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The Early Renaissance marked a revolutionary period in art history, beginning in Florence, Italy. Artists like Masaccio and Brunelleschi introduced linear perspective, while Fra Angelico and Botticelli created works that balanced religious devotion with classical beauty. This period saw the development of realistic representation, anatomical accuracy, and the use of perspective in painting and architecture.

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The High Renaissance is the peak of artistic achievement in the Italian Renaissance, marked by perfect harmony, balance, and idealized beauty. This era witnessed the creation of some of history's most iconic artworks by Leonardo da Vinci (Mona Lisa), Michelangelo (Sistine Chapel ceiling), and Raphael (School of Athens). These masters achieved an unprecedented level of technical perfection and artistic expression.

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The Baroque period was as a response to the Protestant Reformation, characterized by dramatic, emotional, and grandiose artworks. Artists like Caravaggio pioneered dramatic lighting techniques (chiaroscuro), while Rembrandt and Rubens created dynamic compositions with intense emotional expression. Architecture became theatrical and ornate, as seen in Bernini's works at St. Peter's Basilica.

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Rococo developed as a lighter, more decorative style than the Baroque, featuring pastel colors, asymmetrical designs, and themes of love and pleasure. Artists like Watteau and Fragonard created elegant, playful scenes of aristocratic life. The style is characterized by ornate decoration, curved forms, and an emphasis on frivolity and romance.

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Inspired by the excavation of Pompeii and a renewed interest in antiquity, Neoclassicism emphasized rationality and classical ideals. Jacques-Louis David led this movement, creating works that celebrated virtue and civic duty. The style is characterized by clarity, order, and noble simplicity, often depicting scenes from classical history and mythology.

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Romanticism emerged as a reaction against Neoclassicism and the Industrial Revolution, emphasizing emotion, nature, and individualism. Artists like Delacroix and Turner created dramatic landscapes and historical scenes filled with passion and movement. The movement celebrated imagination, nature's power, and intense emotional experiences.

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Impressionism revolutionized art by focusing on capturing fleeting moments and effects of light. Led by artists like Monet, Renoir, and Degas, the movement emphasized painting outdoors (en plein air) and used loose brushwork and pure colors. Their work represented a radical break from academic traditions.

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Post-Impressionism expanded upon Impressionist innovations while rejecting its limitations. Artists like Van Gogh, Cézanne, and Gauguin developed distinctive personal styles, emphasizing emotional expression and formal structure over the capture of natural effects. Their work laid the groundwork for modern art movements.

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The early 20th century saw the emergence of revolutionary art movements that would define modern art. Fauvism, led by Matisse, emphasized pure color and emotional expression, while Cubism, pioneered by Picasso and Braque, shattered traditional perspective. These movements marked the beginning of abstract art and radical experimentation in form.