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Destination: Argentina

Research question: Name five edible plants (herbs, fruit, vegetables) grown in the region

Resource: This article describes many foods grown and produced in Argentina. For example, they grow peanuts and olives.

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Destination: Netherlands

Research question: Name five edible plants (herbs, fruit, vegetables) grown in the region.

Resource: The Netherlands thrives in agriculture due to its favorable climate and fertile soil, producing a wide variety of crops. Key staples include barley, corn, potatoes, sugar beets, and wheat, alongside various fruits and vegetables. Dutch farmers are known for their high-quality yields and contribute significantly to both domestic and international food supplies. Through sustainable farming practices and innovative techniques, the Netherlands is a global leader in agriculture and horticulture​.

Source: https://greenpacks.org/what-crops-grow-well-in-the-netherlands/

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Destination: Oslo, Norway

Research question: How much rainfall does this region experience annually?

Answer: Oslo, Norway receives about 4.56 inches of rainfall annually. 47% of the days of the year annually (The Global Historical Weather and Climate Data, 2024).

Reference

The Global Historical Weather and Climate Data. (2024). Oslo, NO Climate zone, monthly weather averages and historical data. https://weatherandclimate.com/norway/oslo#:~:text=Oslo%20Climate%20Summary&text=Oslo%20typically%20receives%20about%20115.87,%25%20of%20the%20time)%20annually.

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Destination: Norway

Question: Name five edible plants (herbs, fruit, vegetables) grown in the region.

Answer: Some plants are grown in the region in Noway that you can eat are wool Sorrell, red clovers, wild blackberries, garlic mustard, and beans.

Source: https://home.uia.no/jolind14/tips-tricks/food/edible-plants/

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In addition to using the list below as a resource, consider the importance of properly educating yourself before consuming wild plants.

If you can't clearly identify a plant and you don't know if it's poisonous, it's better to be safe than sorry. Steer clear from a plant if it has:

Milky or discolored sap

Spines, fine hairs, or thorns

Beans, bulbs, or seeds inside pods

Bitter or soapy taste

Dill, carrot, parsnip, or parsley-like foliage

"Almond" scent in the woody parts and leaves

Grain heads with pink, purplish, or black spurs

Three-leaved growth pattern

Blackberries - Rubus fruticosus

Wild blackberries are 100% safe to eat and easy to recognize. They have red branches that have long thorns similar to a rose, the green leaves are wide and jagged. They are best to find in the spring when their white flowers bloom, they are clustered all around the bush and their flowers have 5 points. The berries ripen around August to September. The new leaves are nice to make tea from by drying the leaves.

Dandelions - Taraxacum officinale

The easiest to recognize if the dandelion, in the spring they show their bright yellow buds. You can eat the entire thing raw or cook them to take away the bitterness, usually in the spring they are less bitter. They are packed with Vitamin A and Vitamin C, and beta carotene. The leaves and roots are appetizing.

Pine - Pinus

There are over a hundred different species of pine. Not only can the food be used as a supply of nourishment but, also can be used for medicinal purposes. Simmer a bowl of water and add some pine neadle to make tea, it's rich in vitamin C.

Hazelnuts - Corylus

Hazelnut trees are short and tend to be around 12-20 ft tall, the leaves are bright green and have pointed edges, and the hazelnuts themselves grow in long strands of pods and generally ripen by September and October. They are also known as cobnut or filberts

Red Clovers - Trifolium pratense

Blossoms can be eaten fresh or steeped in hot water for tea. And you can toss both the green leaves and blossoms into a salad.

Cattail - Typha latifolia

The plants is usually found near the edges of freshwater wetlands. Most of a cattail is edible. You can boil or eat raw the rootstock, or rhizomes, of the plant. The rootstock is usually found underground. Make sure to wash off all the mud. The best part of the stem is near the bottom where the plant is mainly white. Either boil or eat the stem raw. Boil the leaves like you would spinach. The corn dog-looking female flower spike can be broken off and eaten like corn on the cob in the early summer when the plant is first developing. It actually has a corn-like taste to it.

Garlic Mustard - Alliaria petiolata

Edible parts: Flowers, leaves, roots and seeds. Leaves can be eaten in any season, when the weather gets hot, the leaves will have a taste bitter. Flowers can be chopped and tossed into salads. The roots can be collected in early spring and again in late fall, when no flower stalks are present. Garlic mustard roots taste very spicy somewhat like horseradish.... yummy! In the fall the seed can be collected and eaten.

Wood Sorrel - Oxalis

You'll find wood sorrel in all parts of the world. Humans have used wood sorrel for food and medicine for millennia. The Kiowa Indians chewed on wood sorrel to alleviate thirst, and the Cherokee ate the plant to cure mouth sores. The leaves are a great source of vitamin C. The roots of the wood sorrel can be boiled. They're starchy and taste a bit like a potato.

Links:

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In addition to using the list below as a resource, consider the importance of properly educating yourself before consuming wild plants. If you can't clearly identify a plant and you don't know if it's poisonous, it's better to be safe than sorry.

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Destination: Thailand

Research question: How much rainfall does the country/region receive each year?

Answer: The average annual rainfall for Thailand is 1,200-4,500mm with lower totals on the leeward side and higher totals on the windward side. In Bangkok, it is an average of 1207mm.

Resource(s):

https://climateknowledgeportal.worldbank.org/country/thailand/climate-data-historical

https://en.climate-data.org/asia/thailand/bangkok/bangkok-6313/

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World Bank Climate Change Knowledge Portal

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The Climate Change Knowledge Portal (CCKP) provides global data on historical and future climate, vulnerabilities, and impacts.

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Destination: Medellin-Bogota, Colombia

Research Question: Name five edible plants( herbs, fruit, vegetables) grown in the region.

Resource: According to the article, depending of the region we can find different fruits. For example: in the andean region where Medellin is located we can find avocados, watermelon, guava, granadilla and gooseberry.

On the other hand, in the pasific region where Cali is located we can find two types of passionfruit. One is called gulupa that is small and purpule that it is sell in Canada. The other one is bigger like a avocado size and is yellow. However both have the same taste.

In the amazon we can find dragon fruit or better know as pitaya. The difference that this fruit has in contrat with the dragon fruit is the color; in Colombia this fruit is yellow.

Near to the amazon we can find the orinoquia region where we can find mangos. Last but not least in the carebeand region we can find pinneaples.

For more information visit the web side bellow.

Resource(s):

https://colombia.travel/en/blog/discover-the-tropical-fruits-of-Colombia-and-the-wonderful-places-where-they-come-from#:~:text=Its%20highlands%2C%20valleys%2C%20volcanoes%20and,assortment%20of%20other%20tropical%20fruits.

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Discover the tropical fruits of Colombia and the wonderful places where they come from

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Colombia produces a great variety of tropical fruits due to its excellent geographical location. Located in the equatorial zone of the continent, it is provided with year-round sunlight and optimal conditions for cultivation. Learn more about the most popular fruits of each region.

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Destination: Bangkok, Thailand

Research Question: Name five edible plants (herbs, fruit, vegetable) grown in the region I am in.

Answer: The central region of Canada is home to many citizens but also many vegetables. According to the article, "Over 70 percent of Canada's greenhouse vegetables are grown in Ontario (Farm Food 360). Some popular vegetables grown in Ontario greenhouses are tomatoes, peppers, cucumbers, lettuce, and eggplant.

Resources:

Greenhouse Vegetables - Virtual Farm Tour (farmfood360.ca)

ONGreenhouseVegetables – Information for commercial Controlled Environment Agriculture (CEA) including greenhouse vegetables and vertical farms in Ontario

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Greenhouse Vegetables - Virtual Farm Tour

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In Ontario, more than 170 farmers grow delicious fresh, nutritious, flavourful tomatoes, peppers and cucumbers for all to enjoy. Watch how greenhouse vegetables are grown and harvested.

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Destination: Medellin-Bogota, Colombia

Research Question: What are three important species of wildlife or birds in the region? How are they important?

Answer: The first important species of bird is the official animal of Colombia, which is the Andean condor. It is one of the biggest birds of prey on the earth, weighing up to 25 pounds with a wingspan of 10 feet. It was chosen because of the mythology attached to this unique bird, as it symbolizes health, power, and freedom.

Next, the Pink River Dolphin. This dolphin is important because of its unique color but also because it plays a vital role in maintaining the balance of the aquatic environment. Their feeding habits help regulate the population of their prey species, preventing overpopulation.

Lastly, Cotton-top Tamarin. These moneys are important because unless you visit a zoo, you can only find these moneys in Colombia, specifically living in forests located in the northwestern region. They have a vocal repertoire of 38 distinct sounds and may say have a look reminiscent of Albert Einstein because of the white hair encircling their heads.

Wildlife in Colombia - Types of Colombian Animals - A-Z Animals (a-z-animals.com)

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Destination: Medellin-Bogota, Colombia

Research question: Name five edible plants (herbs, fruit vegetables) grown in the region

Answer: Here are some of the best recommended fruits to try when you are in Bogota, according to Eater. First, Pitaya is yellow shaped fruit and the edible pulp inside that tastes like kiwi, grape and lychee. Second, Gulupa is a purple round fruit. The pulp inside is sweet, tart, and has crunchy, sweet seeds. Third, Guayaba is commonly used in Colombian dishes. It is also a part of the guava family. Fourth, Grandilla is similar to the Pitaya because it has sweet crunchy seeds inside. It is more floral and sweet tasting. I have tried this fruit in Canada, so I am extra excited to try it again at its home region. Fifth, Guanabana is shaped almost like a durian. But the taste is more pineapple and banana. You can eat it raw and it is often used in many desserts.

Resource: https://www.eater.com/2018/10/17/17965242/best-fruit-bogota-colombia

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These colorful, honeyed, heavy-scented fruits are some of the best in the world

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Destination: Bangkok, Thailand

Research question: How much rainfall does the country/region receive each year?

Answer: Bangkok receives 1498 mm (59 in) of rainfall per year, or 124.8 mm (4.9 in) per month.

On average there are 88 days per year with more than 0.1 mm (0.004 in) of rainfall (precipitation) or 7.3 days with a quantity of rain, sleet, snow etc. per month.

The driest weather is in January when an average of 9 mm (0.4 in) of rainfall (precipitation) occurs.

The wettest weather is in September when an average of 344 mm (13.5 in) of rainfall (precipitation) occurs.

Source: https://www.climate.top/thailand/bangkok/precipitation/

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Rainfall in Bangkok, Thailand Average Precipitation and Wet Days

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Average rainfall/ precipitation in Bangkok, Thailand. Monthly rainfall averages and number of days with rain with annual totals..

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Destination: South Korea

Research Question: How many seasons are in the country and what are they? Have there been significant changes in these seasons over the years (ie. temperature/rainfall)?

Answer: South Korea has four distinct seasons: spring (March to May), summer (June to August), autumn (September to November), and winter (December to February). Over the years, climate change has notably altered these seasons. Average temperatures have increased, resulting in warmer winters and hotter summers, frequently accompanied by extreme heat. The summer monsoon has also intensified, leading to heavier and more unpredictable rainfall, and flooding. These climatic changes impact agriculture, infrastructure, and public health, prompting the nation to adapt to its shifting environment.

Source: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378377423001385

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Destination: Medellin + Bogota, Colombia

Research Question: How many seasons are in Colombia? What are they? Have there been significant changes in these seasons over the years? For Example, Temperature or Rainfall?

Answer: Colombia usually experiences a tropical climate, which means it does not have four distinct seasons like other countries. Instead, they have a wet and dry season.

Dry Seasons:

i. December to January

Many regions experience less rainfall. It corresponds with the holiday season, making it a popular time for travel and tourism.

ii. July to August

Some areas may still experience occasional rainfall. This season sometimes aligns with local festivals and events, attracting visitors.

Rainy/Wet Seasons:

i. April to May
The beginning of the first rainy season. Many regions receive significant rainfall. This period is important for agriculture, especially for crops dependent on wet conditions.

ii. October to November

The second rainy season often brings heavy rainfall, especially in the Amazon and coastal regions. This can sometimes lead to flooding in some areas.

Average Temperatures Across Regions In Colombia:

i. Coastal Regions (Caribbean and Pacific Coasts): 24°C to 30°C. Considered hot and humid.

ii. Lowland Areas (Amazon Rainforest): 25°C and 30°C. High humidity and heavy rainfall.

iii. Andean Region: In Bogotá, 14°C to 20°C while Medellín 22°C to 26°C.

iv. Orinoquia Region (Eastern Plains): 24°C to 35°C. Considered very hot and humid.

v. Highlands and Paramos: High-altitude areas, 5°C to 15°C.

Resources:

https://www.britannica.com/place/Colombia/Climate

https://colombia.co/en/colombia-travel/faq-climate-weather-colombia

https://roamopedia.com/travel/country/colombia/info/climate/colombia-climate-a-guide-to-year-round-weather-and-best-times-to-visit/

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Colombia - Tropical, Rainforest, Mountains

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Colombia - Tropical, Rainforest, Mountains: Because of the country’s close proximity to the Equator, its climate is generally tropical and isothermal (without any real change of seasons). Temperatures vary little throughout the year. The only genuinely variable climatic element is the amount of annu…

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Research Question:

What are 3 important species of wildlife in the region? How are they important?

The elephant, is the national animal of Thailand and considered sacred by Buddhists.

The Agile Gibbon is native to Indonesia, this species is endangered they live in rain forests mainly and rarely seen on the ground.

The Clouded Leopard is a wildcat that lives mainly in dense forests and native to Thailand.

These three wildlife species are important to the ecological and biodiversity and ecosystems, an example of the agile gibbon and the elephants role is that they clearcut, disperse seeds in the forests in turn creates growth of plants. The tiger is a top predator, they help with the population by regulating prey and in turn this creates a healthy balance in the ecosystem.

These three symbolize life in the untouched forests, this is very important amongst Thailand heritage.

Resource(s)

https://www.worldwildlife.org/species/asian-elephant

https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/thailand-animals-animals-that-live-in-thailand.html

https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/thailand-animals-animals-that-live-in-thailand.html

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Destination: Medellin-Bogota, Colombia

Research Questions: How much rainfall does the country/region receive each year?

Answer: Colombia receives an average of 40 to 70 inches (1,000 to 1,800 mm) of rainfall per year. It rains more depending on which city you are in.

In the rainforests with over 200 days per year

In the cities and small towns it will rain 150 days per year.

Around the coasts it will rain around 80 times a year.

In the plains area it will rain close to 120 days per year.

Resources: https://www.britannica.com/place/Colombia/Climate

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Destination: Bangkok, Thailand

Research question: how many seasons are in the country and what are they? Have there been significant changes in these seasons over the years (ie. temperature/rainfall)

Answer: Thailand has three seasons- wet season (May to October), cool reason (November to February) and the hot season (March to May). in the past 30 years Thailand has seen an increase in temperatures and a change in rainfall patterns(rainfall patterns became more unpredictable)

Sources: https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/weather/travel/holiday-weather/asia/thailand#:~:text=Thailand%20climate%20information&text=As%20a%20result%20Thailand's%20weather,season%20(March%20to%20May).

https://www.adaptation-undp.org/explore/asia-and-pacific/thailand

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Destination - india

Research question- how much rainfall does the country receive each year.

Answer - 115 inches annually.

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Rainfall in India varies widely, depending on the region. In India, the Southwest Monsoon is the main source of rainfall. Learn more about it in detail.

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Destination: Bangkok, Thailand

Bangkok, the capital of Thailand, experiences a tropical savanna climate, characterized by three main seasons:

Hot Season (March to May):

Temperatures can soar to around 34°C to 40°C (93°F to 104°F).

Humidity is high, making it feel even hotter.

Rainy Season (May to October):

The city receives an average of about 1,500 to 2,000 mm (59 to 79 inches) of rainfall per year.

The peak months for rainfall are typically September and October, with frequent heavy showers and thunderstorms, particularly in the afternoon and evening.

Cool Season (November to February):

Temperatures are more comfortable, ranging from 20°C to 30°C (68°F to 86°F).

This is considered the best time to visit, with lower humidity and minimal rainfall.

Bangkok’s average annual rainfall is around 1,500 mm (59 inches), with considerable variation depending on specific weather patterns each year.https://www.weather-atlas.com/en/thailand-climate

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DESTINATION: THAILAND

RESEARCH QUESTION: How many seasons are in the country and what are they? Have there been significant changes in these seasons over the years (ie. temperature/rainfall)?

Answer: Thailand has three main seasons: the hot season (mid-February to mid-May) with temperatures up to 40°C, the rainy season (mid-May to mid-October) known for heavy rains and high humidity, and the cool season (mid-October to mid-February) with milder temperatures ranging from 18°C to 32°C. In recent years, weather patterns have shifted, leading to rising temperatures and more intense rainfall during the rainy season, which can cause flooding​

https://www.tourismthailand.org/Plan-Your-Trip/Weather?province=219

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The official website of Tourism Authority of Thailand

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The official site of Tourism Authority of Thailand. Amazing Thailand, Travel information, Travel guide, maps, hotels, accommodation, attractions, events & festivals, food, culture, shopping information to help you plan your Thailand vacations.

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Name: Kiethan Thevasegaram
Country: Colombia

Research Question:
How many seasons are in Colombia, and what are they? Have there been significant changes in these seasons over the years (i.e., temperature/rainfall)?

Answer:
Colombia does not experience traditional seasons like summer, fall, winter, and spring due to its proximity to the equator. Instead, it has two main climatic seasons: the dry season (known as "verano") and the rainy season (known as "invierno"). The dry season typically occurs from December to March and July to August, while the rainy season usually takes place from April to June and October to November. Over the years, there have been noticeable changes in temperature and rainfall patterns due to climate change, resulting in more intense and unpredictable weather, including increased rainfall during the rainy season and higher temperatures during the dry season.

Link to resource:
Colombian Seasons and Climate Patterns

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Destination: Colombia

Research Question: What are three types of trees or vegetation in your region? How are these varieties important to people and culture?

1. Wax Palm : This tree is found in the high-altitude cloud forests of the Andes, and is Colombia's national tree. It can grow up to 60 meters tall, making it the tallest palm in the world.

2. Guayacán : Known for its yellow blossoms, the Guayacán tree is a symbol of natural beauty in Colombia. It is celebrated when in full bloom, marking a seasonal change.

3. Ceiba Tree: This massive tree is native to the Amazon basin and has cultural roots in indigenous mythology, often symbolizing life and connection between the earth and the sky. The Ceiba's wood is used in the construction of traditional canoes.

Source: https://thetreeographer.com/2017/12/06/colombia-wax-palms/

https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/native-plants-of-colombia.html

https://www.explorationjunkie.com/colombia-national-tree/

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Palm trees usually conjure up images of subtropical beaches, sipping cocktails through a straw stuck in a coconut shell. However, the Quindío wax palm makes its home high in the mountains of the Andes, and unlike any other palms can reach incredible heights of 60 m (200 feet) or more.

The c eroxylon quindiuense or wax palm is a species unique to Colombia's Cocora Valley. It prefers wet, temperate climates and can't stand temperatures above 20 C (70 f). This has made it notoriously difficult to cultivate outside of its native home, but fortunately it grows plentifully and is carefully protected as Colombia's national tree (although palms are arguably not really trees).

When it was first described by Spanish captain Bernardo de Vargas Machuca in 1599, it was noted only for the wax that covers its leaves. It wouldn't be until the 18th century that botanists would study the palms in detail. A number of things immediately jumped out as unusual. Other than the thick wax it produced, researchers noted that it grew at altitudes of up to 2825 meters (9300 feet), more than 1000 m higher than any palm known at the time.

Another obvious feature is the tree's height. Specimens were recorded at 68 m (200 feet), making them not only the tallest palm trees, but also the tallest trees known in the world at the time. It would be another 30 year before California's great sequoias would break this record.

When visiting the Cocora Valley in 1827, French Agronomist Jean-Baptiste-Joseph-Dieudonne Boussingault wrote this observation:

From this station, the view rests on a green horizon where the gigantic wax palm rises in numerous groups like white columns. From afar these parallel columns give the effect of masts of sail boats anchored in the harbor.

Wax trees had been known and used by indigenous peoples of Colombia for centuries. They were an integral part of their survival, with each part of the tree being utilized. Once felled the inner pith could be removed, leaving a remarkably durable shell which was used to build houses, fences, and stables. Their incredible length also made them useful for water pipes and channels, as well as more modern features like poles for power and telegraph lines.

Without felling the trees, the thick wax could also be carefully scraped off of the tree and leaves to produce torches and candles. This was the aspect that most interested western industrialists. Rather than climb the trees to harvest the wax, many were simply chopped down. Fortunately, limited supply made them unfavorable choices for production. Outside of candles, torches, and a few early gramophone records, the wax never found widespread use.

Western influence introduced a different kind of threat to the towering palms, this time cultural. A week before Easter, Christian residents removed the palm leaves to use in Palm Sunday celebrations. This holiday celebrates the arrival of Jesus in Jerusalem, with his followers behind him carrying palm leaves. Since mature wax palms grow to such incredible heights, the leaves were usually taken from younger trees, often killing them before they could begin reproducing.

Colombian botanist Professor Armando Dugand recognized this threat, and started pushing to make the palms Columbia's national tree back in 1949. His efforts finally paid off in 1986, when the Colombian congress officially named ceroxylon quindiuense their national tree. This brought with it funds to buy the Cocora Valley to preserve its natural habitat. The decree also gave more resources to their study and conservation, and made it illegal to cut them down.

Today, the rainy Cocora Valley is a popular tourist destination. The natural habitat of the wax palms remains largely intact. And it must remain intact, because so far efforts to grow wax palms in other parts of the world have been largely unsuccessful. Cocora valley is the only place in the world where you can experience these magnificent giants.

If you enjoyed this article about the Colombia's wax palms, check out the archive for more tree stories. Also check out the Facebook page, with a few extra tree goodies throughout the week. Subscribe below to receive notifications whenever a new tree story is published.

As always, feel free to drop a comment below. It's always nice to hear from you!

Further reading:
The Wax Palm and Its Relatives A Revision of the Andean Wax Palms, Ceroxylon (Arecaceae)

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Colombia's Treasure - the Colossal Wax Palms of Cocora Valley

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The Quindio wax palm makes its home high in the mountains of the Andes, and unlike any other palms can reach incredible heights of 60 m (200 feet) or more.

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Destination: Bogota, Colombia

Q:What are three types of trees or vegetation in your region? How are these varieties important to people and culture?

Aliso (Alnus acuminata): The Aliso tree is highly recognized for its ability to restore soil and maintain local ecosystems. It flourishes in disturbed or degraded settings, enriching the soil through a symbiotic association with mycorrhizal fungus.

Nogal Cafetero (Cordia alliodora): Also known as the "Coffee Walnut," this tree may grow up to 30 meters tall and is easily identified by its distinctive, thick branch nodes where ants frequently reside. The Nogal Cafetero is renowned for its capacity to tolerate poor soil and develop quickly, making it perfect for providing shade and stabilizing habitats for other plant species.

Myrcianthes leucoxyla (Arrayán): This tree, known for its scented leaves and bright fruits, is widely used by indigenous populations in Bogota. Its berries are crucial for traditional dishes like "chicha" and "guarapo," a fermented beverage.

Resource:https://www.picturethisai.com/region/tree/Colombia-Bogota.html

https://www.reddearboles.org/en-US/encyclopedia

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Destination: Thailand

Research Question:

How many seasons are in the country and what are they?

Have there been significant changes in these seasons over the years?

Answer:

The season in Thailand is divided up into three sections, starting with:

Hot season, which is usually from March to May.

Rainy season, which is usually from June to October.

Cool season which is usually from November to February.

The temperature during hot season often exceeds to 40 Celsius (104 F)

Global climate changed have influenced Thailand's climate patterns.

Increased temperatures: Hot season becoming hotter and longer

Altered rainfall patterns: Some areas are experiencing more heavy rain than before.

Unpredictable weather: Dry spells to intense rainfall.

These weather changes can have a significant impacts on agriculture, water resources, and overall ecosystem health in Thailand.

Resources:

https://www.clubmed.co.za/l/blog/thailand-climate

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Thailand | climate and weather in Thailand | Club Med

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What’s the weather like in Thailand? Discover the local climate and weather with Club Med and choose your future vacation destination.

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Destination: Norway

Research Question: What are three types of trees or vegetation in your region? How are these varieties important to people and culture?

Answer: Three types of trees native to Norway are European ash, spruce, and pine (Picture This, n.d). Within Norse culture, these special trees, or “tuntre” are sacred objects that connect us with nature and other realms (Woods, 2019). In Norway, tuntre are said to harbour the spirits of “underground people” (Woods, 2019). These are mythical beings similar to Ireland’s faeries or Iceland’s little people and live under the earth (Woods, 2019). Ancient Nordes would worship these specific trees which were said to provide them with prosperity (Woods, 2019). However, damaging or inflicting any harm upon the tuntre was believed to cause misfortune (Woods, 2019).

Resources:

Picture This. (n.d). Top 20 Most Common Trees in Norway. https://www.picturethisai.com/region/tree/Norway.html#:~:text=Among%20the%20most%20emblematic%20local,contribution%20to%20the%20local%20ecosystem.

Woods, W. (2019, May 17). Sacred “Garden” trees of Norway and Sweden. Stories from the Wood Wide Web. https://woodwidewebstories.com/2019/05/17/sacred-garden-trees-of-norway-and-sweden/

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Destination: Japan

Research Question: How much rainfall does the country/region receive each year?

Answer:

Overall, the rainiest areas, where annual precipitation exceeds 2,000 millimeters, are the central-western part of the island of Honshu, the Kii Peninsula, also the inland and southern areas of Shikoku and the central-southern part of Kyushu.
The least rainy area is the northernmost part of Hokkaido, where precipitation drops below 1,000 mm per year, both because of the cold winter and the reduced influence of the summer monsoon.

Resource(s):

https://www.climatestotravel.com/climate/japan

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Average weather, temperature, rainfall, when to go, what to pack

Index

Introduction

The climate of Japan is cold in the north (where snow and ice dominate in winter), temperate in the central regions, and almost tropical on the small southern islands. The rains are abundant almost everywhere, and between summer and autumn the country is hit by torrential rains and typhoons.
The climate of Japan is influenced by the monsoon circulation: in winter it's affected by cold currents from the north-west, and in summer by wet and humid currents of tropical origin.

Japan is a large archipelago, consisting of more than 3,000 islands and islets, and it's very extended in latitude: Hokkaido, the northernmost of the main islands, touches the 45th parallel north (the same latitude as Montréal, Canada); Tokyo, the capital, is located on the 36th parallel (the same latitude as Malta or as Nashville, TN), while the southern part of the island of Kyushu touches the 31th parallel (the latitude of northern Egypt or of Austin, TX), and finally the small southern islands (Ogasawara, Ryukyu and Daito) reach tropical latitudes (the Yaeyama Islands, the southernmost of the Ryukyus, are located just north of the Tropic of Cancer, at the same latitude as Miami, FL).
The sea is able to temper the climate and at the same time to increase air humidity. However, the influence of the great Asian continent, of mountain ranges (which cover three quarters of the country) and ocean currents (the north-eastern sea is cooled by the cold current called Oya-Shio, while in the southern seas the warm Kuro-Shio current flows), as well as the length of the country, tend to increase the difference between the seasons and between different areas.

Two common features of the climate of Japan are the absence of a real dry season and the high summer rainfall.
Overall, the rainiest areas, where annual precipitation exceeds 2,000 millimeters (80 inches), are the central-western part of the island of Honshu (where precipitation is abundant even in winter because of the north-west monsoon), the Kii Peninsula (where the summer monsoon is actually more pronounced), also the inland and southern areas of Shikoku and the central-southern part of Kyushu (which are affected by the summer monsoon as well).
The least rainy area is the northernmost part of Hokkaido, where precipitation drops below 1,000 mm (40 in) per year, both because of the cold winter and the reduced influence of the summer monsoon.
Summer, which begins in mid-June, is hot and muggy in much of the country, except in Hokkaido and the northern part of Honshu, where the temperatures are typically more pleasant. August is the hottest month on the main islands, while on the small southern islands there is no difference between July and August. In August, the daily average temperature is around 22 °C (71 °F) in Hokkaido, 24.5 °C (76 °F) in northern Honshu, and 27 °C (81 °F) in the area of Tokyo.
Owing to both the high humidity and the so called "urban heat island" effect, the heat is hardly bearable in Tokyo, Osaka and in the big cities of southern Honshu and Kyushu. In the hottest periods, minimum temperatures around 25/27 °C (77/81 °F) are not uncommon.
In most of Japan, summer is the rainiest season of the year.
There are two rainiest periods. The rainy season begins with the "Baiu rains" or "plum rains" (June 15-July 15), which are heavy and essential for rice cultivation, especially in the south (where June is the rainiest month of the year).
In the second part of summer, usually by August, typhoons begin to show up; they mainly affect the southern part of the country, but they may also affect Tokyo. The most intense typhoons can bring gale force winds and torrential rains, causing extensive damage.
The area of Osaka and Kyoto is relatively sheltered from typhoons because it is surrounded by mountains.
In autumn, September is still hot and humid, at least in the center and south of the country, and in Tokyo it is the rainiest month of the year. September is the rainiest month in Sapporo as well, but by this time of the year summer is already over. In contrast, the southern island of Okinawa is still in midsummer in September.

Winter is freezing on the island of Hokkaido because of cold winds from Siberia, which also cause heavy snowfalls on the slopes exposed to the north-west. In Wakkanai, on the northwest coast of Hokkaido, up to six and a half meters (260 inches) of snow fall per year. The eastern area of the island is a bit drier, but the cold sea current flowing in the Sea of Okhotsk even pushes ice floes to the north-east coast of the island; moreover, it can cause fog, especially in summer, when it meets warm air masses from the south.

Here are the average temperatures of Abashiri, on the northeastern coast of Hokkaido, where in February a "drift ice festival" is held. As you can see, not only is the winter cold, but the summer is not very warm.

Abashiri is one of the least rainy cities in Japan because the cold current inhibits the formation of clouds that can generate rain or snow. However, despite the fact that winter is the driest season, as high as 380 cm (150 in) of snow fall per year on average, since the temperatures are low for a long period, so it can snow from November to April.

In Sapporo, which hosted the 1972 Winter Olympic Games, the average temperature in January is -4 degrees Celsius (25 °F). The temperature remains below freezing (0 °C or 32 °F) from December to March, and there are 130 days with snowfall in a normal cold season. In February, the Sapporo Snow Festival is held, attracting millions of visitors to admire statues and sculptures made of ice.
Here are the average temperatures of Sapporo.

In Sapporo, 1,100 mm (43 in) of rain or snow fall per year; the (relatively) least rainy season is spring. In winter, frequent and abundant snowfalls occur. Here is the average precipitation.

The sea near Sapporo is very cold in winter (but on the north-eastern coast it's even colder), and it's still quite cool in summer, though it reaches 21 °C (70 °F) in August.

In the interior of Hokkaido, winter is even colder, and the average in January drops to -10 °C (14 °F).

In the northern tip of the island of Honshu, in the region called Tohoku, the winter is still freezing, with averages around -3/-2 °C (27/28 °F) in January and February. There are epic snowfalls on the north and north-west slopes that are directly exposed to the prevailing wind.

Here are the average temperatures of Aomori.

The yearly precipitation in Aomori is around 1,300 mm (51 inches) per year. Snowfall, which normally occurs from November to March, amounts to as much as 670 cm (263 in) per year, making it one of the snowiest plain cities in the world.

The sun in Aomori is rarely seen in winter. The relatively sunnier season is spring and in summer the sun does not shine very often, both because of the monsoon and because the clash between sea currents can give rise to fog.

More to the south, in the north-central part of the island (see Niigata), the average rises to 2/3 °C (36/37 °F). However, winter is still cold enough to cause frequent snowfalls on the western side, which in this season is definitely more humid than the eastern one. This is because the prevailing winds coming from Siberia, initially dry, pick up moisture from the Sea of Japan and release it on the north-west side, while the other side is protected by the mountain ranges that cross the country like a kind of spine.

Here are the average temperatures of Niigata, on the northwest side of Honshu.

Precipitation in Niigata is abundant: up to 1,800 mm (70 in) per year. In winter, with the temperature slightly above freezing and the wind coming from the sea, it rains and snows almost every day. Here is the average precipitation.

On the western side, there is not much sun. It is seldom seen in winter while it is not much better during the other seasons. In Niigata, there are about 1,600 hours of sunshine per year.

The sea in Niigata becomes warm enough for swimming in August and September, while it is a bit cool in July and October.

While on the western side the winter is very annoying, with leaden skies, rain and snow falling almost daily, and with possible sea storms, the eastern side is protected by mountain ranges, so it experiences a fair number of sunny days (see Sendai, which is at the same latitude as Niigata but on the east coast).
The phenomenon also occurs at lower latitudes (see Kanazawa, on the west coast, and Mito, on the east coast).
Further south, the island of Honshu bends to the left, so the east coast is exposed directly to the south; here we find the main cities of Japan.
Winter in Tokyo and Osaka is the sunniest and driest season of the year; the temperatures are quite cold though bearable, with highs around 8/10 °C (46/50 °F) and lows around freezing. Snowfalls in the capital are quite rare, and are even more rare in the conurbation that includes Osaka, Kobe and Kyoto, and in general along the south-facing coast of the Seto Inland Sea, which is protected by the mountains.

Here are the average temperatures of Tokyo.

In Tokyo, 1,500 mm (60 in) of rain fall per year. As we mentioned, since it lies on the south-eastern side, it is protected from the winter monsoon, so the winter here is definitely the driest season. In the other seasons it rains a lot, with a maximum in September and October. Here is the average precipitation.

On the eastern side, the winter is the sunniest season, at least as a percentage (considering that the days are shorter), while in the other seasons, more cloudy and rainy, the amount of sunshine is not high. In Tokyo, there are a bit less than 1,900 hours of sunshine per year.

During Tokyo's winter, the sea is much warmer than in the north, becoming warm enough for swimming from July to October, and a bit cool but still acceptable in June.

In the mountainous areas, culminating in Mount Fuji, 3,778 meters (12,395 feet) high, the winter temperatures are naturally lower, and snow is abundant, especially on the western slopes. On the island of Honshu, there are famous ski resorts such as Morioka, in the far north, and Nagano, northwest of Tokyo, which hosted the 1998 Winter Olympics.
Here, for example, are the average temperatures in Karuizawa, a resort town located at 1,000 meters (3,300 ft) of altitude in the Nagano prefecture, northwest of Tokyo, where the capital's inhabitants flock during summer to escape the heat.

In some mountainous areas, such as in Mount Zao, a curious phenomenon occurs, known as "snow monsters", whereby the moisture carried by the wind is deposited as ice on the trees.

On the island of Kyushu, the winter climate is relatively mild, but it's quite rainy. In January, the average goes from 5/7 °C (41/45 °F) on the north coast (see Kitakyushu, Fukuoka) to 8/9 °C (46/48 °F) on the south coast.
The west coast is particularly rainy (see Nagasaki, Kagoshima), especially in June: in some areas, even in the plains, rainfall reaches 450 mm (17.5 in) per month!

Here is the average precipitation in Kagoshima.

Here are the average temperatures in Kagoshima.

The sea in the southern part of Kyushu is never cold, but it becomes cool in winter, in fact the water temperature drops to 19 °C (66 °F) in February.

In Shikoku, the smallest of the main islands of Japan, the climate is temperate, quite similar to that of the south side of Honshu: the winters are quite cold, and the summers are hot, muggy and rainy. The north coast is a little colder in winter than the south coast, and definitely less rainy.

Here are the average temperatures in Takamatsu, on the north coast.

As for the rains, there is a clear difference between the two sides. The north side has a dry winter, and the annual rainfall is not very high, in fact it's around 1,100 mm (43 in) per year in Takamatsu, 1,200 mm (47 in) in Maragume, and 1,400 mm (55 in) in Matsuyama.
Here is the average rainfall in Takamatsu.

In Kochi, on the southern coast, the winter temperatures are slightly higher, and the January average is 7 °C (44 °F).

The south side is decidedly more rainy: in Kochi, 2,550 mm (100 in) of rain fall per year, and the rains are very abundant from April to September. However, here the winter is a relatively dry season too.

The sea in Kochi is pleasantly warm for swimming from July to September, while it becomes quite cold in winter.

In the mountainous area that divides the two sides of Shikoku, the temperature decreases, even though at the same altitude it is not as cold as in the center-north of Honshu. Here are the average temperatures of Mount Tsurugi, 1,955 meters (6,413 feet) high.

Southern islands

To the south of the main islands we find some archipelagos made up of smaller islands.
To the south of Kyushu we find the Ryukyu Islands, in turn divided into different groups, which almost reach the Tropic, to the east of Taiwan.

In the northernmost group of islands ( Osumi), the winter is mild, with an average in January of 11/12 °C (51/54 °F), but it's also rainy and subject to cold winds from the north-west (see Yakushima).
Proceeding to the south (Tokara and Amami islands), the winter gradually becomes milder.
On the southernmost islands ( Okinawa, Miyako - see Miyakojima, and Yaeyama - see Ishigaki), the winter is so mild as to have a spring-like flavor, even though the rains are quite abundant.

In Okinawa, where the climate is almost tropical, the average in January is around 17 °C (63 °F). Here it never freezes or snows. Here are the average temperatures of Naha.

In Okinawa, 2,000 mm (80 in) of rain fall per year, with a maximum in the period from May to September (but in which there is a decrease in July) and a relative minimum in winter, of about 100 mm (4 in) per month. Here is the average precipitation.

The sea in Okinawa is never cold, in fact the water temperature reaches a minimum of 22 °C (72 °F) in February and March, when it is quite cool, while it becomes very warm in summer.

Outside of this group, to the south-east of Okinawa we find the Daito Islands, which have a climate similar to that of Okinawa, although a little less rainy: in Minamidaito the rains amount to 1,600 mm (63 in) per year.

Further east, in the part of the Pacific Ocean to the south of Tokyo (Philippine Sea), we find the Izu Islands (also called Tokyo Islands), which are very rainy. In Hachijo-jima, rainfall amounts to as much as 3,000 mm (121 in) per year! However, winter is the least rainy season.
The temperature becomes progressively milder as we move south: in Izu Oshima it is still similar to that of the south coast of Honshu, and in fact the January average is 7 °C (45 °F). Here are the average temperatures of Izu-Oshima.

Further south, the January average rises to 9.5 °C (49 °F) in Miyake-jima, to 10 °C (50 °F) in Hachijo-jima, and to 14 °C (57 °F) in Tori-shima. The island of Nii-jima is located between Izu-Oshima and Miyake-jima.
Here are the average temperatures of Miyake-jima.

To the south of the Izus we find the Ogasawara islands or Bonin, which also stretch almost to the Tropic, but they are not as rainy as the Ryukyus: at Chichi-jima and Iwo-jima the rainfall amounts to 1.300 mm (51 in) per year, and in Minamitori-jima to just 1.000 mm (40 in).
Here is the average rainfall in Chichi-jima. Here too, in July there is a relative decrease in the rains.

In Chichi-jima, the temperatures are similar to those of Okinawa.

The sunniest month in Chichi-jima is July.

As mentioned earlier, Japan can be hit by typhoons, the tropical cyclones of the western Pacific.
Typically, typhoons occur from June to October. Occasionally they have also occurred before and after this period (so, from late April to late May, and from early November to early December). However, they are more frequent from August to the beginning of October; the strongest ones have occurred in September. As regards to wind and waves, the most affected areas are the southern islands (Ryukyu, Daito, Ogasawara), which are hit by typhoons during their highest intensities. However, the main islands, especially Kyushu, Shikoku and the south side of Honshu, can receive heavy rains, which increase on the mountain slopes and can cause floods and landslides, while there may be abnormal waves along the coasts. In northern Honshu and in Hokkaido, typhoons arrive generally weakened, but they can still bring abundant rains, and sometimes even strong winds.

Cold, heat, rains and typhoons characterize the climate of the various areas of Japan, so it is difficult to find a good period for the whole country. However, the best time to visit Japan is probably spring, from April to early June; you can choose in particular the month of May, or follow the cherry blossoming ( hanami). In Tokyo and Osaka, the full bloom occurs around March 30th, in Sendai around April 15th, in Sapporo around May 5th, in Okinawa even around February 1st. The flowering tends to last longer in the south than in the north (about two weeks in the south, one week in Hokkaido, and even one month in Okinawa), and the date can vary by a few days or one week, before or after, depending on the year.

A good time to visit Japan is the month of May (which in the north of the country is also the driest month of the year), and also the first part of June, because it's a comfortable climate almost everywhere (but in the Ryukyus it's already hot), before the muggy heat and the rains that are typical of the Japanese summer. In May, highs are around 17 °C (63 °F) in Sapporo, 23 °C (73 °F) in Tokyo, and 27 °C (81 °F) in Okinawa. In April, the weather may still be cold on the island of Hokkaido.
Winter is freezing cold in the north, while in the south it is mild, but in some areas it is also quite rainy. Summer is hot and humid in almost all of the country, with the risk of typhoons and torrential rains. Autumn is rainier than spring, and typhoons can still affect the country in the first part, at least until the middle of October. It should be remembered, however, that spring is a rainy season as well, especially in the south.

In autumn, the forests and the trees around the temples take on beautiful colors: the period in which you can go in search of trees turning red ( momijigari), especially maples, varies depending on area: in Hokkaido it goes from late September to late October (but already in mid-September in inland mountainous areas), in northern Honshu from October to early November, in Nikko and in the area of lake Chuzenji from early October to mid-November, in central and southern Japan and in Kyoto from mid-November to early December.
If you want to go in autumn, you can choose the period mid-October to mid-November, by which time the risk of typhoons should be over, as well as the heat in the south, or you can choose the period of the fall foliage. In October, the temperatures are already cool in Sapporo, while they are pleasant in the rest of Japan, air humidity has decreased and the rains are less abundant. In November, it starts to be cold on the island of Hokkaido, but in the rest of the country the temperature is still mild.
If you prefer to go in winter, for example at New Year, you can choose the most sheltered and sunny area of Honshu (Tokyo, Osaka, Kyoto), or the southernmost part of the other main islands (Kagoshima, Kochi) and the tropical area (Okinawa, Daito, Ogasawara).
If you want to visit the main cities in summer, August is partly preferable to July, having more sunshine and less rainfall, but it is also true that it is hotter and there's a greater risk of typhoons.

Being rainy and not very sunny in summer, Japan is not the best country for swimming and sun bathing. Anyway, as we said before, in Hokkaido the sea is a bit cool even in this season, while it's quite warm, with a temperature equal to or higher than 23 °C (73 °F), for most of the year in Okinawa, from July to October in Tokyo and Yokohama, and in August and September in Niigata. Since there's a pause between the two rainy periods (May-June and August-September), in Okinawa the best month for a beach holiday is July, though afternoon thunderstorms are still possible, in addition to the passage of tropical storms and typhoons over the island.

What to pack

In winter: in Hokkaido and northern Honshu, up to Niigata and Fukushima bring very warm clothes such as synthetic thermal long underwear, especially for Hokkaido, a fleece, a down jacket, gloves, a scarf, a hat, and a raincoat.
In the area of Tokyo, Kyoto and Osaka, warm clothes, such as a sweater, a jacket, a hat, and possibly a raincoat or umbrella.
In Okinawa and the small southern islands, spring/autumn clothes, a sweatshirt or sweater, a jacket, a raincoat or umbrella.

In summer: in northern Hokkaido, spring/autumn clothes (light for the day), a sweater and a raincoat. In Sapporo and northern Honshu, light clothing, a sweatshirt and a light jacket, a raincoat or umbrella.
Throughout south-central Japan and the small islands, including Okinawa and Tokyo, light, tropics-friendly clothing, a scarf for the breeze, a light sweatshirt for the evening and air conditioned places, a light raincoat or umbrella. For the mountainous areas, warmer clothes depending on altitude, spring/autumn clothes at about 2,000 meters (6,500 feet) in Honshu.
When going to the reef, you can bring snorkeling equipment, including water shoes or rubber-soled shoes.
It is customary to remove shoes before entering homes and temples, so it can be useful to wear shoes without laces, or that are at least easy to take off.

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Japan climate: average weather, temperature, precipitation, best time

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Average weather, temperature, rainfall, when to go, what to pack The climate of Japan is cold in the north (where snow and ice dominate in winter), temperate in the central regions, and almost tropical on the small southern islands. The rains are abundant almost everywhere, and between summer and autumn the country is hit by torrential rains and typhoons.

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Destination: Guyana

Research Question: How many seasons are in the country and what are they? Have there been significant changes in these seasons over the years?

Answer: Guyana has warm and humid subequatorial climate. There are four seasons in Guyana. From March to May is spring, June to August is Summer, September to November is the driest season in Guyana. There is no actual winter with cold and snow in Guyana. Seasons are separated only by amount of precipitation. It is plenty of rains year-round. But from December to February is considered as a rainy season. In addition, Guyana has one of the most humid weathers of all counties for 90% of its territory is covered by rainforests. Guyana is divided into two rainy and two dry seasons. However, in some years, weather-related damage in agriculture, forestry and fishing, which account for 20% of the economy, can decimate production due to floods.

Resources: Seasons in Guyana: Weather and Climate (seasonsyear.com)

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Destination: Jamaica

Research Question: Name 5 edible plants grown in the region

Answer:

1. Sugarcane - Grows best on flat land and is responsible for approximately 45% of Jamaica's agricultural export earnings.

2. Bananas - Requires lots of rainfall and good water drainage to grow, historically bananas are cheap to grow offering opportunities for small farmers.

3. Cocoa - Needs good drainage and shade to grow, Jamaica is known for fine and flavoured cocoa and is one of eight "exclusive producers" registered with the International Cocoa Organization.

4. Coffee - Grown in the Blue Mountain Area and the High Mountain Region, Jamaica is known for producing fine quality coffee and is the 45th largest coffee producer in the world.

5. Yams - At least 18 types of yams are grown in Jamaica, and they are the top domestic crop export.

Resource: Several resources were used to create my answer however I found this article very interesting.

http://www.discoverjamaica.com/gleaner/discover/geography/agriculture.htm

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Research Question: Name five edible plants (herbs, fruit, vegetables) grown in your region.

Research: According to Ephytia, some edible plants that can be found in Guyana include eggplant, watermelon, parsley, celery, and coriander leaf.

Source: https://ephytia.inra.fr/en/C/22980/Tropileg-Guyana#:~:text=%E2%80%9CPhaseolus%E2%80%9D%20common%20beans%20are%20quite,spring%20onion%2C%20mint%2C%20etc.

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What are the seasons like? Will there be precipitation?

Guyana has a tropical climate and it's warm around the whole year. I hear it rains sometimes during rainy seasons to the point of flooding.

What are the average temperatures for the time you'll be there?

During my time in Guyana, I'm fortunate to have the dry seasons! From 90 degrees Fahrenheit to 30! For the most part, it will be sunny!

How different is the weather there from the weather you are used to?

Here in Canada, we have weather that gets cold to hot then there's our lukewarm we call them seasons and have cold times to hot times. Canada can't pick! In Guyana, it's consistent with warm weather or it rains but for days or a short few. In Guyana, I fear I will have more issues with bugs than weather!

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Japan - Temperate Climate with Four Distinct Seasons

Destination: Tokyo, Japan

Research Question: How many seasons are in Japan? What are they? Have there been significant changes in these seasons over the years, such as temperature or rainfall?

Answer:

Japan experiences four distinct seasons: spring, summer, autumn, and winter. In recent years, climate change has led to noticeable shifts in these seasons, including increased temperatures and altered precipitation patterns.

Spring (March to May):

Mild temperatures with cherry blossoms blooming in late March to early April.

Pleasant weather, popular for travel and outdoor activities.

Summer (June to August):

Starts with a rainy season (June to early July), followed by hot and humid conditions in July and August.

Typhoon season peaks in late summer, bringing heavy rains and strong winds.

Autumn (September to November):

Cooler temperatures with vibrant foliage in October and November.

Early autumn may experience typhoons, decreasing in frequency as the season progresses.

Winter (December to February):

Cold temperatures with occasional snowfall in Tokyo, though less frequent compared to northern regions.

Generally clear skies and dry weather, suitable for sightseeing.

Climate Change Impacts:

Recent studies indicate that Tokyo is experiencing increased temperatures, contributing to urban heat island effects. Additionally, the delay in Mount Fuji's snowfall in 2024, the longest in 130 years, highlights changing seasonal patterns. These changes are consistent with global climate trends affecting local weather and ecosystems.

Resources:

Japan National Tourism Organization: Weather & Geography

Japan Guide: When to Travel

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Destination: Zwolle, The Netherlands

Question: How much rainfall does your region receive each year?

Answer: Mean annual rainfall in the Netherlands ranges from approximately 700 to 900 mm. According to the table covering the period 1991-2020 for each region's precipitation, Zwolle has approximately 842.6 mm of rainfall annually.

Resources:

https://www.knmi.nl/kennis-en-datacentrum/achtergrond/regional-differences-in-the-extreme-rainfall-climatology-in-the-netherlands

https://www.knmi.nl/klimaat-viewer/grafieken-tabellen/neerslagstations/neerslagstations-sommen/neerslagstations-sommen_1991-2020

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Destination: Jamaica

Research Questions: Name 5 edible plants (herbs, fruit, Vegetables) from in the region

Ackee: A fruit that grows within the trees, it is mainly eaten with the national dish Ackee and Salt fish eaten with fried dumpling or boiled dumpling. (My favourite dish EVER)

Plantain: Another food that is used in many dishes in Jamaica. It can be boiled, fried, baked and used in multiple dishes. Plantain grows from the trees juts like bananas and it looks like a large banana.

Callalloo: This is a plant that grows from the ground, its leafy and dark green. It is cooked in many different ways, it is used in soups, it can be cooked down with salt fish, eaten on its own as side food as well.

Scotch Bonnet Pepper: This pepper is used in almost every single dish made in Jamaica, it used a lot to make seasoning like Jerk seasoning, Green seasoning and its also used to make pepper sauce. This is well known pepper and many places within the Caribbean itself use it. This pepper grows from the ground and comes various colours: Green, Yellow, Red, Orange and Green.

Pimento: Pimento is a strong seasoning used in most dishes to help bring out the flavour in the food. It is a small black ball it looks like Black pepper but it doesn’t taste like it. The taste is spicy and strong but it doesn’t help the taste of the food. Pimento grows on Pimento trees in hot temperature.

Resource used: https://www.tasteofjamaicatours.com/jamaicas-edible-plants-discovering-natures-bounty/

A lot of what I wrote is from my own knowledge.

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Jamaica’s Edible Plants: Discovering Nature’s Bounty

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Jamaica is home to some of the most diverse and flavorful edible plants found anywhere in the world. From the lush hillsides to the serene coastal plains, the island’s tropical climate provides the perfect environment for an abundance of herbs, fruits, and vegetables. These aren’t just ordinary plants; they are the ingredients behind Jamaica’s most…

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Research Question : What is a popular music genre that originated in Jamaica?

Born in the 1950s out of the neighbourhood sound systems of Kingston, Dancehall grew to its height in the 1980s . Today Dancehall remains at the centre of Jamaican musical and cultural life. From its roots in Kingston in the 1950s to its heyday in the 1980s, Dancehall conquered the globe spreading to the USA, UK, Canada, Japan, Europe and beyond.

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Destination: Netherlands

Research Question: How many seasons are in Netherlands? Have there been significant changes in these seasons over the years?

Answer

Netherlands has 4 distinct seasons across the year. (Spring, Summer, Autumn and Winter)

Spring: March to May

During spring, the temperature varies from 5°C to 19 °C which is a bit chilli but not too cold.

Summer: June to August

During summer, temperature ranges from 13 °C to 22 °C and unlike many other countries in Europe the weather is mild during peak summer time.

Autumn: September to November

During Autumn, temperature ranges from 8°C to 14 °C which is quite similar to spring.

Winter: December to February

The temperature fluctuates between the range of -1°C and 7°C in the winter season however there is hardly any snowfall.

Reference

Best Time to Visit Netherlands - Weather, Temperature today & Climate. (2017). Thomascook.in. https://www.thomascook.in/international-tourism/best-time-to-visit-netherlands

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Destination: Zwolle, Netherlands

Research Question: How much rainfall does this region experience annually?

Answer: The Netherlands is a small and flat country, and climatological differences are therefore small. Mean annual rainfall ranges from about 700 to 900 mm

Resources: https://www.knmi.nl/kennis-en-datacentrum/achtergrond/regional-differences-in-the-extreme-rainfall-climatology-in-the-netherlands?utm_source=chatgpt.com

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Destination: Tokyo, Japan

Research question: Name five edible plants (herbs, fruit, vegetables) grown in the region.

Resource: This article from the Tokyo Weekender on some of the most common types of forageable Japanese wild plants and their uses. These plants have been historically important in times of famin.

https://www.tokyoweekender.com/food-and-drink/foraging-in-japan/

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Foraging is the act of finding and picking wild plants to eat. Foraging in Japan can take place in the countryside, woods, on mountains and even in cities, on abandoned parking lots or derelict residential areas.

It is well documented that Japanese people have been foraging in some form since the Neolithic Period in 10,000 BC. The Jomon civilization at the time had a diet that was made up of roughly 30 percent of foraged horse chestnuts. After that, Japanese old ladies and Ainu (Japan's indigenous people) kept foraging alive, way before it made waves on .

When foraging, the most common types of Japanese plants to look for are varieties of (mountain vegetables), seaweed and mushrooms.

In the Heian Period (794-1185), sansai gathering was seen as a noble pursuit, undertaken by aristocrats who would gather in the countryside. The term sansai generally referred to any edible plants. Fast forward to the Edo Period (1603 -1867) and sansai saved many from famine, thanks to the abundance of plants available.

Sansai are generally very bitter and some of the most common varieties are hard to eat for those not used to such bitterness. One of the most common uses of sansai in mainstream Japanese culture is in soba dishes. Mushrooms and seaweed are often used for flavoring.

Foraging is dependent on the seasons, with each period bringing about its own range of delicious plants and herbs. From bamboo grass in spring and berries in summer to mushrooms in fall, foraging is a fantastic way to connect to the seasons. Keen foragers are acutely attuned to weather changes throughout the year.

For foraging newbies, there are a few essentials to pack before heading out to a mountain or into the Japanese countryside to forage. You will need: a container for your goods, a knife or scissors (a knife is better as there is more leeway), gloves, emergency food, water and a bear bell (just in case).

Additionally, anyone heading out should do so with a local guide. Foraging is a hyper-local pursuit that can vary vastly depending on the location. Picking and eating the wrong plant could prove fatal. Below are some of the most common types of forageable Japanese wild plants and their uses.

Japanese Horse-Chestnut

The Japanese horse-chestnut ( tochi no ki) has played an important part in history. Its high-calorie content - more calories per 100g than rice - helped stave off famine during the Edo Period.

Easily cultivated, this tall, pale tree can be found in cities as well as the countryside, recommended for some urban foraging. Popular recipes include tempura and miso soup.

Mugwort

Mugwort ( is found all over Japan. From mountains to fields, mugwort is a sturdy plant and can thrive anywhere there is sun. Mugwort has slender leaves and a distinct aroma. In the past, mugwort was used for medicinal purposes such as aiding digestion and boosting energy. Nowadays it is more commonly found adding a green color and distinct flavor to Japanese confectionery such as yomogi mochi and other traditional rice-based sweets.

Foragers can make yomogi tempura or add it to soups and rice. Picked fresh, it can also be eaten raw.

Butterbur

The highly nutritious butterbur ( is a calcium-rich perennial and a classic member of the sansai clan. Found in moist or swampy environments, often near streams or ponds, it is recognizable thanks to its large, flat leaves.

The stalks have a bitter taste and are commonly mixed with rice, or simply sautéed and eaten with salt. The buds, known as fuki-no-to, can be chopped up for butterbur miso.

Japanese Wild Radish

Japanese wild radish ( hama-daikon) is found on beaches and along riverbanks in early spring. It has a delicate white and purple flower on top of its long stalks.

A common recipe for the Japanese wild radish is to fry it, after soaking it in salt to remove the bitterness.

Wild Chervil

Touted by the Japanese King of Foraging himself, Tomomichi Yamashita, wild chervil (aka cow parsley, or shiku in Japanese) is a deliciously fragrant plant used to keep digestion running smoothly. Found commonly across mountains and in woodlands, it is also known as "gastro parsley."

Recipe-wise, it can be used in tempura and also makes a great addition to pasta dishes.

Bracken

Bracken ( are found across Japan in the spring, from mountainsides to woodlands. Easy to access, they have been a popular foraged food in Japan for centuries, with both the leaves and stalks edible. Traditionally they are made into warabi mochi, a dark, sweet mochi that is typically served with dark kokuto sugar. Otherwise, they can be blanched and cooked into rice, salads and stir-fries.

Other key Japanese sansai and edible plants include:

For city dwellers, some common edibles to be found out and about are ginkgo nuts, dandelions and ume (Japanese plum).

Happy hunting!

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Wild Plants and Where to Find them: Foraging in Japan | Tokyo Weekender

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Japanese forageables: Top tips on what to look for and where to find the best edible wild plants in Japan.

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Destination: Denmark

Research Question: What is a good place to visit in Denmark during Christmas?

Resource: Denmark offers enchanting destinations during the holiday season, known for their cozy hygge ambiance, festive markets, and cultural traditions. Tivoli Gardens in Copenhagen transforms into a magical winter wonderland with sparkling lights, ice skating, and Christmas stalls. Other notable spots include Odense, the birthplace of Hans Christian Andersen, with its fairy-tale charm and traditional markets, and Aarhus, which hosts Den Gamle By (The Old Town), offering an immersive experience of Christmas in different historical eras.

Source: https://www.visitdenmark.com

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Destination: Tokyo, Japan

Research question: How much rainfall does the country/region receive each year?

Answer: Tokyo, Japan, receives an average annual rainfall of about 1,600 millimeters (63 inches). The wettest months are typically September and October due to typhoons, while winter is the driest season.

Resource: https://www.climatestotravel.com/climate/japan/tokyo

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Average weather, temperature, rainfall, sunshine hours

In Tokyo, the Japanese capital, the climate is temperate, with fairly mild, sunny winters and hot, humid and rainy summers. Like the rest of Japan, the city is affected by the monsoon circulation: in winter, the northwest cold currents will prevail, while in summer, they will be replaced by hot and humid currents of tropical origin.
The city overlooks the sea, in the bay of the same name. Given the relatively low latitude (we are on the 35th parallel) and the protection given by the mountains (we are on the east side), in winter, the currents of Siberian origin are felt little, so there's a good number of sunny days, and it's usually not very cold. However, cold and windy periods, with highs around 5/7 °C (41/45 °F) or less and possible snowfalls, can not be ruled out. In any case, night frosts are rare and usually light.
In summer, there can be hot and muggy periods, with sunshine, highs around 35 °C (95 °F), tropical nights, and high humidity. In other periods, there's bad weather, with wind and rain, and sometimes (especially in June and July), nights are a bit cool. August is the hottest month, both because of the thermal inertia of the sea and because of the lower frequency of periods of bad weather.
Here are the average temperatures.

In the western suburbs, the temperatures are a bit lower, both because of the greater distance from the sea and because of the lower urban heat island effect, as you can see from the temperature of Hanno, in Saitama Prefecture.

Rainfall in Tokyo is abundant, in fact, it amounts to 1,500 millimeters (60 inches) per year. Winter is undoubtedly the driest season; the rainiest months are September and October, also because of the contribution given by typhoons. In August, there is a certain decrease in rain frequency: on average, among the summer months, it is the driest and sunniest as well as the hottest. Here is the average precipitation.

As mentioned, from June to October (but especially from August to early October), Tokyo can be affected by typhoons, the tropical cyclones of South-East Asia, which mostly affect the southern part of the country, but can also arrive here. The most intense typhoons can bring strong winds, torrential rains and heavy damage.

The cherry blossoming (Sakura) in Tokyo takes place around March 30th: there are dedicated events in the streets and parks where you can admire them.
Less famous but still interesting is the plum blossoming, which announces the spring, and occurs in Tokyo roughly between February 10th and early March. In some gardens, there are dedicated festivals ( ume matsuri), as happens in the Yushima Tenjin, near the university, or in the Yoshino Baigo of Ome, a city in the metropolitan area, located near Hanno, where the flowering occurs a little later (roughly, from February 20th to late March).

The amount of sunshine in Tokyo is good in winter (compared to the length of the day), while the sun is not so frequent in the other seasons because of disturbances that occur in spring and autumn, as well as of the summer monsoon. In summer, there are only 4 hours of sunshine per day in June, 4 hours and a half in July and 5 hours and a half in August. Here are the average sunshine hours per day.

The sea is warm enough for swimming, with a temperature of 23 °C (73 °F) or more, from July to October, as you can see in the following table.

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Tokyo climate: average weather, temperature, precipitation, best time

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Average weather, temperature, rainfall, sunshine hours In Tokyo, the Japanese capital, the climate is temperate, with fairly mild, sunny winters and hot, humid and rainy summers. Like the rest of Japan, the city is affected by the monsoon circulation: in winter, the northwest cold currents will prevail, while in summer, they will be replaced by hot and humid currents of tropical origin.

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Destination: Netherlands

Research Question: How much rainfall does the country/region receive each year?

Resource: The climate of the Netherlands is influenced by the North Sea and the Atlantic Ocean. It's cool, cloudy and humid for most of the year. The rain is not so abundant, ranging between 750/850mm (29/33 inches) per year, but they're frequent throughout the year.

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Destination: India

Research Question: What are three types of trees or vegetation in your region? How are these varieties important to people and culture.

Answer: In India, three significant trees are the Banyan, Neem, and Mango. The Banyan tree, India's national tree, symbolizes longevity and provides shade, medicine, and spiritual significance in Hinduism and Buddhism. The Neem tree is revered for its medicinal properties and is widely used in traditional healthcare. The Mango tree holds cultural importance as a symbol of prosperity and fertility, with its fruit and leaves often used in religious ceremonies. These trees play essential role in Indian culture, spirituality, and daily life.

Source: https://knowindia.india.gov.in/profile/flora.php

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Destination: Costa Rica

Research question: Name five edible plants (herbs, fruit, vegetables) grown in the region

Costa Rica has a rich variety of edible plants due to its tropical climate. These can be Plantains, Pineapple Cassava, Cilantro, and Guava.

https://www.edibleplants.net/countries/costa-rica/

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Destination : Costa Rica

Research Question: Name five edible plants (herbs, fruit, vegetables) grown in the region.

1. "Radishes are extremely popular with local Costa Ricans who eat them pickled in chilero"

2. "Cacao is one of the magnificent fruit trees that grow naturally in Costa Rica. It has large quantities of antioxidants and is a better source of calcium than milk. It also contains a lot of iron and produces neurotransmitters. (*Not to mention, it is what chocolate is made out of!)"

3. "Guanabana, or soursop in English, is considered sacred by many local indigenous tribes for its healing qualities. It has high quantities of calcium, iron, vitamin A and vitamin C. It also helps reduce infections and blood pressure"

4. "Grenadilla is a fruit with an abundance of edible seeds. Rich in vitamins, minerals, and antioxidants, it is known to boost immunity, aid digestion, reduce blood pressure, and improve circulation."

5. "One of the most popular gardening hacks in Costa Rica comes from a long tradition of local vegetable farming. Known as the three sisters, local farmers grow corn, beans, and squash together. This is known as companion planting, with each plant playing a role in a mutually-beneficial relationship. The squash shades the ground, the corn grows tall, and pole beans grow up the corn. As a result, these three foods are staples in the Costa Rican diet."

Reference: https://osatropicalproperties.com/blog/gardening-in-costa-rica-how-to-produce-food-locally

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Destination: Costa Rica

Research Question: What are three important species of wildlife or birds in the region? How are they important?

Resource: 30 Costa Rica Animals and Where to See Them on Your Travels

1. The sloth: The sloth is the national animal of Costa Rica and therefore is important as a symbol and a tourism attraction.

2. Black-Handed Spidermonkeys: This species is important due to its endangered status. It is important from the perspective of preservation and the fact they are able to live in this environment is noteworthy.

3. Resplendent Quetzal: This bird is important in Costa Rica due to the way it attracts bird watchers. This is good for tourism in tourism industries.

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30 Costa Rica Animals and Where to See Them on Your Travels

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Costa Rica represents only 0.03% of the earth’s surface, yet it contains more than 5% of the planet’s biodiversity. And chances are, if you are planning a trip to this natural powerhouse, you will want

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Costa Rica's Amazing Animals to Discover

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Destination: Costa Rica

Research Question: What are some Native animals in Costa Rica?

Findings: Some Native animals of Costa Rica include: Red-eyed frog, Coati, Resplendent quetzal, and Baird’s tapir

Resource: https://www.gadventures.com/blog/costa-rica-animals/ srsltid=AfmBOooSXy5FJ8NIQPBEXfwDsI51GdG2wBjMLsMKsaocrBCMvOys2SIg

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Destination: Jamaica

Research question: Name five edible plants (herbs, fruit, vegetables) grown in the region.

Answer:

Ackee – Ackee is Jamaica’s national fruit and a key ingredient in the traditional dish "ackee and saltfish." It must be allowed to open naturally on the tree before harvesting to ensure it is safe for consumption.

Callaloo (Amaranth) – This leafy green vegetable is similar to spinach and is widely used in Jamaican cuisine. It is commonly steamed or sautéed with onions, garlic, and tomatoes.

Mango – Jamaica grows many varieties of mango, including East Indian, Julie, and Bombay. Mangoes thrive in Jamaica’s tropical climate and are enjoyed fresh, in juices, or as part of desserts.

Breadfruit: Introduced to Jamaica in the 18th century, breadfruit is a starchy fruit that can be roasted, boiled, or fried. It serves as a staple in many Jamaican meals and is valued for its versatility and nutritional content.

Yam: Yams are a significant crop in Jamaica, with multiple varieties grown throughout the island. They are commonly boiled or roasted and often accompany traditional meals.

Sources:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ackee

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Callaloo

https://www.jamaicaobserver.com/lifestyle/its-mango-time-again/

https://www.edibleplants.net/countries/jamaica/

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Destination: Jamaica

Research question: What are three important species or birds in the region? How are they important?

Red-billed Streamertail: This beautiful multi-coloured humming bird is the national bird of Jamaica. It has a long and curved beak to feed on the nectar of flowering plants found within closed forests. Males of this species notably have two tails that flutter behind them as they fly. Feathers are used by the people on the island as decorations during traditional events.

Jamaican Iguana: The Jamaican iguana is critically endangered, making it one of the rarest animals on the island. This herbivorous reptile can grow up to 5 feet in length and is one of the largest reptiles in Jamaica. With its habitat only being in Jamaica's dry forests, it is threatened by the introduction of invasive species, hunting, and destruction of the forests it lives in. The Jamaican iguana was once thought to be extinct for 40 years between 1948 and 1990. This reptile, once abundant throughout Jamaica, is now confined to the forests of the Hellshire Hills.

Jamaican Yellow Boa: The Jamaican yellow boa is a large yellow non-venomous snake, that is only found in Jamaica. This snake has recently been listed as endangered due to hunting and habitat loss. There is currently conservation efforts underway to help protect the Jamaican boa and increase its population.

Resources: https://a-z-animals.com/animals/location/central-america/jamaica/

https://animalia.bio/endemic-lists/country/endemic-animals-of-jamaica?utm_source=chatgpt.com

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Learn about all the amazing animals in Jamaica. Discover Jamaican animals you’ve never heard of, and learn amazing facts about the ones you have!

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Destination: Costa Rica

Research Question: Name five edible plants (herbs, fruit, vegetables) grown in the region.

Answer: Costa Rica is home to many different species of fruit. Many of these fruit you will not commonly find in Canadian supermarkets. Some I'd like to try are:

Cas - It is related to guava but has white flesh. The taste is very similar

Guanábana - A large spikey fruit that looks similar to a durian, and is said to taste like pineapple and coconut combined.

Caimito - A purple fruit that presents a star pattern when cut open. The texture is said to be like ice cream, and the flavour very complex.

Pejibaye - It is similar to a persimmon, and can't be eaten raw. It is often sold pre boiled, and commonly eaten with mayonnaise.

Cacao - The bean is used for chocolate, and the pulp can be made into medicine or smoothies.

Mamón - A gooey grape-like fruit used for juices and frozen treats.

https://puravidamoms.com/costa-rican-fruit/

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Jamaican Pimento aka Allspice, From Wikimedia Commons, the free media repository

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Destination: Jamaica

Research Question: What are three types of trees or vegetation in the region? How are these varieties important to people and culture?

Resource:

1. Pimento, or allspice, is deeply woven into Jamaican culture, serving as a key ingredient in the island’s renowned jerk seasoning. Its rich, aromatic flavor enhances traditional dishes, while the pimento tree itself adds to Jamaica’s lush landscape. Beyond its culinary significance, pimento represents a connection to the island’s natural beauty and heritage.

2. Ackee is the national fruit of Jamaica and is another culinary ingredient that is prominent in traditional dishes.

3. The national tree of Jamaica is the Blue Mahoe, which is one of their primary economic timbers. It is currently being used in their reforestation efforts; it is also a highly traded commodity with both foreign and local markets alike.

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Destination: Bogota, Colombia

Question: What are three types of trees or vegetation in the region? How are these varieties important to people and culture?

Answer:The unique climate and soil dynamics nurture a diverse array of native trees. Among them, Corn plant, Monterey pine, and Black wattle stand out as remarkable representatives. These trees hold great symbolic, cultural, and ecological importance within the state's boundaries.

Today, in many aspects, the city of Bogotá is a lot different from the one 20 years ago. It has grown enormously, doubling its size to more than 8 million inhabitants. This has brought more pressure to the land and natural resources, and represents big challenges for managing education, social integration, the economy, security, infrastructure and transport.

In spite of all the difficulties, I think that, in some aspects, the city has improved. Street and park trees have really changed. Now we see more diversity. One can get to know many native species without going far from home. Threatened species, such as mountain Spanish-cedar, wax palm and Colombian oak, are now part of the city. Birds have a wider choice of fruits available to eat.

References:

https://www.thenatureofcities.com/2015/12/13/increasing-the-native-plants-of-colombian-cities/

https://www.picturethisai.com/region/tree/Colombia-Bogota.html#:~:text=Bogota%2C%20Colombia's%20unique%20climate%20and,importance%20within%20the%20state's%20boundaries.

https://colombia.co/en/colombia-country/five-trees-support-colombias-stunning-biodiversity

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Increasing the Native Plants of Colombian Cities – The Nature of Cities

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I remember when I was a child growing up in Bogotá, the capital and largest city of Colombia, located in the cool, high-altitude environment of the Andean mountain range. Street and park trees were almost all of a few widely planted species: eucalypts, pines, cypress, acacias and ash. In a city that, at that time, … Continue reading Increasing the Native Plants of Colombian Cities →

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Destination: Costa Rica

Research Question: How many seasons are in the country and what are they? Have there been significant changes in recent years?

Contrary to Canada's 4 seasons, Costa Rica has 2: the dry season, and the rainy season (sometimes called the green season). The dry season is from December to April, and the rainy season is from May to November. As it sounds, the dry season has low precipitation and high temperatures (up to 40C on average), the wet season has high precipitation and is slightly cooler, but still around the 20-30C range, making it very humid. In recent years, likely due to climate change, Costa Rica has been experiencing hotter dry seasons and more intense weather events throughout the year, such as heatwaves, droughts, and intense bursts of heavy rain.

Resources:

https://costaricaexperts.com/best-time-to-visit-costa-rica/

https://revista.drclas.harvard.edu/costa-rica-amidst-climate-change-navigating-the-economic-perils-and-opportunities/#:~:text=Although%20it%20is%20difficult%20to,are%20more%20and%20more%20frequent.

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This a tough topic. The question should really be: When is the best time for ME to visit Costa Rica? Yes, the answer depends on the individual. So while we can't answer this question for you, we can give you some information to help you make your decision.

Dry Season vs Green Season

First things first, there are two tropical seasons in Costa Rica: dry season and green season. December through April is the dry season. May through November is the green season. The dry season is also the high season as many snow birds make their escape to the tropics, and there is less rainfall. While the high season is the most popular travel time, the green season is often a favorite among Costa Rica Experts. The green season typically experiences sunny mornings (great for morning excursions) and afternoon rain showers (perfect for a rejuvenating afternoon repose). There are many perks of traveling in rainy season like discounted hotel rates, less crowds, and more active wildlife.

Varying Climates

Keep in mind that the landscapes and climates of Costa Rica vary greatly by region. The coasts are generally warmer, and the highlands are generally cooler. As you move south along the Pacific coast, humidity levels rise. The Caribbean Coast is generally hot, humid, and rainy year-round, with a short break in September and October. Please consult a Costa Rica Expert on the general climate of your destinations of interest over your travel dates.

Rain in Costa Rica by Month

For a general idea of monthly weather conditions, The World Bank Group has a great tool that shows the average monthly rainfall and temperature in Costa Rica over 20-30 year periods. Now for the monthly breakdown...

Jump to the month you're thinking of visiting Costa Rica to read about the weather

January

The beginning of January is a peak travel season in Costa Rica, as crowds from the Christmas and New Year holidays linger. It is also dry season in Costa Rica, when clear skies accommodate travelers. The beginning months of dry season are particularly appealing as the landscape is still verdant from the recent green season, despite reduced rainfall.

Wildlife watching: Alaska/California humpback whales; hawksbill, leatherback, green, & olive ridley sea turtles on the Pacific coast

February & March

We're still in dry season, and the weather remains fantastic. There is generally a spike in tourist traffic over Easter and the week leading up to it. Plan ahead for travel over Presidents' Day weekend, Spring Break, and Easter. Hotel availability is limited over these popular travel dates, and some hotels increase rates over peak travel dates. Book early.

Wildlife watching: Alaska/California humpback whales; leatherback & hawksbill sea turtles on the Caribbean coast in March; hawksbill, leatherback, green, & olive ridley sea turtles on the Pacific coast

Related Article: Costa Rica Spring Break Survival Guide

April

April marks the last month of the dry season, although it can last a couple weeks longer in the arid northwest region of Guanacaste. Travelers can still enjoy clear skies, although the vegetation, particularly on the North Pacific Coast, has lost some of its vibrant green sparkle after months of little rain. April is also historically one of the hottest months of the year. If Easter falls in April, you can expect a spike in tourist traffic over the holiday. Plus, there may still be spring break travelers, so you'll want to book your vacation well in advance.

Wildlife watching: leatherback & hawksbill sea turtles on the Caribbean coast; hawksbill, green, & olive ridley sea turtles on the Pacific coast

May
Green Season
The start of green season in May is a much needed cool off from the intense heat of the dry season. Temperatures begin to drop as the hotel prices and number of tourists do. May is a bit of a transition month, in which the rain picks up, but not quite at the rate of later green season months.

Wildlife watching: leatherback & hawksbill sea turtles on the Caribbean coast; hawksbill, green, & olive ridley sea turtles on the Pacific coast

June
Green Season
In June, you'll see a small surge in tourists as the kids get let out of school and family vacations start. Everything begins to look much more green as the rain brings the rainforest to life.

Wildlife watching: loggerhead, green, leatherback, & hawksbill sea turtles on the Caribbean coast; hawksbill, green, & olive ridley sea turtles on the Pacific coast

July & August
Green Season
It's green season in Costa Rica, but a brief pocket of sunshine breaks up the rain in July in what locals call veranillo, or little summer. Exact veranillo days and duration vary from year to year, and may even continue into the start of August. Afternoons are rainy with typically clear mornings (perfect for morning tours). The weather is generally good, and hotel prices low. July and August are popular travel times due to less rain, family summer vacations, and active green season wildlife. Some hotels increase their prices in these months.

Wildlife watching: Antarctic humpback whales; loggerhead, green, leatherback, & hawksbill sea turtles on the Caribbean coast; hawksbill, green, & olive ridley sea turtles on the Pacific coast

September & October
Green Season
This is the peak of green season on the Pacific Coast, but don't let the rain keep you away. Your opportunities for spotting wildlife are best in green season. Surfing and rafting are fantastic. Hotel availability, prices, and service are at their best. Plus, there are no crowds. You may even find you have the beach all to yourself.

On the typically rainy southern Caribbean Coast, the rain lightens up in September and October, making it a great time to visit. Talk with a Costa Rica Expert about the best destinations to visit during this time of year.

Wildlife watching: Antarctic humpback whales; green, & hawksbill sea turtles on the Caribbean coast; hawksbill, green, & olive ridley sea turtles on the Pacific coast

Related Article: 10 Costa Rica Rainy Season Travel Perks

November
Green Season
The end of November marks the start of Costa Rica's busy season, as holidays and cold weather are a great excuse to escape. November is a bit of a bridge month, when the rain has slowed down, and the crowds begin to trickle in.

Wildlife watching: hawksbill, leatherback, green, & olive ridley sea turtles on the Pacific coast

December

The beginning of December is less-crowded, with difficult to predict weather. Typically, the sky clears up as the rains begin to taper off for dry season, and you can experience beautiful beach days on the Pacific Coast. In Guanacaste, the most arid region of the country, the foliage begins to turn golden. We enter peak season for travel at the end of December around the holidays. With less rain, there is more uninterrupted pool time. With that, hotel prices rise. Our advice is to book your holiday vacations well in advance to reserve the best hotel rooms and take advantage of any early bird specials.

Wildlife watching: Alaska/California humpback whales; hawksbill, leatherback, green, & olive ridley sea turtles on the Pacific coast

Related Article: 6 Costa Rica Holiday Travel Tips

One Final Note:

I feel compelled to state that I am not a weather girl, nor can I predict the future. I only hope to bring you information to help you choose your travel dates. The best person to decide when you should visit Costa Rica is you. If a rainy afternoon would ruin your vacation, visit in dry season. If you intend to experience the rainforest in all its green glory, the green season is a great choice.

For personalized advice on when to book your Costa Rica vacation and to get a custom quote, connect with an Expert or just give us a call: (773) 935-1009 or (800) 827-9046.
Related Articles:

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Best Time to Visit Costa Rica: What to Expect Month by Month

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Discover the best time to visit Costa Rica for weather & wildlife. Also, learn about the rainy season in Costa Rica so you can plan accordingly.

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Destination: Costa Rica

Research Question: How much rainfall does the country receive each year?

Answer: The mean annual rainfall for Costa Rica is 3061mm. This rain happens year-round but can concentrate in an area of microclimate regions like tropical rainforests or cloud forests.

Resource: http://climateknowledgeportal.worldbank.org/sites/default/files/country-profiles/15989-WB_Costa%20Rica%20Country%20Profile-WEB.pdf

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Destination: Jamaica

Research question: Name five edible plants (herbs, fruit, vegetables) grown in the region

Jamaica is well known for their food, with amazing cuisine. on the island, they are known for growing scotch bonnet peppers, used in making jerk chicken, as well as many other dishes and sauces. Jamaica grows breadfruit, a fruit somewhat difficult to find in North America; breadfruit is a starchy fruit that can be cooked in many ways and is a staple in Jamaican meals. Ackee is the Jamaican national fruit. I have never tried it, but I am excited to try it while in the country. This fruit is often served with saltfish. Morigana is a superfood and an herb well known for its health benefits and nutritional content. Fever grass, or lemongrass, is an herb known for aiding digestion and relaxation. This is often used in soothing teas.

Source: https://www.tasteofjamaicatours.com/jamaicas-edible-plants-discovering-natures-bounty/

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3 important species of wildlife in Jamaica -Simran Lalli

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3 important species of wildlife in Jamaica -Simran Lalli

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Destination: Jamaica

Question: What are three important species of wildlife or birds in the region? How are they important?

Red-Billed Streamer Tail

The Red Billed Streamer Tail also known as the "Doctor Bird" is the national bird of Jamaica. It is apart of the humming bird family and can be identified by it's strikingly bright colors. This hummingbird can be seen in forest enjoying some nectar from the flowering plants. This is an important bird of Jamaica as it was once believed to be a reincarnation of other souls that have passed on. This bird also represents resilience, freedom and the overall rich heritage of Jamaica.

West Indian Manatee

The West Indian Manatee is also known as the "Sea Cow". It can be seen swimming along the costal waters specifically on the southwest coast of Jamaica. They are herbivores which means they feed on the plant life within the water specifically seagrass beds. Currently, they are listed as threatened on the endangered species list caused by low reproductive rates. Additionally, they are also experiencing low population levels because of boat collisions and losing warm water springs. They are important to Jamaica as they maintain the vegetation in the water by feeding on seagrass controlling the overall growth levels.

Jamaican Iguana

This Iguana is known as the second largest land animal that's native to Jamaica. The Iguana's can be found roaming around the tropical forest of Hellshire Hills. In the early 1900's the Iguana used to roam all around Jamaica, however the population numbers have decreased drastically. Currently, the Iguana is listed as critically endangered. The reason for the population decline was the charcoal industry where they would take trees from the Hillshire Hills destroying the Iguana's habitat. They are important to Jamaica as they are now being rehabilitated and are now showing signs of increasing population.

References

https://a-z-animals.com/animals/location/central-america/jamaica/

https://animalia.bio/red-billed-streamertail?endemic=85

https://animalia.bio/jamaican-iguana?endemic=85

https://www.nwf.org/Educational-Resources/Wildlife-Guide/Mammals/West-Indian-Manatee

https://thepalmsjamaica.com/meet-the-doctor-bird-hummingbird-jamaicas-spectacular-national-bird/#:~:text=The%20stunning%20hummingbird%20was%20believed,held%20souls%20of%20the%20dead.

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Destination: Costa Rica

Research Question: What are three important species of wildlife or birds in the region? How are they important?

Answer: One important species is the scarlet macaw, which has a diet conhsisting of fruit, seeds, and vegetation. It helps disperse seeds, helping to ensure the plants get to disperse across the rainforest. These species also mate for life, and are also found at clay licks to eat clay to better digest food.

A second important species is sloth, with two taxa of sloths in the area, the three toed sloth and the two toed sloth. They are important to provide homes to moths in their fur that feed on algae. Their feces fertilize the soil. Sloths will often go down to the ground once a week to defecate.

A third important species is the jaguar. This is the top predator in Costa Rica, serving as a keystone species in keeping the prey population in check. They are one of the big cat species known to be good swimmers, and also boast one of the strongest bite forces of all cat species.

Source:

Costa Rica Wildlife & Jungle Animals | Costa Rica Experts

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Costa Rica Wildlife & Jungle Animals | Costa Rica Experts

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Read about the many wildlife animals that inhabit Costa Rica’s jungles and rainforests. To meet these animals make sure to book a jungle tour today!

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Destination: Bogotá, Colombia

Research Question: Name five edible plants (herbs, fruit, vegetables) grown in the region.

Answer: Colombia is home to several valuable edible plants, including the Jamaica Cherry Tree, which produces sweet fruits; Cachipay Montañero, a palm with edible fruit; Monkey Pot Tree, known for its "paradise nuts"; and Borojó, a fruit used in beverages and traditional medicine. Additionally, the Tolu Balsam Tree is prized for its aromatic resin used in medicine and perfumes. These plants highlight the region's rich biodiversity and cultural significance.

Reference: https://www.kew.org/read-and-watch/green-gold-colombia-useful-plants

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To conserve Colombia’s biodiversity, Kew scientists are collaborating with in-country partners on an ecotourism tool that will protect the environment and support local communities.

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Question: "How much rainfall does the country/region receive yearly?"

Answer: Costa Rica receives an average of 100 inches of rainfall annually through mountainous forest areas that can experience as much as 25 feet annually.

Reference: https://costarica.org/facts/weather/#:~:text=Average%20rainfall%20in%20Costa%20Rica,25%20feet%20of%20rainfall%20annually.

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Costa Rica Weather - Get the most out of your vacations!

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Situated just 11 degrees north of the equator, Costa Rica enjoys a temperate climate year-round. Daily temperatures hover between 75°F and 88°F throughout most of the country, with varying elevations creating a huge range of micro-climates. The weather is generally categorized by two distinct seasons: the dry season, which begins in early December and extends through mid May; and the rainy season that occurs between May and late November. Both seasons offer excellent opportunities for adventure tours, and each has its own set of advantages. Follow our insider tips to get the most out of your upcoming vacation.

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Destination: Bogota, Colombia

Research Question: Name five edible plants (herbs, fruit, vegetables) grown in the region.

Answer: There are a lot of edible plants that grow in Colombia. Looking at ones that grow at higher altitudes, closer to our destination, there are tamarillos (or tree tomatoes), sand olives, seville oranges, heart peas, and capsicum. It's interesting to see which plants are native to the region, and which ones have been cultivated.

Source: https://www.edibleplants.net/countries/colombia/

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A tropical or subtropical plant. Plants grow from sea level up to about 2400 m altitude. They are killed by frost. Soils need to be well drained and fertile. The fruit and plants can rot in the middle of the wettest seasons. They need a temperature…

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Destination:

Japan, Tokoyo

Research Question:

Name five edible plants (herbs, fruit, vegetables) grown in the region.

Answer:

Japan is home to a variety of edible plants. Some of the edible plants include:

Japanese Horse-Chestnut

Butterbur

Mugwort

Japanese Wild Radish

Wild Chervil

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Wild Plants and Where to Find them: Foraging in Japan | Tokyo Weekender

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Japanese forageables: Top tips on what to look for and where to find the best edible wild plants in Japan.

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3 Important species in Jamaica: Fiona Lall

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3 Important species in Jamaica: Fiona Lall

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These are 3 important species in Jamaica protected under the Wildlife Protection Act. The endangered Jamaican Iguana is threatened by predators and competitors such as cats, dogs, pigs, and mongoose and by activities that destroy the forest such as charcoal burning. The American Crocodile is protected due to its cultural, historical, biological, and economic importance. The American Crocodile is on the Jamaican Coat of Arms, adding to the Jamaican folklore and its ecotourism. The Boa is endangered due to deforestation and development. It is a rare species in Jamaica.

References: https://www.nepa.gov.jm/sites/default/files/2019-12/our_land_animals.pdf

https://blessingsallover.wordpress.com/2010/12/16/the-jamaican-crocodile/

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Question: Name five edible plants (herbs, fruit, vegetables) grown in the region.

Answer: Five edible fruits grown in Costa Rica are Grapefruit, Dragon Fruit, Pummelo, Soursop, and Bananas.

Link: https://www.edibleplants.net/countries/costa-rica/

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Five Edible Plants (herbs, fruit, vegetable) Grown in Costa Rica

Açai Palm – the palm hearts are canned and the fruit is used to make açai wine

Banana – an important food or supplement in many tropical areas

Dragon Fruit – widely sold in markets, dried flowers are sold in shops

Mango – popular and important in seasonally dry lowlands

Turmeric – cultivated at large scale, important spice in cultures that eat rice

Edible Plants of the World; edibleplants.net

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Destination: Kingston Jamaica

Research Question: Life on the Land (SDG 15) What are the three types of trees in the Kingston, Jamaica region? How are these varieties important to the people?

Resource: The National History of Jamaica pdf has the names and description of trees found on the island, it speaks of the rich history of native and imported trees. Three types of trees that are native to Jamaica are the Blue Mahoe, Coconut, and Ackee Trees.

These types of trees are important to Jamaicans for various reasons with the Blue Mahoe Hibiscus Tree being native to Jamaica, it’s wood when finished with sealant it has what is described as a fine blue tint. Blue Mahoe wood has been used for making exquisite furniture and crafts. Coconut Trees have edible aspects such as coconut water and meat.  Coconut Trees have more uses such as using the leaves to make baskets and roofs and the wood has a history of being sturdy and been used to make bridges and build houses. Ackee is Jamaica’s national fruit and is predominately cooked with salted cod fish. The arils are the edible portions but if eaten before the fruit opens it is poisonous.

If you want more information check out the article.

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Destination: Jamaica

Research Question: How many seasons are there in the country and what are they? Have there been significant changes in these seasons over the years?

Jamaica's weather can be est understood through two seasons:

Dry season (December to May / winter and spring)

Jamaica's tropical climate brings warmth all year round, but the winter and spring are classed as the dry season. While showers are possible all year round, February is the driest month on average, with about 15mm expected, or roughly 3 rainy days. Sunshine amounts peak through February - April with 9 hours per day.

Wet season (June to November / summer and autumn)

June to November is the wet season and is often characterised by heavy showers and thunderstorms. The Atlantic hurricane season exists between these months, and Jamaica is just as vulnerable as its neighbouring islands. Hurricanes tend to pass near Jamaica every 4-5 years, while a direct hit is less likely, around once in 10 years. Tropical storms that fall below hurricane strength are much more common, and can bring periods of heavy rain, strong winds and flooding to the island. The peak of the wet season is August-October with around 9 rainy days per month and 7 hours of sunshine expected per day."

https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/weather/travel/holiday-weather/americas/caribbean/jamaica-weather

Climate change:

"z 0.09 to 0.88 m sea-level rise between 1990 and 2100;

• Area-averaged annual mean warming of Caribbean

Sea by ≈ 2ºC by the 2050s and 3ºC by the 2080s;

• Fewer rain days per year but an increase in the daily

intensity of precipitation = greater probability of more frequent drought and flood events;

• No significant change in hurricane frequency, but a possible increase of 10 to 20 % in hurricane intensity

(Nurse and Sem 2001)."

https://www.mona.uwi.edu/physics/sites/default/files/physics/uploads/Dr.%20Dale%20Webber%20-%20Climate%20Change%20Impacts%20on%20Jamaica%27s%20Biodiversity.pdf

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Going to : Japan

Question : What are three important species of wildlife or birds in the region? How are they important?

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City Where People Live Alongside Deer | Asia | BBC Earth

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Destination: Zwolle, Netherlands

Research questions: how much rainfall does it receive each year

Resouce:

Rain falls throughout the year in Zwolle. The month with the most rain is December, with an average rainfall of 55mm; while the least is April, with an average of 30mm.

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In Zwolle, the summers are comfortable and partly cloudy and the winters are very cold, windy, and mostly cloudy. Over the course of the year, the temperature typically varies from 32°F to 72°F and is rarely below 18°F or above 83°F.

Based on the tourism score, the best time of year to visit Zwolle for warm-weather activities is from late June to early September.

The figure below shows you a compact characterization of the entire year of hourly average temperatures. The horizontal axis is the day of the year, the vertical axis is the hour of the day, and the color is the average temperature for that hour and day.

Average Hourly Temperature in Zwolle

Anmore, British Columbia, Canada (4,798 miles away) is the far-away foreign place with temperatures most similar to Zwolle ( view comparison).

In Zwolle, the average percentage of the sky covered by clouds experiences significant seasonal variation over the course of the year.

The clearer part of the year in Zwolle begins around March 30 and lasts for 6.4 months, ending around October 11.

The clearest month of the year in Zwolle is July, during which on average the sky is clear, mostly clear, or partly cloudy 55% of the time.

The cloudier part of the year begins around October 11 and lasts for 5.6 months, ending around March 30.

The cloudiest month of the year in Zwolle is December, during which on average the sky is overcast or mostly cloudy 71% of the time.

A wet day is one with at least 0.04 inches of liquid or liquid-equivalent precipitation. The chance of wet days in Zwolle varies throughout the year.

Among wet days, we distinguish between those that experience rain alone, snow alone, or a mixture of the two. The month with the most days of rain alone in Zwolle is July, with an average of 9.7 days. Based on this categorization, the most common form of precipitation throughout the year is rain alone, with a peak probability of 33% on July 24.

To show variation within the months and not just the monthly totals, we show the rainfall accumulated over a sliding 31-day period centered around each day of the year. Zwolle experiences some seasonal variation in monthly rainfall.

Rain falls throughout the year in Zwolle. The month with the most rain in Zwolle is December, with an average rainfall of 2.2 inches.

The month with the least rain in Zwolle is April, with an average rainfall of 1.2 inches.

Snowfall

As with rainfall, we consider the snowfall accumulated over a sliding 31-day period centered around each day of the year. Zwolle experiences some seasonal variation in monthly snowfall.

The length of the day in Zwolle varies extremely over the course of the year. In 2025, the shortest day is December 21, with 7 hours, 39 minutes of daylight; the longest day is June 21, with 16 hours, 50 minutes of daylight.

The earliest sunrise is at 5:11 AM on June 17, and the latest sunrise is 3 hours, 35 minutes later at 8:46 AM on December 30. The earliest sunset is at 4:21 PM on December 13, and the latest sunset is 5 hours, 42 minutes later at 10:02 PM on June 24.

Daylight saving time (DST) is observed in Zwolle during 2025, starting in the spring on March 30, lasting 6.9 months, and ending in the fall on October 26.

The figure below presents a compact representation of the sun's elevation (the angle of the sun above the horizon) and azimuth (its compass bearing) for every hour of every day in the reporting period. The horizontal axis is the day of the year and the vertical axis is the hour of the day. For a given day and hour of that day, the background color indicates the azimuth of the sun at that moment. The black isolines are contours of constant solar elevation.

The figure below presents a compact representation of key lunar data for 2025. The horizontal axis is the day, the vertical axis is the hour of the day, and the colored areas indicate when the moon is above the horizon. The vertical gray bars (new Moons) and blue bars (full Moons) indicate key Moon phases.

We base the humidity comfort level on the dew point, as it determines whether perspiration will evaporate from the skin, thereby cooling the body. Lower dew points feel drier and higher dew points feel more humid. Unlike temperature, which typically varies significantly between night and day, dew point tends to change more slowly, so while the temperature may drop at night, a muggy day is typically followed by a muggy night.

The perceived humidity level in Zwolle, as measured by the percentage of time in which the humidity comfort level is muggy, oppressive, or miserable, does not vary significantly over the course of the year, staying within 2% of 2% throughout.

This section discusses the wide-area hourly average wind vector (speed and direction) at 10 meters above the ground. The wind experienced at any given location is highly dependent on local topography and other factors, and instantaneous wind speed and direction vary more widely than hourly averages.

The average hourly wind speed in Zwolle experiences significant seasonal variation over the course of the year.

The predominant average hourly wind direction in Zwolle varies throughout the year.

The wind is most often from the south for 1.9 weeks, from January 1 to January 14 and for 2.6 months, from September 30 to December 18, with a peak percentage of 40% on October 31. The wind is most often from the west for 3.5 months, from January 14 to April 28; for 4.8 months, from May 5 to September 30; and for 2.0 weeks, from December 18 to January 1, with a peak percentage of 45% on July 3. The wind is most often from the east for 1.0 weeks, from April 28 to May 5, with a peak percentage of 27% on May 4.

Zwolle is located near a large body of water (e.g., ocean, sea, or large lake). This section reports on the wide-area average surface temperature of that water.

The average water temperature experiences significant seasonal variation over the course of the year.

To characterize how pleasant the weather is in Zwolle throughout the year, we compute two travel scores.

The tourism score favors clear, rainless days with perceived temperatures between 65°F and 80°F. Based on this score, the best time of year to visit Zwolle for general outdoor tourist activities is from late June to early September, with a peak score in the first week of August.

The beach/pool score favors clear, rainless days with perceived temperatures between 75°F and 90°F. Based on this score, the best time of year to visit Zwolle for hot-weather activities is from mid July to mid August, with a peak score in the last week of July.

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Zwolle Climate, Weather By Month, Average Temperature (Netherlands) - Weather Spark

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In Zwolle, the summers are comfortable and partly cloudy and the winters are very cold, windy, and mostly cloudy. Over the course of the year, the temperature typically varies from 32°F to 72°F and is rarely below 18°F or above 83°F.

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Destination: Zwolle, Netherlands

Research questions: What are the seasons like? Will there be precipitation?

Answer: In the Netherlands, they have all four seasons (Spring, Summer, Fall, and Winter) and each of them is very notable in terms of the landscape.

During the Spring (March to May):

The tulips are one of the most well-known things for this season as the temperature starts to increase. However, snow showers can still occur during this time. The average temperature can range from 6.3C to 12.7C.

During the Summer (June to August):

This is the time when temperature reaches its highest throughout the year. But one thing to note is that the sun does not shine very often, and has a decent amount of precipitation throughout the year. However, from time to time, there will still be sunny days alternating with the cool and rainy days. The average temperature in this season is between 15.4C to 17.6C.

During Fall/Autumn (September to November):

Fall is a beautiful season in the Netherlands with its colorful forest. However, it is also the wettest season among the four. This is also when colder temperature starts coming in with the average temperature between 7.4C to 14.9C.

Winter (December to February):

The Netherlands also have a cold winter. But compare to Toronto, the Netherlands is warmer. It has an average temperatures ranging from 2.5C to 4C. The daylight hours also gets shorter like things here in Toronto.

Resource:

https://www.climatestotravel.com/climate/netherlands#seasons

https://www.holland.com/global/tourism/getting-around/interests/season

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Research Question:

How has Tokyo's urban planning influenced its public transportation system?

Source: Urban Planning in Tokyo

This source discusses the evolution of urban planning in Tokyo, focusing on how its strategies have shaped the development of its highly efficient public transportation system. It emphasizes how Tokyo's urban design, considering its limited space and high population density, has led to the creation of a transportation network that is efficient, reliable, and integrated into the city's infrastructure.

Summary:

Tokyo’s public transportation system is one of the best in the world, and this success is largely due to its urban planning. The city’s transportation network includes an extensive system of trains, buses, and subways, all designed to minimize congestion and make the most of limited space. Tokyo’s planners have created densely packed areas around train stations, which encourages the use of public transportation over personal vehicles.

The city’s transportation system also plays a key role in minimizing traffic congestion, reducing pollution, and making the city more sustainable. The integration of transportation and residential areas has encouraged people to rely on public transit instead of owning cars. Moreover, the consistent investment in the system and its continuous updates ensure that it meets the growing needs of the population.

Link: https://storeys.com/toronto-learn-tokyo-japan-urban-planning/

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Question: Name five edible plants (herbs, fruit, vegetables) grown in the region.

Destination: Costa Rica

Answer: In San Jose Costa Rica, several edible plants are commonly grown. These include green sapote, a sweet fruit often eaten fresh or in desserts; coquito a palm with coconut-flavored seeds; banana's and pinapples and coffee renowned for its quality.

Resource: https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2024/sep/17/every-time-the-planes-pass-my-eyes-burn-the-hidden-cost-of-costa-rican-bananas

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‘Every time the planes pass, my eyes burn’: the hidden cost of Costa Rican bananas

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Pesticides banned in the EU are still used in the Central American country, affecting workers and ecosystems, all to meet the demand for ‘perfect’ fruit in the west

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Destination- Netherlands

Research question- What are three types of trees or vegetation in the region? How are these varieties important to people and culture?

Answer- In the Zwolle region of the Netherlands, three important types of trees and vegetation include:

1. Scots Pine (Pinus sylvestris): This evergreen tree is common in the Dutch landscape and is important for timber production. It also helps in reforestation and maintaining biodiversity.

2. Common Oak (Quercus robur): A symbol of strength and longevity, the oak is culturally significant in the Netherlands, often seen in parks and historical sites. It provides habitat for wildlife and is used in carpentry and construction.

3. Heather (Calluna vulgaris): Common in heathlands, this plant is crucial for maintaining soil health and preventing erosion. It also has cultural significance in local folklore and is used in traditional crafts.

These varieties are important not only for their ecological roles but also for their cultural connections, such as in traditional Dutch festivals and crafts.

Resources- Dutch Nature Guide - Natuurmonumenten

Trees and Plants of the Netherlands - Plantentuin

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Destination: Costa Rica

Question: Name five edible plants (herbs, fruit, vegetables) grown in that region.

Peach Palm trees are a tree indigenous to Central and South America with two edible uses. The fruits are savory with a starchy textures, which are cooked, boiled or preserved. The inner core of the tree is used for hearts of palm.

Maracuyá and granadilla are two varieties of passionfruit grown in Costa Rica. Passion fruit are known for their distinctive seeds and tart flavour. The peak production is during the rainy season.

Costa Rica is famous for it's coffee, the best beans are said to be grown in the Los Santos Tarrazu region.

Cocoa beans are a favourite of humans and Costa Rican jungle animals alike. And is high in calcium and antioxidants.

Yams are a tropical plant similar to the sweet potato which thrive in seasonally dry areas.

Sources:

https://www.vacationscostarica.com/travel/costa-rica-products/

https://www.feedipedia.org/node/567

https://espressocoffeeguide.com/gourmet-coffee/coffees-of-the-americas/costa-rica-coffee/#varietals

https://www.edibleplants.net/countries/costa-rica/

https://osatropicalproperties.com/blog/gardening-in-costa-rica-how-to-produce-food-locally

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This article contains a list of the most famous Costa Rican products, from coffee to souvenirs.

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I found out some fun facts about this amazing country!

Rich Biodiversity: Costa Rica is home to around 5% of the world's biodiversity, despite covering only 0.03% of the Earth's land surface. It hosts over 500,000 species of animals and plants!

Quetzal Bird: The resplendent quetzal, considered a sacred bird by the ancient Maya, is found in Costa Rica. Its vibrant green and red plumage and long tail feathers make it one of the most beautiful birds in the world.

Spider Monkeys: Costa Rica is home to both the howler monkey and the spider monkey. The spider monkey’s long tail can function like a fifth limb, helping them swing from tree to tree with ease.

Sea Turtles: Costa Rica is one of the most important nesting sites for sea turtles, including the endangered leatherback and green turtles. Tortuguero National Park is a key location for turtle conservation.

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Destination: Tokyo Japan

Research question: How different is the weather there from the weather you are used to?

Answer: Between Japan and Toronto, Toronto is colder than Japan, and most of Japan doesn't snow except for Hokkaido, while for Toronto, it snows through all of Canada. I'll be visiting Tokyo from February 22 to March 7. In Tokyo, it won't be as cold as Toronto. It'll feel like fall/spring weather in Japan when it's winter wonderland in Canada

https://www.worlddata.info/climate-comparison.php?r1=canada&r2=japan#google_vignette

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destination: Costa Rica

research questions: What are three important species of wildlife or birds in the region? How are they important?

answer: Resplendent Quetzal, Scarlet Macaw, and the three-toed sloth.

they are important because they help with the ecosystem, nutreint cycling.

https://costarica.org/animals/

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Destination: Ikoma, Japan.

Research question: What are three important species of wildlife or birds in your region? How are they important?

Kitsune/Fox

The kitsune is deeply woven into Japanese folklore, mythology, and even religious traditions. It is often associated with Inari Ōkami, the Shinto deity of rice, prosperity, and agriculture.

Cultural Importance:

1. Messengers of Inari: Kitsune are believed to serve Inari, and you’ll often see fox statues guarding Shinto shrines, especially at places like Fushimi Inari Shrine in Kyoto.

2. Shape-Shifters: Kitsune can transform into beautiful women, sometimes marrying humans. However, they often trick people for fun or revenge.

3. Nine-Tailed Fox: In some myths, older kitsune grow multiple tails, with the Kyūbi no Kitsune (Nine-Tailed Fox)being the most powerful and magical.

Ecological Importance:

In real life, Japanese red foxes (Vulpes vulpes japonica) play an important role in controlling populations of rodents and small animals in forests and farmlands. They are highly adaptable and even live near human settlements.

Would you like to hear a kitsune folklore story? There are many fascinating ones!

The Tanuki (Nyctereutes viverrinus), or Japanese raccoon dog, is one of the most famous animals in Japanese culture. While I initially focused on species with ecological significance in Osaka, the tanuki is undoubtedly important both culturally and ecologically.

Tanuki (Nyctereutes viverrinus)

Cultural Importance: The tanuki is deeply embedded in Japanese folklore as a mischievous and shape-shifting creature. Statues of tanuki with big bellies and straw hats are often seen outside restaurants and shops, symbolizing prosperity and good fortune.

Ecological Importance: In Osaka, tanuki live in both urban and rural areas, helping control rodent and insect populations. They are highly adaptable and can survive in city parks, forests, and even near human settlements.

Japanese Giant Salamander (Andrias japonicus)

Importance: Although more common in rural areas, this ancient amphibian is a national natural treasure of Japan. It is a key indicator of water quality, as it only thrives in clean rivers. Conservation efforts in Osaka help protect this species and improve river ecosystems. Also some might believe that it's the origin of the Kappa—a water-dwelling creature in Japanese folklore.

Resource:

https://japanesegallery.com/anime_and_manga/blog-page/anime-manga/japanese-folklore-yokai-the-kitsune-and-the-tanuki.html

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Japanese Folklore – Yokai: The Kitsune and the Tanuki

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Shapeshifting magical animals are a staple of folklore of cultures around the world, and Japan is no different. As two of the most iconic and well-known yōkai, the kitsune and the tanuki hold an important place in Japanese culture, and today we’ll be taking a more in-depth look at these two…

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Destination- Netherlands

Research question- Name five edible plants (herbs, fruit, vegetables) grown in the region.

In the Netherlands, tomatoes, cucumbers, peppers, zucchini, pattypan squash, lettuce, and kale can all be easily grown and are edible, as the soil is fertile and the weather is favorable.

Source- https://www.dutchgrowers.info/resources/edible-container-gardening

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Destination: Costa Rica

Research question: What are 3 important species of wildlife/birds in the region? How are they important?

1. Sloths: the two-toed and three-toed sloths are the national symbols of Costa Rica. Sloths symbolize the Costa Rican idea of "pura vida" meaning pure life, which values appreciation of life, art, local narratives and contentment. The sloth also represents the country's commitment to wildlife and rainforest preservation, as well as ecotourism.

2. Scarlet Macaw: the scarlet macaw is a large psittacine (parrot) native to some parts of Costa Rica, drawing many twitchers (bird watchers who travel specifically to see rare birds) to the country. The bird is known for its striking red, blue and yellow plumage and personality, easily standing out against the lush landscapes. The scarlet macaw population drastically declined in the 90s due to deforestation and poaching for the illegal pet trade, leading the country to devise a conservation effort to stop the local population's decline. The scarlet macaw population in the Central Pacific region of Costa Rica went from 300 in 1994 to 687 parrots in 2022.

3. Sea turtles: Costa Rica is known for the several species of endangered sea turtles that nest and hatch on both the Pacific and Caribbean coasts. The most common species is the Olive Ridley sea turtle, one of the smallest sea turtles averaging at only about 2 feet long. The beaches of Costa Rica are also where the leatherback, hawksbill, loggerhead and green sea turtles lay their eggs, all ranging from Critically Endangered to Vulnerable according to the World Wildlife Fund (WWF).

Sources:

https://costarica.org/animals/

https://crie.cr/costa-ricas-national-animals-and-their-significance/

https://slothconservation.org/the-sloth-a-new-national-symbol-for-costa-rica/

https://earth.org/scarlet-macaw-conservation/

https://costa-rica-guide.com/nature/wildlife/turtle-nesting/

https://www.worldwildlife.org/species/sea-turtle

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Costa Rica’s National Animals and Their Significance

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What if the animals that symbolize a nation’s identity are also key players in its ecosystem and culture? This question leads us to explore Costa Rica’s natio

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Destination: Costa rica

Research question: what are some traditional foods in La Fortuna?

Resource: this article talks about the different local foods you can find in different areas of Costa Rica

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Costa Rican food was not at the forefront of my mind when I was booking this holiday yet ever since I left I've been thinking of the delicious, typical foods in Costa Rica that I sincerely enjoyed.

So I've listed the very best food Costa Rica gave me for you to try when you visit!
Disclosure: This blog may contain affiliate links, meaning, at no extra cost to you, I may earn commission if you click and make a purchase. Thanks for supporting The Happy Days Travels. For more information, see my Privacy Policy and Terms & Conditions.
Contents

What is Costa Rica Cuisine?

Located in Central America, Costa Rican cuisine is similar to neighbouring nations' cuisines including corn-based dishes, salsa salads, fried plantain and rice.

As there's a tropical climate, traditional foods in Costa Rica include delicious fruits and coffee beans, and the influence of both Pacific and Caribbean coastlines provides fresh fish and seafood options.

Variations are similar in all the Costa Rica dishes and at all times of day. For example, the staple rice component is served in a Gallo Pinto (breakfast foods in Costa Rica), a Casado (a Costa Rican lunch) and Tamales (a Costa Rica street food).

20 Typical Foods in Costa Rica

Along with the serene rainforests, unreal sunsets, out-of-this-world wildlife and friendly people, delicious food from Costa Rica means that it has become one of my favourite places ever!

So if you're a foodie like me, save this Costa Rica food guide so you know exactly what to expect and eat on your trip.

Costa Rican Breakfast

1) Costa Rica Fruit

Oh, the fruit in this country! No wonder it's one of the biggest exports. Fresh, juicy, colourful, some exclusive to Costa Rica and some so good that they SHOULD be exclusive here.

You will find an abundance of fruits but make sure you try coconuts, papayas, bananas, jocotes, anona, water apple, plantain, and the country's famous food in Costa Rica: pineapple!

Of course fruit is not just for breakfast and it's often made into fruit juices or 'Batidos' but I wanted to put it at the top of my list of typical foods of Costa Rica.

2) Gallo Pinto (Rice & Beans)

One of the most famous foods in Costa Rica is Gallo Pinto that is a typical food in Costa Rica for breakfast but is also eaten at other times of the day and as add-ons to other meals.

Gallo Pinto is a mixture of rice, black beans, onion, coriander and Salsa Lizano (see below). It's usually served with scrambled eggs, cheese, sour cream, avocado and fried plantain.

Not only is this dish delicious but so filling that will keep you going through the morning of your trip to Costa Rica. I ate Gallo Pinto every morning and became my favourite part of Costa Rican food culture.

3) Arepas (Pancakes)

Pancakes are a typical food of Costa Rica for breakfast with usual mixture and usual toppings found around the world like honey, condensed milk, chocolate and maple syrup.

This is the type of breakfast you'd find in a hotel buffet as it's common but directly aimed at visitors rather than locals (and me) who prefer Gallo Pinto for breakfast.

Costa Rica Lunch / Dinner

4) Casado (Set Meal)

Casado is the word for a set meal consisting of Costa Rica popular food. The meal includes Meat, Vegetables, Rice which are typical for a hearty lunch in Costa Rica given that locals usually eat their largest Costa Rican dishes for lunch.

Most Costa Rica cooking classes will include making Casado because it's so well-known.

5) Arroz Con Pollo (Rice with Chicken)

Where to Stay in La Fortuna: Chalets Silencio del Bosque was the most dreamy cabin in the jungle to stay and by far the best for wildlife opportunities. We had a private, colourful cabin with our own deck chairs to enjoy nature, a shared bathroom, excellent free breakfast and wonderful staff who helped us with everything!
This simple dish is a generic Latin American meal so of course it's in the top 5 of this Costa Rica food list!

In Costa Rica, you'll get seasoned rice with spices, chicken either in pieces of on the bone, a house sauce, salad and chips.

Not only will you find rice with chicken but lots of popular foods in Costa Rica consist of rice with something like shrimp or pork. These are traditional Costa Rican dishes.

6) Sopa Negra (Black Bean Soup)

Now for a reasonably healthy meal: Black Bean Soup. Often using the leftover juice from cooking black beans, this soup is made quickly with a few vegetables and herbs and sometimes with a boiled egg. It will be found in every restaurant.

I also seen Sopa Negra as a fast food option in supermarkets for those who want Costa Ricas food on the go!

7) Olla de Carne (Meat Stew)

Another Costa Rica main dish is a meat stew that is common for dinner when sharing with a few people. It's usually a beef dish using the beef broth, short ribs and lots of vegetables like corn, carrots, squash, yucca and plantain.

It's cooked in a large pot over several hours and reminds me of many meat stews around the world like Cawl in Wales, Bourguignon in France and Arroz de Marisco in Portugal.

I read online that Olla de Carne is a great example of Pura Vida because it's a popular, healthy meal often shared with family and friends.

8) Chifrijo (Bean & Pork Bowl)

I've already listed a few common Costa Rica traditional foods but one dish must be on this what to eat in Costa Rica list and that is Chifrijo!

Chifrijo is a bowl of kidney beans, pork bites, salsa and chips on top of white rice and perfect as a bar food in Costa Rica. It originated in the capital city, San Jose, and has become a staple dish given its simplicity.

9) Ceviche (Marinated Fish Medley)

Ceviche is another typical Costa Rican foods that is common around Latin America and it originated in Peru.

For easy Costa Rica meals, this dish consists of raw, diced fish, citrus juice, garlic, onion and sometimes coconut milk.

10) Choripan (Pork Sandwich with Chimichurri)
Where to Stay in Tamarindo: Villas Macondo is where I stayed during the BPM festival and had a clean, spacious and private hostel room with a balcony and hammock. The place was gated, had an excellent pool, clean and communal kitchen, wildlife in the trees and 24/7 receptionist.

One of my favourite Costa Rican foods was Choripan at a night market in Tamarindo cooked right in front of us with music playing and the sun setting!

This is also found in other places of Central and South America, specifically Argentina.

11) Tacos Ticos (Costa Rican Tacos)

The ultimate Costa Rican street food is a Taco Tico! Shredded beef in long, thin, deep fried pastry tubes are crispy on the outside and moist on the inside and a perfect snack on the go.

Having ketchup, mayonnaise, mustard and chips on the side makes it one of the best foods to eat in Costa Rica.

12) Snapper (Whole Fried Fish with Fries & Salad)

Snapper is a typical dish in Costa Rica and the species found all over the country include: Cubera, Red, Mullet, Colorado, Dog-Tooth, Silky, Yellow, Rock. Fishing for Snapper is a popular activity in the country too!

We enjoyed (Red Snapper) this delicious food of Costa Rica at a beach club in Tamarindo and was my favourite and most memorable Costa Rican dinner of the whole trip.

We had monkeys in the trees above us, sand beneath our feet, the waves gently crashing and the sun setting with tasty Costa Rica local cuisine to gorge on!

More Typical Foods in Costa Rica

13) Salsa Lizano (Condiment)

This is a Costa Rican condiment that is served for flavouring in dishes like Gallo Pinto or table-side to go with other foods in Costa Rica. It is a light, thin, brown sauce similar to HP sauce in the UK but spicier.

The sauce was created and made popular by the Lizano company in 1920s and nowadays is a regular in the country as well as sold in supermarkets abroad.

14) Tamales

Tamales are popular throughout South America and usually contain meat, potatoes, veggies and rice, wrapped in a banana leaf and Costa Rica typical dishes is no different.

In Costa Rica, Tamales are traditionally eaten at Christmas but you can find them as a common street food to conquer those cravings.

15) Patacones (Fried Plantain Fritters)

Patacones, aka Tostones throughout Latin America, are green plantains mashed into circled-shapes and fried twice in oil. They are usually served as a side dish or appetiser with salsa, guacamole or ceviche on top.

16) Vigoron (Yucca, Pork & Cabbage Salad)

Vigoron is a fresh salad made of cabbage, yucca, onions, tomato, sometimes pork rinds and can be served in a plantain leaf. It is said to be originated in Nicaragua but has become a popular food found in Puntarenas.

This cabbage salad is served cold and makes for a great Costa Rican street food.

17) Empanadas (Corn Dough with various fillings)

Another popular food throughout the continent, not just a popular food in Costa Rica is Empanadas.

Empanadas are a baked or fried pastry and filling like meat, veggies, tomato and cheese. I feel like countries all over the world have their variation of this; pasties in the UK, samosas in Bangladesh, pies in New Zealand and gyozas in Japan.

The best kind of empanadas in Costa Rica are home-made and we enjoyed a large one each while on a rainforest tour in La Fortuna that was home-made so we definitely experienced Costa Rica cooking!

18) Salchipapa (Hot Dog + Fries)

While I never tried this myself, I asked our driver what to eat in Costa Rica and he said Salchipapa as it was one of his favourites.

Salchipapa has a base of French Fries with sliced hot dog pieces on top like a version of nachos but with fries instead so something more modern than traditional food from Costa Rica.

Best Costa Rica Drinks

19) Coffee

Did you know Costa Rica is one the best places for coffee beans? In any supermarket you'll get coffee from places like Colombia, Ethiopia and Costa Rica!

Discover the origins by drinking coffee from the source on coffee tastings in San Jose or coffee tours around the country including the most popular Doka Estate coffee plantation:

20) Agua de Pipa (Coconut Water)

When you're relaxing on the beach in Tamarindo, watching the surfers hit the waves and the sun hit the horizon, you need to hit the coconut water!

It won't be hard to find as there'll likely be sellers who walk up and down the beach selling their Agua de Pipa from already-smashed coconuts and straws to hand so you can sip straight from the fruit. Delicious!

5 More Dishes in Costa Rica to Try

Costa Rican Chop Suey (Chinese and Costa Rican fusion)

Sopa (basic soup)

Nachos (great with Salsa Lezano)

Tres Leches (popular dessert)

Arroz Con Leche (rice pudding)

Imperial (Costa Rica beer)

Where to Eat Costa Rica?

Wherever you travel there will be places called 'Soda' which are usually family-run restaurants serving local cuisine (usually written as 'tipical food'). Otherwise, there will be regular restaurants also serving these types of dishes.

I also found almost all of the above Costa Rican foods in local supermarkets. There was a ready-made meals in Costa Rica food aisle including Sopa Negra, Gallo Pinto and Tamales!
Have you tried any of these Costa Rica foods before? Are there any foods from Costa Rica you want to try?
For fast food chains, look out for Pollolandia, Mnes, Rostipollos and American chains like Subway, KFC and McDonalds.
Pin This Typical Dishes in Costa Rica Post!
Best Costa Rica Food Tours

Here are three Costa Rican Food Tours in Jaco, Puerto Viejo, San Jose:

More Country Food Guides:

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20+ Typical Foods in Costa Rica (Handy Costa Rican Food Guide)!

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Costa Rican food was not at the forefront of my mind when I was booking this holiday yet ever since I left I've been thinking of the delicious, typical foods in Costa Rica that I sincerely enjoyed. So I've listed the very best food Costa Rica gave me for you to try when you visit!...

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Destination: Costa Roca

Research Question: How much rain does the rainforest in La Fortuna get?

Resource: "This article talks about the heavy rainfall in rainforests, and how rain is apart of the experience. https://costaricatravelblog.com/la-fortuna-weather/

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Nikki is the CEO of Pura Vida! eh? Inc. (Costa Rica Discounts), and the author of the guidebooks Moon Costa Rica (2019, 2021, 2023, and 2025 editions) and Moon Best of Costa Rica (2022 edition) from Moon Travel Guides. Together with her Costa Rican husband, Ricky, she operates the Costa Rica Travel Blog, created the online community DIY Costa Rica, built the Costa Rica Destination Tool, oversees the brand-new (summer 2023) Costa Rica Travel Shop, and designed the Costa Rica Trip Planning 101 E-Course. Also, Nikki wrote the Costa Rica cover feature for Wanderlust Magazine's sustainability-focused Travel Green List issue, showcased Costa Rica destinations and experiences on Rick Steves' Monday Night Travel show and podcast/radio show, and served as the Costa Rica Destination Editor for Essentialist, a luxury travel brand. Want to show your appreciation for her free article below? Thank Nikki here. ❤️️

Get the Costa Rica info you need by browsing our article's TABLE OF CONTENTS:

Does it rain in the rainforest during the rain season?

You bet it does! Costa Rica hosts a humid, tropical environment and La Fortuna is a part of it. Not only is rain at the destination inevitable, it plays a significant part in keeping the area lush, beautiful, and replete with wildlife.

If you're like most Costa Rica visitors, you're probably planning to spend some time in the La Fortuna / Arenal region. We'll even go as far as to guess that La Fortuna is the first destination on your trip itinerary following your arrival at San Jose or Liberia. Given that La Fortuna is such a popular place, we're often asked about the town's weather and what visitors can expect at different times during the year. Though you may want to hear us say that cloud cover and rain are rare occurrences, the truth is, both are staples of La Fortuna weather.

La Fortuna weather: Does it rain all of the time?

Nope! It doesn't even rain all of the time during the rain/green/wet season. The Arenal region, like most other Costa Rica destinations, experiences sporadic and heavy downpours from time to time but clear skies are also common. In the morning, you can find the town warmed by sunshine and surprisingly muggy heat, but by the afternoon, La Fortuna may appear fresh, smothered by cloudy patches, and dampened by rain. Or vice versa. You may wake up to a clear morning and an exposed Arenal Volcano only to watch it disappear into clouds moments later. The irregularity of La Fortuna's weather patterns makes each day's outcome difficult to predict, which is why you should never guess what the weather will deliver tomorrow based on what you receive today.

Favorable weather, defined by most people as warm and sunny weather, is most consistent in La Fortuna during the summer/dry season. This being said, it comes and goes throughout the year. Having spent many years in La Fortuna, Ricky and I have experienced just as many rainy days during the summer/dry season as we have lapped up sun rays during the rain/green/wet season. Most people will tell you, with a certain degree of confidence, that La Fortuna weather is best during the first four months of the year (January through April). If you track weather reports, you'll know there's some truth to that statement, but what we consider to be the more accurate is the fact that La Fortuna weather is whimsical and tough to predict.

How to plan for La Fortuna weather and its unpredictability

Prepare for the unknown

Since La Fortuna weather reports aren't overly telling or reliable, the best way to plan for the weather in La Fortuna is to prepare for the unknown. Visit with an understanding that it may or may not rain while you're in town and pack for both outcomes. You may be soaking wet the entire time or you may end up with a horrendous sunburn, so pack a rain jacket or poncho and sunscreen. While you can't control the weather, you can plan for the worst and hope for the best, saving you from disappointment if Mother Nature doesn't give you what you want.

Need help deciding what to pack for Costa Rica? Don't miss our related blog post:
What To Pack For Costa Rica (And What Not To Pack)

Recognize that any time of year is a good time of year to visit La Fortuna (and Costa Rica in general)

Sure, the argument can be made that people who come to Costa Rica for the beach want to be showered with sunshine the entire time they're here. But if you've chosen to visit the rainforest, an ecosystem found in La Fortuna, don't let rain hinder your experience. Rain is a part of the experience. If it wasn't, there wouldn't be lush forest for you to tour, beautiful foliage and gardens for you to admire, powerful waterfalls for you to gaze at, and thousands of wildlife, plant, and tree species for you to encounter.

For this reason, any time of year is a good time of year to visit La Fortuna or any destination in the country for that matter. If you're up for an adventure, and we assume that you are because you've chosen to visit La Fortuna-the epicenter of adventure in Costa Rica-then recognize that adventure is always in season and isn't limited to sunny days. If it helps you any, rainy periods in La Fortuna aren't usually cold rainstorms, they're warm rain showers that can be peaceful and refreshing.

Side with the morning

If you absolutely must try to predict when it will rain in La Fortuna, bet your chips on the afternoon. Though La Fortuna weather doesn't operate like clockwork, it rains more often in the afternoon than in the morning. If you're trying to avoid rain at all costs, plan to be more active during the first half of the day.

Have a backup plan in case it rains

Fear not, disgruntled traveler, there are plenty of rain-friendly activities you can participate in when rain hits the La Fortuna / Arenal region. Activities that require getting wet, such as white-water rafting tours, waterfall jumping tours, canyoneering/canyoning/rappelling tours, and visits to the hot springs, run rain or shine (so long as the amount of rainfall received isn't a dangerous amount.) Covered boat tours, such as those run on Rio Frio bordering the Cano Negro Wildlife Refuge, can protect you from rainfall. Indoor activities, like cooking classes, dance classes, and some exhibit tours, are options if you want to avoid the outdoors altogether.

Map of La Fortuna Costa Rica

Pura vida!

Do you have questions the weather in La Fortuna, or how to best plan for tours and activities around the weather in La Fortuna? No problem! When you're ready, make an appointment here to communicate with me (Nikki) privately and we can discuss these and other topics to get your questions answered fast and your Costa Rica trip poised for success. Pura vida, amigos! 🙂

Hey, Costa Rica Travel Blog reader, thank you for visiting and reading our blog! We're truly grateful for your time and preference.
Do you know that your spam-free reading experience is most important to us? Unlike some other Costa Rica blogs, we do not to sell your personal information, and we choose not to display ads, sponsored content, or affiliate marketing on our blog so we can keep your visit as distraction- and junk-free as possible. Because we prioritize your privacy, we don't earn money when you visit us, when you sign up for our e-course, or when you click on our links, which means the time and work we put into this blog-including its 300+ articles-is entirely voluntary! If you find our content valuable, and you'd like to thank us for making the trip-planning process easier and your Costa Rica vacation more enjoyable, please consider making a small donation ($1, $2, $3, or an amount of your choosing) to our blog. Doing so is a great way to pat us on the back if you feel we deserve it. 😊 Pura vida, amigos!

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Love our blog? Check out our other Costa Rica-related projects, too:

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[2025] La Fortuna Weather: Does It Rain In The Rainforest During The Rain Season? - The Official Costa Rica Travel Blog

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Wondering about La Fortuna weather? We outline what you should expect and how to plan your visit according to the weather in La Fortuna!

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Destination : Japan

Research Question : What are three important species of wildlife or birds in the region? How are they important?

Answer :

Sika deer :

Sika deer hold cultural importance, believers of Shinto believe sika deer to be sacred animals that act as messengers of the gods.

https://www.japan-experience.com/plan-your-trip/to-know/traveling-japan/japanese-deer

They also contribute to vegetation control as their diet primairly consists of plants like leaves, herbs, fungi etc.

https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Cervus_nippon

Crow :

In Japanese culture and mythology crows are considered to be symbols of guidance and divine messangers, or a bad omen or death

They scavenge for food and foodwaste and are often attracted to large piles of trash

https://www.sakesocial.com/blogs/guide/crow-dog

Japanese Red fox :

Japanese Red foxes are predators that eat a variety of things like rodents and rabbit, barries, fruits or berries and bugs. They also have a significance in Japanese folklore and Shinto, foxes have a deep connection to the inari shrines of Japan, foxes are beleived to be the messngers of Inari which is why you may find many fox statues around shrines.

https://www.japan-guide.com/e/e3915.html

Resources:

https://www.japan-guide.com/e/e3915.html

https://www.sakesocial.com/blogs/guide/crow-dog

https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Cervus_nippon

https://www.japan-experience.com/plan-your-trip/to-know/traveling-japan/japanese-deer

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Destination: Costa rica

Research question: what are some traditional foods in La Fortuna?

Resource: this article explained the different type of food in Costa rica

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Everything You Need to Know About Costa Rican Food

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Coconut seafood stew, pork with red beans, sweet corn pancakes, and hulking combo plates make Costa Rican food one of Latin America’s best cuisines.

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Destination: Costa Rica

Research Question: What are three important species of wildlife or birds in the region? How are they important?

Resources: Costa Rica is renowned for its rich biodiversity, hosting a variety of wildlife and bird species. There are so many different types of wildlife and Birds in this region that it was hard to choose only three.. Here are three species I think are interesting: 1) Leatherback Sea Turtle (Endangered). 2) Red-Eyed Tree Frog. 3) Resplendent Quetzal

Websites/Articles For Further Information:

Top 10 Animals and Wildlife in Costa Rica - Animals Around The Globe

Wild Life

Education Search | National Geographic Society

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What surprised me was that Thailand, as a developing country, places great importance on environmental protection. During our time in Thailand, we saw vast forests and many animals along the roads we traveled, just like the monkeys in the picture. This is different from what I see in China. The drive for urbanization in China has led to the destruction of much of the natural environment, and the government has neglected environmental protection due to an excessive focus on economic development. Therefore, through this experience in Thailand, I believe we should learn from Thailand, paying attention to the environment while also pursuing development.

4o mini

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Destination: Jamaica

Research question: What are three important species or birds in the region? How are they important?

Jamaica’s bird life is composed of about 307 species, including 127 breeding species and 180 migrants. Twenty-nine species are endemic, and there are four endemic genera: Streamertails (Trochilus); Yellow-shouldered Grassquit (Loxipasser); Orangequit (Euneornis); and Jamaican Blackbird (Nesopsar).

The Vireo osburni is an endemic Jamaican bird that is listed as ‘Near Threatened’ on the IUCN Red List. The bird has been recorded in the moist lowland and montane forests, degraded forests as well as plantations of Jamaica. Habitat loss is the biggest threat to this species.

The Amazona agilis is a parrot species that is found only in Jamaica. The black bill of the parrot easily distinguishes it from other parrots in its range. It is the smallest Amazona parrot with an average length of only 25 cm. The bird has been recorded in the mountainous rainforests of Jamaica. It is most common in the limestone rainforests of the country. IUCN labels this species as ‘Vulnerable’ as poaching, the capture of the parrots for the pet trade, and habitat destruction threatens the survival of the species

The Trochilus polytmus, is the country’s national bird. It is the most widespread and abundant hummingbird found in the nation. It is, however, found only in the island’s eastern section. The bird is locally known as the “doctor bird.” The birds are colored bright green and have black tails and crowns

Source:

https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/the-28-species-of-birds-found-only-in-jamaica.html

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Jamaica has many species of spectacular endemic birds.

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Destination: Kampala, Uganda

Research question: Name five edible plants grown in the region.

Resource:Kampala, located in the central region of Uganda, has a tropical climate and fertile soils, making it ideal for growing a variety of fruits and herbs. Agriculture is a major part of the local economy, with many residents relying on both small-scale and commercial farming. Common edible plants grown in the region include mangoes, passion fruit, jackfruit, lemongrass, and tamarind. These plants are widely consumed in local dishes, juices, and traditional remedies, and contribute significantly to food security and nutrition in the area.

Source:

https://www.trade.gov/country-commercial-guides/uganda-agricultural-sector

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International Trade Administration | Trade.gov

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This is a best prospect industry sector for this country. Includes a market overview and trade data.

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Question: How many seasons are in the country and what are they? Have there been significant changes in these seasons over the years (ie. temperature/rainfall)?

Destination: Costa Rica April 2025

Costa Rica has two main seasons, not the traditional four seen in temperate regions:

1. Dry Season ("Verano" or Summer):

Typically lasts from December to April

Characterized by sunny days, minimal rainfall, and higher tourist activity

Most noticeable in the Pacific and Central regions

2. Rainy Season ("Invierno" or Winter):

Usually runs from May to November

Marked by daily afternoon rain showers, lush vegetation, and fewer tourists

The Caribbean side (e.g., Limón) has a different rainfall pattern—rain can be more evenly distributed throughout the year with some dry spells in September and October

Changes Over the Years

Significant changes in these seasonal patterns have been observed due to climate change:

🌧 Rainy Season Shifts: The start and end of the rainy season have become less predictable, with delays in onset or extended wet periods.

☀️ Longer Dry Seasons: Some regions, particularly in the Pacific Northwest (Guanacaste), have experienced prolonged dry seasons, leading to droughts and water shortages.

🌡 Temperature Increases: Average temperatures have risen, particularly in urban and coastal areas. This affects ecosystems, agriculture, and wildlife behavior.

💧 Heavier Rainfall Events: When it does rain, the intensity is often greater, increasing the risk of flooding and landslides, especially in mountainous regions.

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Destination: Osaka, Japan

Research Question: How much rainfall does the country/region receive each year?

Resource: This website explores Osaka's climate throughout the year. Osaka recieves about 1300mm of rain annually.

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Average weather, temperature, rainfall, sunshine hours

The climate of Osaka, a Japanese city in the southern part of Honshu Island, is temperate humid, with quite mild winters and hot, moist, and rainy summers. Like the rest of Japan, the city is affected by the monsoon circulation: in winter, the northwest cold currents will prevail, while in summer, they will be replaced by hot and humid currents of tropical origin.
The town is located on the coast, in the Seto Inland Sea, an area relatively protected both from the summer monsoon and from typhoons.
In winter, there are fairly mild periods, with highs above 10 °C (50 °F), alternating with cold periods, with wind and rain, highs around 5/7 °C (41/45 °F) or less, and possible falls of sleet or snow. Snowfalls, however, are usually light, as are nocturnal frosts.
Summers in Osaka are particularly hot and humid, also for the heat island effect which is typical of big cities. There can be periods of good weather, with maximum temperatures around 35 °C (95 °F) or above, tropical nights and high humidity, but also periods of bad weather due to the summer monsoon. August is the hottest month, both because of the thermal inertia of the sea and because of the lower frequency of periods of bad weather.
Here are the average temperatures.

Rainfall is quite abundant, in fact, it amounts to 1,300 millimeters (51 inches) per year. Winter is undoubtedly the driest season, at least in quantity; the rainiest months are June and July, ie the first period of the rainy season (called Baiu). In August, there is a certain decrease in rain frequency: on average, among the summer months, it is the hottest as well as the driest and sunniest. Here is the average precipitation.

From June to October (but especially from August to early October), Osaka may be affected by typhoons, the tropical cyclones of Southeast Asia, though the area of the Seto Inland Sea is relatively sheltered (however, in September 1934, the city was hit by a typhoon that caused a lot of damage).
The cherry blossoming in Osaka occurs around April 3rd.
On the whole, the amount of sunshine is decent in winter, but it never becomes very good on average, however, there are two relative maxima, one in spring (April-May) and the other in August, after the Baiu rains, with 6/7 hours of sunshine per day. Here are the average sunshine hours per day.

The sea near Osaka is warm enough for swimming, with a temperature of 23 °C (73 °F) or more, from July to October, and it becomes pleasantly warm in August.

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Osaka climate: average weather, temperature, precipitation, best time

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Average weather, temperature, rainfall, sunshine hours The climate of Osaka, a Japanese city in the southern part of Honshu Island, is temperate humid, with quite mild winters and hot, moist, and rainy summers.

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Title: Edible Plants and Herbs Commonly Found in France

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Title: Edible Plants and Herbs Commonly Found in France

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Objective:
To identify and describe five commonly used edible plants and herbs in France, focusing on their culinary uses and habitats.

1. Thyme (Thymus vulgaris)

Category: Herb

Habitat: Mediterranean hillsides, dry and rocky soil

Culinary Use: Essential in Provençal and French cuisine; used in stews, meats, and herb blends (e.g., Herbes de Provence)

Notable Properties: Antiseptic, aromatic

2. Wild Garlic (Allium ursinum)

Category: Herbaceous plant

Habitat: Moist, shaded woodlands across central and northern France

Culinary Use: Leaves used in pesto, soups, and salads

Notable Properties: Strong garlic scent, high in vitamin C

3. Dandelion (Taraxacum officinale)

Category: Wild edible plant

Habitat: Grasslands, meadows, roadside areas

Culinary Use: Leaves in salads; roots roasted as coffee substitute

Notable Properties: Digestive aid, detoxifier

4. Nettle (Urtica dioica)

Category: Wild leafy plant

Habitat: Woodland edges, riverbanks, rural gardens

Culinary Use: Cooked like spinach; used in soups and teas

Notable Properties: High in iron and calcium

5. Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis)

Category: Herb

Habitat: Coastal and inland Mediterranean regions

Culinary Use: Flavoring for roasted meats, potatoes, and breads

Notable Properties: Antioxidant, aromatic stimulant

Conclusion:
These edible plants and herbs are integral to French culinary traditions and local foraging culture, offering both nutritional and medicinal benefits.

Let me know if you want this in table format or expanded.

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Destination: Japan

Research Question: How much rainfall does the country/region receive each year?

Answer: Rainfall is generally abundant in central and southern Japan, where it typically ranges from 1,300 to 2,000 mm (51 to 78 in) per year. In Tokyo, it is around 1,600 mm (63 in) of rainfall per year.

Resource: Japan climate: average weather, temperature, rain, when to go

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Average weather, temperature, rainfall, when to go, what to pack

Index

Introduction

The climate of Japan is cold in the north (where snow and ice dominate in winter), temperate in the central regions, and almost tropical on the small southern islands. The rains are abundant almost everywhere, and between summer and autumn the country is hit by torrential rains and typhoons.
The climate of Japan is influenced by the monsoon circulation: in winter it's affected by cold currents from the north-west, and in summer by wet and humid currents of tropical origin.

Japan is a large archipelago, consisting of more than 3,000 islands and islets, and it's very extended in latitude: Hokkaido, the northernmost of the main islands, touches the 45th parallel north (the same latitude as Montréal, Canada); Tokyo, the capital, is located on the 36th parallel (the same latitude as Malta or as Nashville, TN), while the southern part of the island of Kyushu touches the 31th parallel (the latitude of northern Egypt or of Austin, TX), and finally the small southern islands (Ogasawara, Ryukyu and Daito) reach tropical latitudes (the Yaeyama Islands, the southernmost of the Ryukyus, are located just north of the Tropic of Cancer, at the same latitude as Miami, FL).
The sea is able to temper the climate and at the same time to increase air humidity. However, the influence of the great Asian continent, of mountain ranges (which cover three quarters of the country) and ocean currents (the north-eastern sea is cooled by the cold current called Oya-Shio, while in the southern seas the warm Kuro-Shio current flows), as well as the length of the country, tend to increase the difference between the seasons and between different areas.

Two common features of the climate of Japan are the absence of a real dry season and the high summer rainfall.
Overall, the rainiest areas, where annual precipitation exceeds 2,000 millimeters (80 inches), are the central-western part of the island of Honshu (where precipitation is abundant even in winter because of the north-west monsoon), the Kii Peninsula (where the summer monsoon is actually more pronounced), also the inland and southern areas of Shikoku and the central-southern part of Kyushu (which are affected by the summer monsoon as well).
The least rainy area is the northernmost part of Hokkaido, where precipitation drops below 1,000 mm (40 in) per year, both because of the cold winter and the reduced influence of the summer monsoon.
Summer, which begins in mid-June, is hot and muggy in much of the country, except in Hokkaido and the northern part of Honshu, where the temperatures are typically more pleasant. August is the hottest month on the main islands, while on the small southern islands there is no difference between July and August. In August, the daily average temperature is around 22 °C (71 °F) in Hokkaido, 24.5 °C (76 °F) in northern Honshu, and 27 °C (81 °F) in the area of Tokyo.
Owing to both the high humidity and the so called "urban heat island" effect, the heat is hardly bearable in Tokyo, Osaka and in the big cities of southern Honshu and Kyushu. In the hottest periods, minimum temperatures around 25/27 °C (77/81 °F) are not uncommon.
In most of Japan, summer is the rainiest season of the year.
There are two rainiest periods. The rainy season begins with the "Baiu rains" or "plum rains" (June 15-July 15), which are heavy and essential for rice cultivation, especially in the south (where June is the rainiest month of the year).
In the second part of summer, usually by August, typhoons begin to show up; they mainly affect the southern part of the country, but they may also affect Tokyo. The most intense typhoons can bring gale force winds and torrential rains, causing extensive damage.
The area of Osaka and Kyoto is relatively sheltered from typhoons because it is surrounded by mountains.
In autumn, September is still hot and humid, at least in the center and south of the country, and in Tokyo it is the rainiest month of the year. September is the rainiest month in Sapporo as well, but by this time of the year summer is already over. In contrast, the southern island of Okinawa is still in midsummer in September.

Winter is freezing on the island of Hokkaido because of cold winds from Siberia, which also cause heavy snowfalls on the slopes exposed to the north-west. In Wakkanai, on the northwest coast of Hokkaido, up to six and a half meters (260 inches) of snow fall per year. The eastern area of the island is a bit drier, but the cold sea current flowing in the Sea of Okhotsk even pushes ice floes to the north-east coast of the island; moreover, it can cause fog, especially in summer, when it meets warm air masses from the south.

Here are the average temperatures of Abashiri, on the northeastern coast of Hokkaido, where in February a "drift ice festival" is held. As you can see, not only is the winter cold, but the summer is not very warm.

Abashiri is one of the least rainy cities in Japan because the cold current inhibits the formation of clouds that can generate rain or snow. However, despite the fact that winter is the driest season, as high as 380 cm (150 in) of snow fall per year on average, since the temperatures are low for a long period, so it can snow from November to April.

In Sapporo, which hosted the 1972 Winter Olympic Games, the average temperature in January is -4 degrees Celsius (25 °F). The temperature remains below freezing (0 °C or 32 °F) from December to March, and there are 130 days with snowfall in a normal cold season. In February, the Sapporo Snow Festival is held, attracting millions of visitors to admire statues and sculptures made of ice.
Here are the average temperatures of Sapporo.

In Sapporo, 1,100 mm (43 in) of rain or snow fall per year; the (relatively) least rainy season is spring. In winter, frequent and abundant snowfalls occur. Here is the average precipitation.

The sea near Sapporo is very cold in winter (but on the north-eastern coast it's even colder), and it's still quite cool in summer, though it reaches 21 °C (70 °F) in August.

In the interior of Hokkaido, winter is even colder, and the average in January drops to -10 °C (14 °F).

In the northern tip of the island of Honshu, in the region called Tohoku, the winter is still freezing, with averages around -3/-2 °C (27/28 °F) in January and February. There are epic snowfalls on the north and north-west slopes that are directly exposed to the prevailing wind.

Here are the average temperatures of Aomori.

The yearly precipitation in Aomori is around 1,300 mm (51 inches) per year. Snowfall, which normally occurs from November to March, amounts to as much as 670 cm (263 in) per year, making it one of the snowiest plain cities in the world.

The sun in Aomori is rarely seen in winter. The relatively sunnier season is spring and in summer the sun does not shine very often, both because of the monsoon and because the clash between sea currents can give rise to fog.

More to the south, in the north-central part of the island (see Niigata), the average rises to 2/3 °C (36/37 °F). However, winter is still cold enough to cause frequent snowfalls on the western side, which in this season is definitely more humid than the eastern one. This is because the prevailing winds coming from Siberia, initially dry, pick up moisture from the Sea of Japan and release it on the north-west side, while the other side is protected by the mountain ranges that cross the country like a kind of spine.

Here are the average temperatures of Niigata, on the northwest side of Honshu.

Precipitation in Niigata is abundant: up to 1,800 mm (70 in) per year. In winter, with the temperature slightly above freezing and the wind coming from the sea, it rains and snows almost every day. Here is the average precipitation.

On the western side, there is not much sun. It is seldom seen in winter while it is not much better during the other seasons. In Niigata, there are about 1,600 hours of sunshine per year.

The sea in Niigata becomes warm enough for swimming in August and September, while it is a bit cool in July and October.

While on the western side the winter is very annoying, with leaden skies, rain and snow falling almost daily, and with possible sea storms, the eastern side is protected by mountain ranges, so it experiences a fair number of sunny days (see Sendai, which is at the same latitude as Niigata but on the east coast).
The phenomenon also occurs at lower latitudes (see Kanazawa, on the west coast, and Mito, on the east coast).
Further south, the island of Honshu bends to the left, so the east coast is exposed directly to the south; here we find the main cities of Japan.
Winter in Tokyo and Osaka is the sunniest and driest season of the year; the temperatures are quite cold though bearable, with highs around 8/10 °C (46/50 °F) and lows around freezing. Snowfalls in the capital are quite rare, and are even more rare in the conurbation that includes Osaka, Kobe and Kyoto, and in general along the south-facing coast of the Seto Inland Sea, which is protected by the mountains.

Here are the average temperatures of Tokyo.

In Tokyo, 1,500 mm (60 in) of rain fall per year. As we mentioned, since it lies on the south-eastern side, it is protected from the winter monsoon, so the winter here is definitely the driest season. In the other seasons it rains a lot, with a maximum in September and October. Here is the average precipitation.

On the eastern side, the winter is the sunniest season, at least as a percentage (considering that the days are shorter), while in the other seasons, more cloudy and rainy, the amount of sunshine is not high. In Tokyo, there are a bit less than 1,900 hours of sunshine per year.

During Tokyo's winter, the sea is much warmer than in the north, becoming warm enough for swimming from July to October, and a bit cool but still acceptable in June.

In the mountainous areas, culminating in Mount Fuji, 3,778 meters (12,395 feet) high, the winter temperatures are naturally lower, and snow is abundant, especially on the western slopes. On the island of Honshu, there are famous ski resorts such as Morioka, in the far north, and Nagano, northwest of Tokyo, which hosted the 1998 Winter Olympics.
Here, for example, are the average temperatures in Karuizawa, a resort town located at 1,000 meters (3,300 ft) of altitude in the Nagano prefecture, northwest of Tokyo, where the capital's inhabitants flock during summer to escape the heat.

In some mountainous areas, such as in Mount Zao, a curious phenomenon occurs, known as "snow monsters", whereby the moisture carried by the wind is deposited as ice on the trees.

On the island of Kyushu, the winter climate is relatively mild, but it's quite rainy. In January, the average goes from 5/7 °C (41/45 °F) on the north coast (see Kitakyushu, Fukuoka) to 8/9 °C (46/48 °F) on the south coast.
The west coast is particularly rainy (see Nagasaki, Kagoshima), especially in June: in some areas, even in the plains, rainfall reaches 450 mm (17.5 in) per month!

Here is the average precipitation in Kagoshima.

Here are the average temperatures in Kagoshima.

The sea in the southern part of Kyushu is never cold, but it becomes cool in winter, in fact the water temperature drops to 19 °C (66 °F) in February.

In Shikoku, the smallest of the main islands of Japan, the climate is temperate, quite similar to that of the south side of Honshu: the winters are quite cold, and the summers are hot, muggy and rainy. The north coast is a little colder in winter than the south coast, and definitely less rainy.

Here are the average temperatures in Takamatsu, on the north coast.

As for the rains, there is a clear difference between the two sides. The north side has a dry winter, and the annual rainfall is not very high, in fact it's around 1,100 mm (43 in) per year in Takamatsu, 1,200 mm (47 in) in Maragume, and 1,400 mm (55 in) in Matsuyama.
Here is the average rainfall in Takamatsu.

In Kochi, on the southern coast, the winter temperatures are slightly higher, and the January average is 7 °C (44 °F).

The south side is decidedly more rainy: in Kochi, 2,550 mm (100 in) of rain fall per year, and the rains are very abundant from April to September. However, here the winter is a relatively dry season too.

The sea in Kochi is pleasantly warm for swimming from July to September, while it becomes quite cold in winter.

In the mountainous area that divides the two sides of Shikoku, the temperature decreases, even though at the same altitude it is not as cold as in the center-north of Honshu. Here are the average temperatures of Mount Tsurugi, 1,955 meters (6,413 feet) high.

Southern islands

To the south of the main islands we find some archipelagos made up of smaller islands.
To the south of Kyushu we find the Ryukyu Islands, in turn divided into different groups, which almost reach the Tropic, to the east of Taiwan.

In the northernmost group of islands ( Osumi), the winter is mild, with an average in January of 11/12 °C (51/54 °F), but it's also rainy and subject to cold winds from the north-west (see Yakushima).
Proceeding to the south (Tokara and Amami islands), the winter gradually becomes milder.
On the southernmost islands ( Okinawa, Miyako - see Miyakojima, and Yaeyama - see Ishigaki), the winter is so mild as to have a spring-like flavor, even though the rains are quite abundant.

In Okinawa, where the climate is almost tropical, the average in January is around 17 °C (63 °F). Here it never freezes or snows. Here are the average temperatures of Naha.

In Okinawa, 2,000 mm (80 in) of rain fall per year, with a maximum in the period from May to September (but in which there is a decrease in July) and a relative minimum in winter, of about 100 mm (4 in) per month. Here is the average precipitation.

The sea in Okinawa is never cold, in fact the water temperature reaches a minimum of 22 °C (72 °F) in February and March, when it is quite cool, while it becomes very warm in summer.

Outside of this group, to the south-east of Okinawa we find the Daito Islands, which have a climate similar to that of Okinawa, although a little less rainy: in Minamidaito the rains amount to 1,600 mm (63 in) per year.

Further east, in the part of the Pacific Ocean to the south of Tokyo (Philippine Sea), we find the Izu Islands (also called Tokyo Islands), which are very rainy. In Hachijo-jima, rainfall amounts to as much as 3,000 mm (121 in) per year! However, winter is the least rainy season.
The temperature becomes progressively milder as we move south: in Izu Oshima it is still similar to that of the south coast of Honshu, and in fact the January average is 7 °C (45 °F). Here are the average temperatures of Izu-Oshima.

Further south, the January average rises to 9.5 °C (49 °F) in Miyake-jima, to 10 °C (50 °F) in Hachijo-jima, and to 14 °C (57 °F) in Tori-shima. The island of Nii-jima is located between Izu-Oshima and Miyake-jima.
Here are the average temperatures of Miyake-jima.

To the south of the Izus we find the Ogasawara islands or Bonin, which also stretch almost to the Tropic, but they are not as rainy as the Ryukyus: at Chichi-jima and Iwo-jima the rainfall amounts to 1.300 mm (51 in) per year, and in Minamitori-jima to just 1.000 mm (40 in).
Here is the average rainfall in Chichi-jima. Here too, in July there is a relative decrease in the rains.

In Chichi-jima, the temperatures are similar to those of Okinawa.

The sunniest month in Chichi-jima is July.

As mentioned earlier, Japan can be hit by typhoons, the tropical cyclones of the western Pacific.
Typically, typhoons occur from June to October. Occasionally they have also occurred before and after this period (so, from late April to late May, and from early November to early December). However, they are more frequent from August to the beginning of October; the strongest ones have occurred in September. As regards to wind and waves, the most affected areas are the southern islands (Ryukyu, Daito, Ogasawara), which are hit by typhoons during their highest intensities. However, the main islands, especially Kyushu, Shikoku and the south side of Honshu, can receive heavy rains, which increase on the mountain slopes and can cause floods and landslides, while there may be abnormal waves along the coasts. In northern Honshu and in Hokkaido, typhoons arrive generally weakened, but they can still bring abundant rains, and sometimes even strong winds.

Cold, heat, rains and typhoons characterize the climate of the various areas of Japan, so it is difficult to find a good period for the whole country. However, the best time to visit Japan is probably spring, from April to early June; you can choose in particular the month of May, or follow the cherry blossoming ( hanami). In Tokyo and Osaka, the full bloom occurs around March 30th, in Sendai around April 15th, in Sapporo around May 5th, in Okinawa even around February 1st. The flowering tends to last longer in the south than in the north (about two weeks in the south, one week in Hokkaido, and even one month in Okinawa), and the date can vary by a few days or one week, before or after, depending on the year.

A good time to visit Japan is the month of May (which in the north of the country is also the driest month of the year), and also the first part of June, because it's a comfortable climate almost everywhere (but in the Ryukyus it's already hot), before the muggy heat and the rains that are typical of the Japanese summer. In May, highs are around 17 °C (63 °F) in Sapporo, 23 °C (73 °F) in Tokyo, and 27 °C (81 °F) in Okinawa. In April, the weather may still be cold on the island of Hokkaido.
Winter is freezing cold in the north, while in the south it is mild, but in some areas it is also quite rainy. Summer is hot and humid in almost all of the country, with the risk of typhoons and torrential rains. Autumn is rainier than spring, and typhoons can still affect the country in the first part, at least until the middle of October. It should be remembered, however, that spring is a rainy season as well, especially in the south.

In autumn, the forests and the trees around the temples take on beautiful colors: the period in which you can go in search of trees turning red ( momijigari), especially maples, varies depending on area: in Hokkaido it goes from late September to late October (but already in mid-September in inland mountainous areas), in northern Honshu from October to early November, in Nikko and in the area of lake Chuzenji from early October to mid-November, in central and southern Japan and in Kyoto from mid-November to early December.
If you want to go in autumn, you can choose the period mid-October to mid-November, by which time the risk of typhoons should be over, as well as the heat in the south, or you can choose the period of the fall foliage. In October, the temperatures are already cool in Sapporo, while they are pleasant in the rest of Japan, air humidity has decreased and the rains are less abundant. In November, it starts to be cold on the island of Hokkaido, but in the rest of the country the temperature is still mild.
If you prefer to go in winter, for example at New Year, you can choose the most sheltered and sunny area of Honshu (Tokyo, Osaka, Kyoto), or the southernmost part of the other main islands (Kagoshima, Kochi) and the tropical area (Okinawa, Daito, Ogasawara).
If you want to visit the main cities in summer, August is partly preferable to July, having more sunshine and less rainfall, but it is also true that it is hotter and there's a greater risk of typhoons.

Being rainy and not very sunny in summer, Japan is not the best country for swimming and sun bathing. Anyway, as we said before, in Hokkaido the sea is a bit cool even in this season, while it's quite warm, with a temperature equal to or higher than 23 °C (73 °F), for most of the year in Okinawa, from July to October in Tokyo and Yokohama, and in August and September in Niigata. Since there's a pause between the two rainy periods (May-June and August-September), in Okinawa the best month for a beach holiday is July, though afternoon thunderstorms are still possible, in addition to the passage of tropical storms and typhoons over the island.

What to pack

In winter: in Hokkaido and northern Honshu, up to Niigata and Fukushima bring very warm clothes such as synthetic thermal long underwear, especially for Hokkaido, a fleece, a down jacket, gloves, a scarf, a hat, and a raincoat.
In the area of Tokyo, Kyoto and Osaka, warm clothes, such as a sweater, a jacket, a hat, and possibly a raincoat or umbrella.
In Okinawa and the small southern islands, spring/autumn clothes, a sweatshirt or sweater, a jacket, a raincoat or umbrella.

In summer: in northern Hokkaido, spring/autumn clothes (light for the day), a sweater and a raincoat. In Sapporo and northern Honshu, light clothing, a sweatshirt and a light jacket, a raincoat or umbrella.
Throughout south-central Japan and the small islands, including Okinawa and Tokyo, light, tropics-friendly clothing, a scarf for the breeze, a light sweatshirt for the evening and air conditioned places, a light raincoat or umbrella. For the mountainous areas, warmer clothes depending on altitude, spring/autumn clothes at about 2,000 meters (6,500 feet) in Honshu.
When going to the reef, you can bring snorkeling equipment, including water shoes or rubber-soled shoes.
It is customary to remove shoes before entering homes and temples, so it can be useful to wear shoes without laces, or that are at least easy to take off.

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Japan climate: average weather, temperature, precipitation, best time

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Average weather, temperature, rainfall, when to go, what to pack The climate of Japan is cold in the north (where snow and ice dominate in winter), temperate in the central regions, and almost tropical on the small southern islands. The rains are abundant almost everywhere, and between summer and autumn the country is hit by torrential rains and typhoons.

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Destination: United Kingdom

Research Question: How many seasons are in the country and what are they? Have there been significant changes in these seasons over the years (ie. temperature/rainfall)?

Resource: This article speaks about the four seasons that the country has and its changes over the years. Winters have reportedly gotten warmer that the usual seasonal tempertaure and much more rainy weather than normal.

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Are the UK’s seasons changing? - BBC Bitesize

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We asked two experts in the know to find out.

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Destination: Nottingham UK

Research question : How much rainfall does this region experience annually ?

Answer: Annual average
precipitation: 732 mm

Reference:

https://weather-and-climate.com/average-monthly-precipitation-Rainfall,nottingham,United-Kingdom

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Check Average Rainfall by Month for Nottingham

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Explore Nottingham rainfall by month. See monthly precipitation (rain & snow). June brings the most, while March is the driest. Check average annual rainfall.

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Destination: South Korea

Research Question: Name five edible plants (herbs, fruit, vegetables) grown in the region

Resource: In South Korea, common edible plants include Kkaennip (Perilla leaves), Gam (Persimmon), Chamoe (Korean melon), Yeoulmu (young radish greens), and Goguma (Sweet potato). These are popular in Korea and usually grown in small farms or warmer regions. Compared to Canada's cooler climate and large-scale farming, Korea's growing conditions allow for sweeter fruits like Korean melon, and softer chestnut- like sweet potato. Korean produce often has bolder or more distinct flavours. They are often enjoyed fresh, streamed, grilled, or used in traditional dishes like banchan (side dishes) and desserts. These ingredients not only reflect Korea's argricultural practices but also its seasonal and health focused approach to food.

Source: https://goseongguy.com/growing-fruits-and-vegetables-in-korea/

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Destination: The Netherlands

Research question:
How many seasons are in the country and what are they? Have there been significant changes in these seasons over the years (i.e., temperature/rainfall)?

Answer:
The Netherlands has four distinct seasons: spring, summer, autumn, and winter.

Spring (March–May): Mild temperatures with increasing sunshine. Flowers such as tulips bloom during this season, and rainfall is moderate.

Summer (June–August): Generally cool to warm, with average temperatures around 20–25°C. Rainfall occurs regularly, and heatwaves are becoming more common.

Autumn (September–November): Cooler temperatures, increased rainfall, and stronger winds. Leaves change color and days become shorter.

Winter (December–February): Cold and often wet, with temperatures usually just above freezing. Snow is possible but has become less frequent.

Over the years, the Netherlands has experienced significant changes in its seasons due to climate change. Average temperatures have increased, summers have become warmer with more frequent heatwaves, and winters are milder with less snow and ice. Rainfall patterns have also changed, with heavier rain occurring in shorter periods, increasing the risk of flooding.

Source:

https://www.netherlands-tourism.com/weather-climate-netherlands/

https://klimaatadaptatienederland.nl/en/knowledge-dossiers/themes/climate-change/how-climate-netherlands-changing/

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How is the climate in the Netherlands changing?

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Global warming is causing more changes in the climate. These changes are also manifest in the Netherlands. For example, we are increasingly faced with drought and severe precipitation. Cases in point are the extreme droughts of 2018 and 2019, and the flooding caused by torrential rain in the summer of 2021. Our climate is turning ever more extreme.