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2. What are the things that happen to human traffickers after they are caught(reproductions)?

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The National Child Traumatic Stress Network

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Sex trafficking occurs among all socioeconomic classes, races, ethnicities, and gender identities and in urban, suburban, and rural communities across the US.

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Human trafficking, also called trafficking in persons, has no place in our world. As both a grave crime and a human rights abuse, it compromises national and economic security, undermines the rule of law, and harms the well-being of individuals and communities everywhere. It is a crime of exploitation. Traffickers profit at the expense of their victims by compelling them to perform labor or to engage in commercial sex in every region of the United States and around the world. With an estimated 27.6 million victims worldwide at any given time, human traffickers prey on people of all ages, backgrounds, and nationalities, exploiting them for their own profit.

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Human Trafficking in the United States

In the United States, traffickers compel victims to engage in commercial sex and to work in both legal and illicit industries and sectors, including in hospitality, traveling sales crews, agriculture, janitorial services, construction, landscaping, restaurants, factories, care for persons with disabilities, salon services, massage parlors, retail services, fairs and carnivals, peddling and begging, drug smuggling and distribution, religious institutions, child care, and domestic work.

"Trafficking in persons," "human trafficking," and "modern slavery" are umbrella terms - often used interchangeably - to refer to a crime whereby traffickers exploit and profit at the expense of adults or children by compelling them to perform labor or engage in commercial sex.  When a person younger than 18 is used to perform a commercial sex act, it is a crime regardless of whether there is any force, fraud, or coercion involved.

The United States recognizes two primary forms of trafficking in persons:  forced labor and sex trafficking.  The basic meaning of these forms of human trafficking and some unique characteristics of each are set forth below, followed by several key principles and concepts that relate to all forms of human trafficking.

More than 175 nations have ratified or acceded to the UN Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons (the UN TIP Protocol), which defines trafficking in persons and contains obligations to prevent and combat the crime.

The United States' Trafficking Victims Protection Act of 2000, as amended (TVPA), and the UN TIP Protocol contain similar definitions of human trafficking.  The elements of both definitions can be described using a three-element framework focused on the trafficker's 1) acts; 2) means; and 3) purpose.  All three elements are essential to form a human trafficking violation.
Forced Labor
Forced Labor, sometimes also referred to as labor trafficking, encompasses the range of activities involved when a person uses force, fraud, or coercion to exploit the labor or services of another person.

The  "acts"  element of forced labor is met when the trafficker recruits, harbors, transports, provides, or obtains a person for labor or services.

The  "means"  element of forced labor includes a trafficker's use of force, fraud, or coercion.  The coercive scheme can include threats of force, debt manipulation, withholding of pay, confiscation of identity documents, psychological coercion, reputational harm, manipulation of the use of addictive substances, threats to other people, or other forms of coercion.

The  "purpose"  element focuses on the perpetrator's goal to exploit a person's labor or services.  There is no limit on the location or type of industry.  Traffickers can commit this crime in any sector or setting, whether legal or illicit, including but not limited to agricultural fields, factories, restaurants, hotels, massage parlors, retail stores, fishing vessels, mines, private homes, or drug trafficking operations.

All three elements are essential to constitute the crime of forced labor.

There are certain types of forced labor that are frequently distinguished for emphasis or because they are widespread:
Domestic Servitude
"Domestic servitude" is a form of forced labor in which the trafficker requires a victim to perform work in a private residence.  Such circumstances create unique vulnerabilities. Domestic workers are often isolated and may work alone in a house.  Their employer often controls their access to food, transportation, and housing.  What happens in a private residence is hidden from the world - including from law enforcement and labor inspectors - resulting in barriers to victim identification.  Foreign domestic workers are particularly vulnerable to abuse due to language and cultural barriers, as well as a lack of community ties.  Some perpetrators use these types of conditions as part of their coercive schemes to compel the labor of domestic workers with little risk of detection.
Forced Child Labor
The term "forced child labor" describes forced labor schemes in which traffickers compel children to work.  Traffickers often target children because they are more vulnerable.  Although some children may legally engage in certain forms of work, forcing or coercing children to work remains illegal.  Forms of slavery or slavery-like practices - including the sale of children, forced or compulsory child labor, and debt bondage and serfdom of children - continue to exist, despite legal prohibitions and widespread condemnation.  Some indicators of forced labor of a child include situations in which the child appears to be in the custody of a non-family member and the child's work financially benefits someone outside the child's family; or the denial of food, rest, or schooling to a child who is working.
Sex Trafficking
Sex trafficking encompasses the range of activities involved when a trafficker uses force, fraud, or coercion to compel another person to engage in a commercial sex act or causes a child to engage in a commercial sex act.

The crime of sex trafficking is also understood through the "acts," "means," and "purpose" framework.  All three elements are required to establish a sex trafficking crime (except in the case of child sex trafficking where the means are irrelevant).

The  "acts"  element of sex trafficking is met when a trafficker recruits, harbors, transports, provides, obtains, patronizes, or solicits another person to engage in commercial sex.

The  "means"  element of sex trafficking occurs when a trafficker uses force, fraud, or coercion.  Coercion in the case of sex trafficking includes the broad array of means included in the forced labor definition.  These can include threats of serious harm, psychological harm, reputational harm, threats to others, and debt manipulation.

The  "purpose"  element is a commercial sex act.  Sex trafficking can take place in private homes, massage parlors, hotels, or brothels, among other locations, as well as on the internet.
Child Sex Trafficking
In cases where an individual engages in any of the specified "acts" with a child (under the age of 18), the means element is irrelevant regardless of whether evidence of force, fraud, or coercion exists.  The use of children in commercial sex is prohibited by law in the United States and most countries around the world.
Key Principles and Concepts
These key principles and concepts relate to all forms of trafficking in persons, including forced labor and sex trafficking.
Consent
Human trafficking can take place even if the victim initially consented to providing labor, services, or commercial sex acts.  The analysis is primarily focused on the trafficker's conduct and not that of the victim.  A trafficker can target a victim after a victim applies for a job or migrates to earn a living.  The trafficker's exploitative scheme is what matters, not a victim's prior consent or ability to meaningfully consent thereafter.  Likewise, in a sex trafficking case, an adult victim's initial willingness to engage in commercial sex acts is not relevant where a perpetrator subsequently uses force, fraud, or coercion to exploit the victim and cause them to continue engaging in the same acts.  In the case of child sex trafficking, the consent of the victim is never relevant as a child cannot legally consent to commercial sex.
Movement
Neither U.S. law nor international law requires that a trafficker or victim move across a border for a human trafficking offense to take place.  Trafficking in persons is a crime of exploitation and coercion, and not movement.  Traffickers can use schemes that take victims hundreds of miles away from their homes or exploit them in the same neighborhoods where they were born.
Debt Bondage
"Debt bondage" is focused on human trafficking crimes in which the trafficker's primary means of coercion is debt manipulation.  U.S. law prohibits perpetrators from using debts as part of their scheme, plan, or pattern to compel a person to work or engage in commercial sex.  Traffickers target some individuals with an initial debt assumed willingly as a condition of future employment, while in certain countries traffickers tell individuals they "inherited" the debt from relatives.  Traffickers can also manipulate debts after the economic relationship begins by withholding earnings or forcing the victim to assume debts for expenses like food, housing, or transportation.  They can also manipulate debts a victim owes to other people.  When traffickers use debts as a means to compel labor or commercial sex, they have committed a crime.
Non-Penalization
Governments should not penalize or prosecute victims of trafficking in persons for the unlawful acts traffickers compelled them to commit.  This principle aims to protect victims from being held legally responsible for conduct that was not their choice, but rather was driven by traffickers.  If a government has penalized or punished a victim in such a way, the government should vacate the conviction and/or expunge the victim's record.
State-Sponsored Human Trafficking
While the TVPA and UN TIP Protocol call on governments to proactively address trafficking crimes, some governments are part of the problem, directly compelling their citizens into sexual slavery or forced labor schemes.  From forced labor in local or national public work projects, military operations, and economically important sectors, or as part of government-funded projects or missions abroad, officials use their power to exploit their nationals.  To extract this work, governments coerce by threatening the withdrawal of public benefits, withholding salaries, failing to adhere to limits on national service, manipulating the lack of legal status of stateless individuals and members of minority groups, threatening to punish family members, or conditioning services or freedom of movement on labor or sex.  In 2019, Congress amended the TVPA to acknowledge that governments can also act as traffickers, referring specifically to a "government policy or pattern" of human trafficking, trafficking in government-funded programs, forced labor in government-affiliated medical services or other sectors, sexual slavery in government camps, or the employment or recruitment of child soldiers.
Unlawful Recruitment or Use of Child Soldiers
Another manifestation of human trafficking occurs when government forces or any non-state armed group unlawfully recruits or uses children - through force, fraud, or coercion - as soldiers or for labor or services in conflict situations.  Children are also used as sex slaves.  Sexual slavery, as referred to here, occurs when armed groups force or coerce children to "marry" or be raped by commanders or combatants.  Both male and female children are often sexually abused or exploited by members of armed groups and suffer the same types of devastating physical and psychological consequences associated with sex trafficking.
Accountability in Supply Chains
Forced labor is well documented in the private economy, particularly in agriculture, fishing, manufacturing, construction, and domestic work; but no sector is immune.  Sex trafficking occurs in several industries as well.  Most well-known is the hospitality industry, but the crime also occurs in connection with extractive industries where activities are often remote and lack meaningful government presence.  Governments should hold all entities, including businesses, accountable for human trafficking.  In some countries, the law provides for corporate accountability in both the civil and criminal justice systems.  U.S. law provides such liability for any legal person, including a business that benefits financially from its involvement in a human trafficking scheme, provided that the business knew or should have known of the scheme.

Prosecution, Protection, Prevention, and Partnership

The "3P" paradigm-prosecution, protection, and prevention-continues to serve as the fundamental framework used around the world to combat human trafficking. The United States also follows this approach, reflected in the United States' Trafficking Victims Protection Act of 2000 , as amended (TVPA), and in the Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children supplementing the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime (Palermo Protocol) . In addition, a fourth "P"-for partnership-serves as a complementary means to achieve progress across the 3Ps and enlist all segments of society in the fight against human trafficking.

Victims of Human Trafficking

Human trafficking victims can be of any age, race, ethnicity, sex, gender identity, sexual orientation, nationality, immigration status, cultural background, religion, socio-economic class, and education attainment level. In the United States, individuals vulnerable to human trafficking include children in the child welfare and juvenile justice systems, including foster care; runaway and homeless youth; unaccompanied foreign national children without lawful immigration status; individuals seeking asylum; American Indians and Alaska Natives, particularly women and girls; individuals with substance use issues; racial or ethnic minorities; migrant laborers, including undocumented workers and participants in visa programs for temporary workers; foreign national domestic workers in diplomatic households; persons with limited English proficiency; persons with disabilities; LGBTQI+ individuals; and victims of intimate partner violence or other forms of domestic violence.

Who are the Traffickers?

At the heart of this phenomenon is the traffickers' aim to profit from the exploitation of their victims and the myriad coercive and deceptive practices they use to do so. Traffickers can be strangers, acquaintances, or even family members, and they prey on the vulnerable and on those seeking opportunities to build for themselves a brighter future.

Human Trafficking vs. Migrant Smuggling

Human trafficking can include, but does not require, movement. Human trafficking is distinct from the separate crime of migrant smuggling. Human trafficking occurs when a trafficker uses force, fraud, or coercion to compel another person to work or engage in a commercial sex act. It sometimes involves crossing a border but does not require it. By contrast, migrant smugglers engage in the crime of bringing people across international borders through deliberate evasion of immigration laws. While these are distinct crimes, individuals who are smuggled may become vulnerable to and victims of human trafficking.

How Many Victims of Human Trafficking Are There?

It is hard to find reliable statistics related to human trafficking. The quality and quantity of data available are often hampered by the hidden nature of the crime, challenges in identifying individual victims, gaps in data accuracy and completeness, and significant barriers regarding the sharing of victim information among various stakeholders. For these reasons, data and statistics may not reflect the full nature or scope of the problem.
International Labour Organization
The International Labour Organization (ILO) and the Walk Free Foundation, in partnership with the International Organization for Migration (IOM), released Global Estimates of Modern Slavery in September 2022. This report estimates that, at any given time in 2021, approximately 27.6 million people were in forced labor. Of these, "17.3 million are exploited in the private sector, 6.3 million in forced commercial sexual exploitation, and 3.9 million in forced labour imposed by state." The definition of forced labor used in this report is based on ILO Forced Labour Convention, 1930 (No. 29), which states in Article 2.1 that forced labor is "all work or service which is exacted from any person under the menace of any penalty and for which the said person has not offered himself voluntarily."

This report also estimates that 49.6 million people were in "modern slavery" at any given time in 2021, but this figure includes both the estimate for forced labor and an estimate for forced marriage. Consistent with current implementation of U.S. law, it is recommended to use only the 27.6 million estimate when referring to human trafficking. While some instances of forced marriage may meet the international or U.S. legal definition of human trafficking, not all cases do. Note further that the term "modern slavery" is not defined in international or U.S. law.

In addition, the National Human Trafficking Hotline provides on its website data sets on the issue of human trafficking in the United States. These data sets are based on aggregated information learned through phone calls, emails, online tips, and texts the hotline receives and should not be confused with prevalence studies or closed-out confirmed cases. Note that the hotline receives several types of calls in addition to those about human trafficking cases. The hotline does not verify the accuracy of information reported, but it determines on a case-by-case basis whether the information should be passed on to an appropriate local, state, or federal investigative and/or service agency equipped to investigate the tip and/or respond to the needs of the potential victim.

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About Human Trafficking - United States Department of State

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Human trafficking, also called trafficking in persons, has no place in our world. As both a grave crime and a human rights abuse, it compromises national and economic security, undermines the rule of law, and harms the well-being of individuals and communities everywhere. It is a crime of exploitation.

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1. Why is human Trafficking primary in children?

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3. What are the compensations towards the families and victims of the families?

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Human trafficking can involve the threat or use of force, fraud or coercion to obtain commercial sex acts, labor or other services from an unwilling or underage participant.

Used interchangeably to describe both labor and sex trafficking , human trafficking is criminalized at the state and federal levels. Trafficking itself is penalized by the states, but federal laws also make it a crime because trafficking often involves interstate and foreign commerce, which is governed by the federal government.

Both labor trafficking and sex trafficking carry similar punishments if convicted, including up to life imprisonment under certain circumstances. If you've been accused of a trafficking-related offense, contact the attorneys at They can explain the laws governing human trafficking and formulate a strategy for dealing with the charges you're facing.

How Has Recent Legislation in Nebraska Changed Human Trafficking Charges in the State?

In 2019, Nebraska passed legislation that remov ed the statute of limitations for child victims of trafficking, giving them an inde finite ti meframe to come forward with allegations. The same legislation extended the statute of limitations for adult victims from three years to seven years and c reated add itional laws that allow law enforcement to apply for warrants to wiretap the phones of trafficking suspects. This was d one to more easily identify traffickers, buyers, and other potential victims .

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What Are the Penalties for Human Trafficking?

Along with hefty fines and lengthy prison sentences, individuals convicted of human trafficking may be required to forfeit property and assets that were obtained while participating in trafficking-related offenses. Even attempting or conspiring to participate in human trafficking activities is subject to the penalties outlined by state and federal laws.

Under Nebraska state law, human trafficking is a Class II , punishable by a mandatory minimum of one year in prison with the possibility of up to 50 years. Trafficking a minor carries more serious consequences and is classified accordingly as a Class IB felony. A Class IB felony is punishable by a mandatory 25 years imprisonment with the possibility of up to life imprisonment

Any individual who has knowingly benefitted or participated in trafficking a victim or who has knowingly played any role in the trafficking of another person can face a Class IIA felony and up to 20 years imprisonment.

Labor Trafficking

Nebraska Revised Statute 28-830 specifically addresses labor trafficking in the state of Nebraska as knowingly recruiting, enticing, harboring, transporting, providing, or obtaining by any means or attempting to recruit, entice, harbor, transport, provide, or obtain by any means a person 18 years of age or older intending or knowing that the person will be subjected to forced labor or services. Under these provisions, a person who hired a trafficker to provide them with domestic labor can also be charged and held criminally responsible for labor trafficking.

At the federal level, it's a crime to knowingly obtain the labor or services of another person by actual or threatened force or physical restraint, actual or threatened serious harm, including making threats toward a another, actual or threatened abuse of law or legal process, or a scheme, plan or pattern intended to cause a person to believe that he or she would suffer serious harm or physical restraint if the person did not perform these services. This could include the threat of living in squalid conditions, isolation from others, or the threat of law enforcement or immigration agency involvement, and possible violence.

It is also a crime to knowingly destroy, conceal, remove, confiscate, or possess another person's government-issued documents, including identification, immigration papers, passports, or any other documentation intended to restrict their freedom by preventing them from moving or traveling in order to maintain their labor or services for trafficking purposes.

Labor trafficking is sometimes connected to the smuggling of non-U.S. nationals into the country for the purpose of exploiting their labor or their bodies. Federal law prohibits slavery, forced labor, or involuntary servitude of another person.

These laws apply to employers who promise to transfer or sponsor a person's visa, forcing them to work for less than they were owed by threatening to revoke their sponsorship. Federal penalties for labor trafficking can include a fine and/or imprisonment of up to 20 years and sometimes life in cases involving aggravated circumstances.

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Sex Trafficking Explained

Federal sex trafficking offenses like prostitution, the trafficking of children, and the coercion of individuals into prostitution focus on the transportation of persons across state lines or international boundaries. It's a federal offense to knowingly persuade, induce, entice, or coerce an individual to travel to engage in prostitution or other criminal sex acts and is punishable by a fine and up to 20 years in prison.

Sex trafficking charges often occur alongside offenses that involve the sexual exploitation of minor children that crosses state lines. Transporting a person under 18 in interstate or foreign commerce for the purpose of engaging in prostitution or other criminal sex acts is a criminal violation that carries a penalty of a fine and/or minimum 10-year-prison sentence if the minor is between the ages of 14 and 18 years old or a minimum 15-year prison sentence if the minor is younger than 14 years old.

The Mann Act is a federal law that outlaws the use of interstate communication to coerce or engage someone into prostitution or other unlawful sexual activity, including minors. Convictions for sex trafficking of a minor don't require the child to have actually engaged in a sexual act. For example, the distribution of photos of a nude minor for commercial gain or other forms of child pornography that crosses state lines is a felony offense. A defendant who uses federal mail service or other means, such as electronic communication, to persuade, induce, or coerce a person under 18 to engage in prostitution or other sex acts may face fines and/or a minimum sentence of at least 10 years and up to life behind bars.

Both the purchasers and the providers of commercial sex acts or sexually explicit material can be held criminally liable for their participation.

Nebraska uses slightly different language when defining sex trafficking as compared to labor trafficking due to the sexual nature of the offense. Nebraska Revised Statute 28-318 makes recruiting, enticing, harboring, transporting, providing, soliciting, or obtaining by any means or knowingly attempting to recruit, entice, harbor, transport, provide, solicit, or obtain by any means a person 18 years of age or older for the purpose of having that person engage without their consent in commercial sexual activity, sexually explicit performance, or the production of pornography. Separate provisions apply for the sex trafficking of a minor.

Nebraska penal codes apply the same penalties for sex trafficking charges as for labor trafficking charges, with sex trafficking a Class II felony and sex trafficking of a minor a Class IB felony.

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What Are Some Defenses Against Trafficking Charges?

In human trafficking cases, it falls on the prosecutor to prove beyond a reasonable doubt that the defendant in the case knowingly participated and attempted to further the crime of trafficking. If the person being charged was unaware of his or her role in furthering the trafficking crime, then it may be more difficult for the prosecutor to prove the person "knowingly" engaged in trafficking. Not knowing about his or her involvement can serve as a possible defense for the accused.

In order to charge someone with trafficking an individual or individuals over 18, it must be established that the alleged victim or victims acted as a result of force, fraud, or coercion and not of their own free will. Consent may be a defense in situations where the accuser is older than 18. However, the use of fraud or coercion is not necessary in cases where the victim is a minor, and therefore not a defense.

to the knowledgeable criminal defense team at Berry Law. They can explain your rights and defend your interests against human trafficking charges.

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Contact us today to schedule a confidential consultation with a criminal defense and personal injury lawyer in Nebraska or Iowa. If we determine that we can help you with your case, we'll get started on building your defense or your insurance claim as soon as possible.

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What Are the Penalties for Human Trafficking

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There are many different penalties associated with human trafficking, and understanding them is key to the case process. Call today.

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Recovery From Human Trafficking - CA Victim Compensation Board

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Human trafficking is using force, fraud, or coercion to get some kind of labor or paid sex act. Every year, millions of women, men, and children are

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The National Child Traumatic Stress Network

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Sex trafficking occurs among all socioeconomic classes, races, ethnicities, and gender identities and in urban, suburban, and rural communities across the US.

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B1. " youth are at heightened risk due to a complex interplay of individual, relationships, community, and societal factors" (About Human Trafficking)

B2. " in many cases abuse is normalized"

(About Human Trafficking)

B3. " Various trauma and advertises prior to being trafficked that often contribute to their vulnerability" (About Human Trafficking).

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This article explained how children are more vulnerable to being trafficked, giving reasonings as to why oftentimes abuse before the incident is a key factor to why they are so vulnerable.

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IF YOU ARE IN IMMEDIATE DANGER, CALL 911 National Human Trafficking Resource Center Hotline 1 (888) 373-7888

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IF YOU ARE IN IMMEDIATE DANGER, CALL 911 National Human Trafficking Resource Center Hotline 1 (888) 373-7888