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Surfaces are broken into sharply defined planes but are not yet complexly fragmented; forms still retain an illusion of volume; and perspective, though dramatically shortened, is not obliterated.

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Picasso’s still life Carafe, Jug, and Fruit Bowl, 

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Picasso’s still life Carafe, Jug, and Fruit Bowl, 

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What clues does Picasso provide to let us know that the subject of this painting is a musician playing the accordion?

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Paul Cézanne, Mont Sainte-Victoire Seen from the Bibemus Quarry, c.1897, Baltimore Museum of Art

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Georges Braque, Houses at L’Estaque, 1908, Museum of Fine Arts, Bern

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Paul Cézanne, Bibemus Quarry, c.1895, Museum Folkwang, Essen

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Georges Braque, Viaduct at L’Estaque, 1908, Centre Pompidou, Paris

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Paul Cézanne, Mont Sainte-Victoire, 1904, Philadelphia Museum of Art

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Even though Cézanne was mainly trying to create volume through color planes, the Cubists saw in Cézanne a tendency to represent nature with geometric shapes, which is central to the early development of Cubism.

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Paul Cézanne, The Grounds of the Château-Noir, c.1904, National Gallery, London

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Pablo Picasso, Brick Factory at Tortosa, 1909, Hermitage Museum, Saint Petersburg

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Paul Cézanne, Still Life with Apples and Oranges, 1895-1900, Musée d’Orsay, Paris

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In many paintings by Cézanne, it looks as if each object has its own independent space with its own point of view, which goes against the traditional single-point-of-view linear perspective introduced in the Renaissance.

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Jean Metzinger, Tea Time (Woman with a Teaspoon), 1911, Philadelphia Museum of Art

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The Cubists followed Cézanne in breaking the traditional rules of perspective, and then went further by introducing multiple views of the same subject from different perspectives at the same time, which is another feature of their style. A good example is the cup in this painting, seen both from the side and from the top:

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Pablo Picasso. Les Demoiselles d'Avignon. Paris, June-July 1907

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Georges Braque
Glass on a Table (1909–10)
Tate

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The term analytical cubism describes the early phase of cubism, generally considered to run from 1908–12, characterised by a fragmentary appearance of multiple viewpoints and overlapping planes

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Bottle and Fishes
c.1910–12, Georges Braque

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Synthetic cubism is the later phase of cubism, generally considered to run from about 1912 to 1914, characterised by simpler shapes and brighter colours

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Pablo Picasso
Bowl of Fruit, Violin and Bottle (1914)
Lent by the National Gallery 1997

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Pablo Picasso
Bottle of Vieux Marc, Glass, Guitar and Newspaper (1913)
Tate

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Bottle of Rum and Newspaper
1913–14, Juan Gris