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The Bisaya people originated in Brunei.

Seven siblings battled in a boat race and emerged victorious, then later becoming Brunei’s first Sultan.

⁠They were migrated throughout Sabah, settling in places like Beaufort.

By 1997, the population had increased to almost 60,000.

They eventually reside in different areas due to migration and employment. (Remali Yusoff, 2016)

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Adie Mj Blog: MENGENALI SEJARAH SUKU KAUM BISAYA BEAUFORT

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Found on Google from adiemj.blogspot.com

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The Iban are a significant sub-ethnic group of the Dayak people in Sarawak, Borneo.

The Iban first migrated from Kapuas, Kalimantan, around 600 years ago.

Early human migration through Southeast Asia is suggested by genetic and oral history.

Today, Iban cultural identity is maintained through oral traditions and symbolic activities. (Noria Tugang, 2021)

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File:Tarian Penyambutan Gadis Dayak Iban Kalimantan Perbatasan ...

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During the height of the Melaka Sultanate, the Baba and Nyonya are descended from Chinese traders who came to Melaka more than 600 years ago.

They married native Malay women, forming a society that was influenced by both Chinese and Malay cultures.

Found primarily in Melaka and other Straits Settlements.

They called themselves "Baba" (male) and "Nyonya" (female) or "Peranakan" to symbolise their origin.

Despite their Chinese heritage, they speak Malay proficiently and adhere to many Malay customs. (Han, 2016)

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Reflections | Chinese Peranakans in Southeast Asia are proof there ...

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Literature Of the Bisaya People : Badaob Poetry

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Literature Of the Bisaya People : Badaob Poetry

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1. Definition of Badaob

Badaob is a traditional oral poetry form practiced by the Bajau and Bisaya ethnic groups in Sabah.

It is typically performed in a call-and-response style, with two individuals or groups exchanging verses.

⁠Frequently utilised in weddings, cultural events, and festivals.

2. Characteristics of Bisaya Badaob

Similar to pantun, but with a more musical and melodic delivery.

Commonly used for advise, flirtation, or praise at traditional ceremonies. (Asmiaty Amat, 2024)

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The Cocos Malays of Tawau, Sabah are a non-indigenous ethnic group.

They originated in Cocos (Keeling) Island and moved to Sabah in the early 1950s.

They lived under British colonial control on Cocos Island, similarly to slaves.

Although their visible cultural heritage is weak, their Intangible Cultural Heritage (ICH) is strong.

The Cocos Malays culture is now at risk due to local cultural assimilation. (Aziah Ariffin, 2017)

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Nunu abar jomiun ! My name is Nik Maisarah Binti Mahadzir, but feel free to call me Sarah! I picked up this Bisaya greeting from a friend , pretty cool, right? and it got me thinking about how different cultures express themselves especially through literature.

Oral literature is the kind of storytelling that doesn’t need a script or special effects to pull you in. In fact, I’d choose these timeless legends over any movie with flashy scenes.

To me, the most impactful stories are not usually the loudest. They're sometimes wrapped softly into poetry and passed down from voice to voice, culture to culture.

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This Padlet explores the vast world of classical literature, highlighting the depth of oral storytelling and the power of poetry. Let's set the ball rolling !

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1. The Iban Epic : Preserving Identity Through Literature

2. Exploring Bisaya Literature

3. Malay and Chinese Influence in Chinese Peranakan Poetry

4. Cocos Pantun as Cultural Heritage

5. The Cultural Soul of Bajau Darat

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1. Structure and Form of Badaob

The first two lines : serve as the "pembayang" (sampiran) or introductory part.

The last two lines : represent the "maksud" (meaning) or the main content.

The amount of syllables varies, typically ranging from 8 to 11 each line.

Examples of syllable patterns : 7, 8, 8, 8, or 11, 9, 10,

2. Aesthetic Elements of Badaob

⁠Common rhyme schemes: a-b-a-b, a-a-a-a.

Assonance : repetition of vowel sounds (e.g., a, e, i, u).

Alliteration: repetition of consonant sounds (e.g., b). (Asmiaty Amat, 2024)

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1. Example :

Line 1 : Tiawa’ ku kinabalu, tau ngunai sa bawan.

Line 2 : Duli’ siya kamani, ampu’ si ra tuhun.

Line 3 : Anu’ ki pasikri, tupul saban sabahan.

Line 4 : Pulan kinabalu, singkuli samwajian.

2. Analysis :

a) Structure

4 lines : First 2 lines as Pembayang (intro), last 2 as Maksud (meaning).

Rhyme scheme: a-b-a-b.

b) Pembayang (Intro)

Describes Mount Kinabalu, setting the scene.

c) Maksud (Meaning)

Reflects the beauty and peace of the mountain.

d) Rhyme

End rhymes (lines 1 & 3, 2 & 4) ,enhancing the musical flow.

e) Syllables:

Each line has 8 syllables, maintaining rhythm.

f) Rhythm

Likely Ayu Dudi or Ayu Cangkir (slow to medium tempo).

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The term "Ayu" refers to the poem's rhythm and melody.

Types of Ayu :

Ayu Dudi : slow and requires long breath.

Ayu Cangkir : faster than Ayu Dudi.

Ayu Dendang Sayang : the fastest rhythm.

Performers often adjust their version of Ayu based on their expertise. (Asmiaty Amat, 2024)

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Da siti mapurak da sino mapurak

Tinaie molous sada kotopon,

Iyo nagirak ako pun nakairak,

Rupa-rupanya sama isada nipon.

Antong-antong da alun nalun,

Indu surun naputul alad,

Antong-antong da anak ulon,

Isa nakatutun da bayang likad.

Mongoi Tamuto yunai mianai,

Nolos da tatuto ulon punyo,

Selitir mato da anak yunai,

Selipar sinulungan selipar rumo.

Mahu mengambul da suang Gumarit,

Tabinai e yunsu isa makatulus da walai,

Anak nanyimbul nakasirit sirit

Enalu da asu da ruyut walai.

Palak-palak mato mongontong da talipon,

Sampai ampus singkot-singkot,

Irak irak magasab da ulon,

Nakatompus daging songkorot.

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Pantun Bisaya Beaufort | Peronit Wagu Bisaya Beaufort

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An Iban legendary and sacred settlement in Kalimantan and Sarawak.

In the 1940s, it was rediscovered through dreams and preserved by oral traditions.

Well-known through pantuns, Iban poetry, and folklore.

Includes such legendary figures as Kumang, Laja, and Keling.

Demonstrates a spiritual bond with spirits and Petara (God). (Kiyai, 2021)

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90+ Dayak Iban Stock Photos, Pictures & Royalty-Free Images - iStock

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Pantun was an important literary style in the Baba culture, frequently written in Romanised Malay with a clear structure and rhythm.

Na Tien Pit's Sha'er Almarhum Baginda Sultan Abu Bakar portrayed the lavish lifestyle of Malay royalty in the 19th century.

Through his book, he provided insights into the traditions, customs and politics surrounding the Malay sultans at that time.

⁠It captured local stories and history while combining creativity and traditional form. (Ding, 2002)

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Intricately Designed Batik Fabric with Pink Flowers and Leaves

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Discover a beautiful batik fabric featuring intricate designs of pink flowers and leaves on a colorful palette of purple, green, orange, and red.

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Syair was another significant poetry medium that frequently conveyed themes of loyalty, virtue, and reflection.

⁠Siow Hay Yam reflected Baba culture in his syair. He contributed to Kabar Bintang Timor News and Kabar Ucapan Baru.

Baba authors like Siow Hay Yam modified it to express their own viewpoints, providing a more profound story representation. (Tan, 2021)

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Pin oleh Tyagita Hapsari di batik | Seni, Desain, Stensil

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Pin ini ditemukan oleh Tyagita Hapsari. Temukan (dan simpan!) pin Anda sendiri di Pinterest.

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In Baba culture, Dondang Sayang was a form of literature that was performed during festivities and carried deep emotional meaning.

It strengthened ties within the community by allowing Baba poets to express their feelings during festivals.

Its melodic and rhythmic quality made it perfect for festivities. Expressing both happiness and sadness in a poetic and musical way. (Ding, 2002)

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Melaka Bakal Anjurkan Hari Kebaya Baba Nyonya

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Found on Google from dewanbudaya.jendeladbp.my

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1. Special features of Cocos Pantun

Only in four-line (quatrain) form.

Heavily influenced by Riau-Lingga and Peninsular Malaysian Malay pantun.

Uses rhyme patterns a-a-a-a or a-b-a-b.

⁠Some lines have 10 or more words, which is greater than the typical amount of Malay pantun.

2. Language and Dialect Features

Their dialect is similar to market Malay.

Example changes :

“ambil” → “ambek”

“mencuci” → “menucik”

“pisau” → “piso”

3. Similarity with Other Malay Pantun

Very similar to Bruneian and Peninsular Malaysian pantun.

Some pantun are identical to those in Kurik Kundi Merah Saga (2015).

Most of the differences are in spelling and pronunciation. (Asmiaty Amat, 2024)

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Cocos Malay Dancers in Tawau Cultural Festival 24-25 March 2007

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Sera Gunting is an Iban legend literature recorded by Sandin (1980).

Rice seeds were delivered to Sera Gunting in order to keep people from becoming hungry.

This deed represents the value of food and the spiritual obligation to share resources.

Before returning to Earth, Sera Gunting was told to perform a ritual (sampi) to bless the rice fields.

This story informs how Ibans seeking spiritual assistance and following customs before beginning to work. (Saripah Banseng, 2016)

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Metaphors and Symbolism in Iban Literature

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Metaphors and Symbolism in Iban Literature

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Metaphor is the use of figurative language to convey deeper ideas.

The sampi (ritual) regularly uses natural metaphors, such as trees, animals and stars to represent spiritual entities.

For example, "Bintang Tiga" (Three Stars) and "Bintang Tujuh" (Seven Stars) are not merely astronomical references.

Hence, there are symbols that guide farming tasks.

They specify when to start planting or harvesting. (Saripah Banseng, 2016)

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Objective :

Rituals are performed to call upon blessings and protection, typically at ceremonies like weddings or healing.

Example :

Biau baloi, biau baloi,

Iban kuman biau,

Biau baloi, biau baloi,

Bukit sekendi, pinang jari,

Pulau seguntung, mandau putih.

Characteristics :

Biau are ritualistic poetry used to communicate with spiritual forces.

They bring prosperity, health, and protection to individuals or communities.

They are significant in Iban ceremonies and cultural customs. (Jessica, 2022)

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Rare Iban ritual to celebrate good fortune | Borneo Post Online

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1. Medium of Advice and Moral Teaching

The elders used humour and light-hearted language in pantun to teach lessons rather than offering direct advice.

2. Cultural Identity and Tradition

The customs of the Cocos people, including weddings and traditional dances (melenggok, selong, labuan tidak berbukit, and bangsawan Cocos), were portrayed in Pantun.

3. Social Interaction and Entertainment

⁠Some pantun were hilarious, light-hearted, and even a little risqué (pantun kongajar), but they were often kept private among adults.

4. Reflection of Migration and Life Experiences

Many pantun conveyed feelings of separation, desire, and reunion in reference to the Cocos people's history. (Faezah Hashim, 2018)

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Type of Pantun : Pantun Nasihat ( Advice )

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Type of Pantun : Pantun Nasihat ( Advice )

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This sort of pantun is designed to provide advise or teachings, particularly about morals and behaviour.

Example :

Anak ikan dimakan ikan

Buah sekaya matang merekak

Bisa makan bisa simpan

Ada rasia jangan bukak

This pantun highlights how crucial it is to maintain confidence and refrain from exposing personal information. (Asmiaty Amat, 2022)

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The Bajau population of Kota Belud has lived in the Tempasuk Valley for ages, valuing the green landscape and the Tempasuk River.

Traditionally, they worked as farmers, horseback riders, and fishers, but some are now employed by the government.

The term "Sama" is commonly used among them, while "Bajau" is used by outsiders.

Bajau Darat mainly live on the west coast of Sabah, especially in Kota Belud. (Saidatul Mahali, 2006)

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Found on Google from sumatra93.wordpress.com

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1. Introduction

Kalang is a spontaneous pantun sung during an event.

It begins with a song that serves as both a hint about the meaning and a time marker.

2. Sinebah (Invitation to Start)

Male : “Andu’ sinebah nabil lapin” – Let’s begin.

⁠Female : “Ngagad untung kedana” – Hope many people join.

3. Ngelebos : Expressing Respect in Kalang

Before the kalang begins, players show respect by expressing polite wishes with the host.

For instance, "Ila' nabuan tugila…" This indicates wishing the host well. (Saidatul Mahali, 2006)

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Bajau Tribe In Traditional Costume Stock Photo - Download Image ...

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1) Structure

Kalang uses a rhyming scheme (a-b-a-b), although it is flexible than Malay pantun. (Saidatul Mahali, 2011)

Malay Pantun is fixed with two lines of "hint" and two lines of "meaning."

Example :

Tanam sayur tanam serai

(First hint)

Pokok pala jangan letak

(First hint)

Burung pipit benci padi

(Meaning)

Kalau lapar bagaimana

(Meaning)

2) Time Markers

Songs are also used by Kalang to indicate the various times of the night.

Example :

Dayang Gumbang – Before midnight.

Dayang Minsan – At midnight.

Petiman – Morning, time to end.

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1. What is Sair ?

Sair is a traditional kind of poetry recited by the Bajau people, typically at weddings or funerals.

It functions similarly to a song but focusses on conveying messages, stories and emotions.

2. Why is Sair Important?

It brings people together for significant events.

Enhances occasions, particularly weddings.

3. How Sair is Passed Down

Older individuals educate younger generations how to conduct sair, ensuring that the tradition lives on.

4. Role of Sair in the Community

Sair brings people together for events and gatherings.

It frequently offers moral lessons or life guidance. (Saidatul Mahali, 2006)

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Tugu Budaya identiti bangsa | Utusan Borneo Online

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Found on Google from utusanborneo.com.my

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The Bajau Darat people in Sabah have a rich oral literature heritage that has been handed down through the ages.

These legends serve as a vehicle for teaching and cultural preservation by frequently fusing mythological themes with moral messages.

Oral literature is used to teach community standards, traditional knowledge, and moral precepts, particularly on harmony with nature and respect for the elderly.

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Objective :

Cultural restrictions help to promote social harmony and respect within the society.

Example:

Jangan duduk atas meja,

Itu bukan adat kita,

Jangan makan sembarangan,

Bila ada orang lain hadir.

Objectives :

Frequently expressed verbally in poetic form, much like pantun.

Pemali is a collection of cultural taboos that prioritise respect and safety.

Passed down through generations to preserve cultural integrity and communal wellbeing. (Jessica, 2022)

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Found on Google from berangankejap.blogspot.com

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The principles of faith, religious duties, and practices that are founded on Islamic teachings.

Example :

Bismillah itu mula dibaca

Rahman rahim pulak serta

Alhamdulillah puji yang nyata

Diturunkan Allah kepada kita

This pantun combines prayers and religious lessons to remind individuals of their religious responsibilities. (Asmiaty Amat, 2022)

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Pengaruh Scotland, Melayu Dalam Dansa Cocos - Malaysiaaktif

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Story of Si Pusung (Clever and Fortunate)

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Story of Si Pusung (Clever and Fortunate)

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Character Traits: Clever, resourceful, fortunate.

Summary : By defeating others and using his cunning to gain a Sultan's favour, Si Pusung even succeeds to marry the Sultan's daughter.

Moral : Despite hardship, success can be achieved by perseverance and cleverness. (Rahimah Hamid, 2016)

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This style of pantun is considered vulgar or taboo and is commonly employed by adults, particularly as a form of humorous joking.

Example :

Sudah sampeh kapal merudu

Mari tempel jembatan batu

Ati saya sudah terganggu

Liak susu meliak baju

This pantun has suggestive material and is utilised in more intimate and casual contexts. (Asmiaty Amat, 2022)

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Story of Si Pusung (Foolish and Unlucky)

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Story of Si Pusung (Foolish and Unlucky)

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Character Traits : Foolish, unlucky, naïve.

Summary : In a different version of the story, Si Pusung is presented as foolish and unlucky. His terrible choices led to his downfall.

Moral : This version emphasises the consequences of making unwise decisions, highlighting how a lack of wisdom frequently results in undesirable outcomes. (Rahimah Hamid, 2016)

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Pantun Cinta dan Kasih Sayang (Love and Affection Pantun)

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Pantun Cinta dan Kasih Sayang (Love and Affection Pantun)

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This is the main topic of Cocos pantun, which is commonly performed during weddings, festivities, and traditional dances.

Example :

Cinta tiada mengaleh lagi

Ati rindu sapa yang bawak

Saya tidak mungkir janji

Mau dipelok bukan si nona

This pantun conveys strong emotions of love, desire, and pledges to stay faithful to a partner. (Asmiaty Amat, 2022)

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Character Traits : Foolish, carefree, lucky

Summary : Si Andopal is portrayed as a carefree and naive figure who makes mistakes but manages to overcome unpleasant consequences.

Moral : Luck can be more influential than wisdom in shaping outcomes. (Rahimah Hamid, 2016)