation in household decision making and access to household income, as well as on emerging or long-standing issues such as vulnerabilities resulting from climate change, status and well-being of women and girls facing intersectional inequalities, and the role of technology in combating or entrenching institutional gender bias.

Details

Atsuko Hirakawa and Rumbidzai Kandawasvika-Nhundu

Contents

The status of gender equality

Gains for women's rights: Evidence from 2023

Setbacks reversing decades of gains

Way forward for tackling systemic challenges

References

Acknowledgements

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This Case Study is part of The Global State of Democracy 2023 Report.