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Developed primarily by John B. Watson and B.F. Skinner, behaviorism focuses on observable behaviors rather than internal mental states.

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Language learner strategies are the specific techniques or methods learners use to enhance their language acquisition, communication, or overall learning effectiveness. These are flexible and can be adapted depending on the context or task.

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The concept of motivation, particularly in the context of an ESL (English as a Second Language) classroom, can be understood as the driving force that influences a student's willingness and enthusiasm to learn and engage with the language.

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The Secondary English Language Curriculum in aims to develop students' proficiency in English, aligned with the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages (CEFR). The curriculum is designed to ensure students achieve operational proficiency, enabling them to communicate effectively in various contexts, understand and analyze different types of texts, and develop critical thinking and analytical skills through language study.

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Key Components

Language Skills Development

Cultural and Literary Appreciation

Critical Thinking and Analysis

Communicative Competence

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The curriculum employs a variety of teaching methods to cater to diverse learning styles and needs:

Task-based Learning

Communicative Language Teaching (CLT)

Content and Language Integrated Learning (CLIL)

Project-based Learning

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Assessment in the Secondary English Language Curriculum :

Formative Assessments

Summative Assessments

Self-assessment and Peer-assessment

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Ministry of Education Malaysia. (2023). Standard Kurikulum dan Pentaksiran Bahasa Inggeris Pusat Tingkatan Enam Tahun 2023.https://www.moe.gov.my/storage/files/shares/pekeliling_dan_garis_panduan/surat_siaran/Surat%20Siaran%20KPM%20Bil.%204%20Tahun%202023%20Pelaksanaan%20Standard%20Kurikulum%20Dan%20Pentaksiran%20Bahasa%20Inggeris%20Pusat%20Tingkatan%20Enam%20Tahun%202023.pdf?_t=1703556323

Unified Curriculum Committee of Malaysian Independent Chinese Secondary School Working Committee. (2021). Senior Middle Level English Language Curriculum Standards.https://elearning.dongzong.my/pluginfile.php/86676/mod_resource/content/1/Curriculum%20Standards%20for%20English%20Language%20%28Senior%29%202021.pdf

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Motivation is considered the "heart" of language teaching as it significantly impacts a student's effort, results, and ability in language learning. Activities and teaching strategies must align with students' motivational needs to foster effective learning.

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-Instrumental Motivation

-Integrative Motivation

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·Psychological factors like fear, shyness, and anxiety can hinder participation.

·A lack of connection with the language or its use outside the classroom may reduce interest.

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·  Trigger Interests

·  Fun Activities

·  Out-of-Class Exposure

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·  Cultivate a love for the language.

·  Sustain enthusiasm through creative and relatable teaching materials.

·  Provide guidance to overcome barriers and ease learning difficulties.

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· Cognitive Strategies

· Metacognitive Strategies

· Affective Strategies

· Social Strategies

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· Avoidance Strategies

· Compensatory Strategies

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Teachers can incorporate strategy training in their lessons to help students become aware of their learning styles and effectively use strategies. This approach includes:

· Raising awareness of personal learning styles and strategies.

· Embedding strategy instruction within the curriculum.

· Teaching compensatory techniques to address weaknesses.

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Practical Applications in ESL Classrooms

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Practical Applications in ESL Classrooms

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· Align teaching methods with diverse learning styles.

· Introduce reflective or impulsive tasks based on learner tendencies.

· Create activities that enhance strategy use, such as group discussions (social strategies) or self-monitoring journals (metacognitive strategies).

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Vale, I., & Barbosa, A. (2023). Active learning strategies for an effective mathematics teaching and learning. European Journal of Science and Mathematics Education, 11(3), 573-588

https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1385531.pdf

Biwer, F., oude Egbrink, M. G. A., Aalten, P., & de Bruin, A. B. H. (2020). Fostering effective learning strategies in higher education—A mixed-methods study. Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition, 9(2), 186-203

https://psycnet.apa.org/fulltext/2020-35981-001.html

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Learning styles are the consistent and relatively stable cognitive, affective, and physiological traits that influence how learners interact with and respond to their learning environment. They bridge emotion and cognition and are shaped by how individuals internalize their environment

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Field Independence vs. Field Dependence

Ambiguity Tolerance

high tolerance vs low tolerance

Reflectivity vs. Impulsivity:

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Chong, C. S. (2021). Six trends for the new future of English language teaching | British Council. Britishcouncil.org. https://www.britishcouncil.org/voices-magazine/six-trends-english-language-teaching-2021

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Pei, X. (2022). The Latest Research Trends and Methods in Language Learning Strategies : A Systematic Review. The Journal of Asia TEFL. https://doi.org/104609400/s200_xiaoyu

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Developed by Dr. Spencer Kagan, are a set of instructional techniques designed to promote cooperative learning and student engagement in the classroom.

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Key benefits of using Kagan Cooperative Strategies

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Key benefits of using Kagan Cooperative Strategies

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Increased Engagement

Improved Collaboration

Enhanced Communication Skills

Boosted Self-Esteem

Better Learning Outcomes

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1)Think-Pair-Share

2)Numbered Heads Together

3)RoundRobin

4)Three-Step Interview

5)Jigsaw

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Slavin, R. E. (1995). Cooperative Learning: Theory, Research, and Practice (2nd ed.). Boston, MA: Allyn and Bacon.

Kagan, S., & Kagan, M. (2009). Kagan Cooperative Learning. San Clemente, CA: Kagan Publishing.

Kagan, S. (1994). Cooperative Learning. San Juan Capistrano, CA: Kagan Publishing.

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Classical Conditioning

Operant Conditioning

Observational Learning

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Innatist Theory proposed by Noam Chomsky. Innatist Theory is a perspective in linguistics and psychology that argues humans are born with innate cognitive structures that allow them to acquire language.

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Universal Grammar (UG):

Language Acquisition Device (LAD):

Critical Period Hypothesis:

Poverty of the Stimulus:

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Socialist theory in education emphasizes creating an equitable and inclusive learning environment that promotes social justice and collective well-being

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Key Aspects of Socialist Theory in Education

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Key Aspects of Socialist Theory in Education

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Equal Access to Education

Collaborative Learning

Critical Pedagogy

Social Justice Themes

Democratic Classroom Environment

Holistic Approach

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Constructivist theory is a learning theory based on the idea that learners actively construct their own understanding and knowledge of the world through experiences and reflecting on those experiences.

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1. Active Learning:

2. Social Interaction:

3. Scaffolding:

4. Discovery Learning:

5. Constructivist Classrooms:

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Cognitivist theory focuses on understanding how the mind processes information and how this process influences learning. It emphasizes the importance of internal mental processes such as thinking, memory, and problem-solving.

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Information Processing

Active Learning

Schema Theory

Metacognition

Transfer of Learning

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Meisam Ziafar. (2019). From Behaviorism to New Behaviorism: A Review Study. Loquen: English Studies Journal; Lembaga Penelitian dan Pengabdian kepada Masyarakat (LP2M) Universitas Islam Negeri (UIN) Sultan Maulana Hasanuddin Banten. https://www.academia.edu/104063876/From_Behaviorism_to_New_Behaviorism_A_Review_Study

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The Innate Theory - The technique of teaching - The Innate Theory Introduction The Innate Theory - Studocu. (n.d.). Studocu. https://www.studocu.com/row/document/universite-ibn-zohr/linguistics/the-innate-theory-the-technique-of-teaching/14639632

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Marxism and Education. (2017). https://doi.org/10.4324/9781351253321

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Juvova, A., Chudy, S., Neumeister, P., Plischke, J., & Kvintova, J. (2015). Reflection of Constructivist Theories in Current Educational Practice. Universal Journal of Educational Research, 3(5), 345–349. https://doi.org/10.13189/ujer.2015.030506

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Muhajirah. (2020). Basic of Learning theory: (Behaviorism, cognitivism, constructivism, and humanism). International Journal of Asian Education (IJAE) by READ Institute, 1(1), 37–42. https://doi.org/10.46966/ijae.v1i1.23

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Log In - ProQuest. (2024). Proquest.com. https://www.proquest.com/docview/1859715026/fulltextPDF/11B31C00A2A143D7PQ/1?accountid=13155&sourcetype=Conference%20Papers%20&%20Proceedings

Dörnyei, Z., & Muir, C. (2019). Creating a Motivating Classroom Environment. Second Handbook of English Language Teaching, 719–736. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-02899-2_36

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