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It is a group of peptide hormones secreted by the skin, pituitary gland, and hypothalamus In reaction to UV light, its synthesis by the skin and pituitary gland is increased, and this plays an important part in the formation of colored pigmentation seen in the skin, hair, and eyes. It induces melanocytes are specialized skin cells that create melanin, a pigment that protects cells against DNA-(1)'>DNA damage, which can cause skin cancer (melanoma).

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It is one of the two lobes that makes up the pituitary gland. Its main function is to store and release oxytocin and vasopressin hormones (antidiuretic hormone). The posterior pituitary is located at the base of our brain and its size is small or pea sized. The posterior pituitary gland is made up of the pars nervosa and the infundibular stalk. It includes axons originating from hypothalamic neurons, particularly the axon terminals of the paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei's magnocellular neurons. Pituicytes, which are glial cells, surround the axons. The posterior lobe stores and generates vasopressin and oxytocin. When the hypothalamus delivers information to the pituitary gland through nerve cells, these hormones are produced.

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Is a hormone that is produced by the pituitary gland and also the main hormone that controls the reproductive system. The luteinising hormone is a gonadotropic hormone that is produced and released by the cells in the anterior pituitary. It is essential for regulating the function of the ovaries in women and testes in men.

In men, the luteinising hormone functions as a stimuli to the leydig cells within the testes in order to produce testosterone.

However, in women, the luteinising hormones carry out different roles between the two halves of the menstrual cycle. The first two weeks it stimulates the ovarian follicles to produce female sex hormones. On the 14th day, a surge in luteinising hormones causes the process of ovulation.. And for the remainder of the cycle,  luteinising hormone stimulates corpus luteum to produce progesterone.

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1. Neuropeptides are induced by the neurons of the hypothalamus which are secreted into a capillary bed located in the hypothalamus. Neurons in the hypothalamus secretion occurring between those that release hormones and hormones that inhibit secretion in response to nervous system stimuli.

2. Releasing hormones and inhibiting hormones make their way to the anterior pituitary through the hypothalamohypophysial portal system.

3. At the pituitary gland, the hormones leave the blood and bind themselves to membrane - bound receptors involved in the regulation of the secretion occurring at the anterior pituitary hormone. The hypothalamic pituitary portal system refers to the capillary beds and veins that carry the hormones that release and inhibit. The neuropeptides in the hypothalamus can act as hormones that release or inhibit hormones. Each releasing hormone encourages the anterior pituitary to produce and secrete a particular hormone. Each inhibiting hormone lowers the pituitary's ability to produce and secrete a specific hormone.

4. Anterior pituitary hormones move through the blood to their target tissues, which in some cases are other endocrine glands, in reaction to hormone release.

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HYPOTHALAMIC CONTROL OF THE POSTERIOR PITUITARY GLAND

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HYPOTHALAMIC CONTROL OF THE POSTERIOR PITUITARY GLAND

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The hormones produced by the posterior pituitary gland (oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone) are produced in the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei of the hypothalamus. The hormones that the hypothalamus produces would transport these into the axons of the hypophyseal tract up until the posterior pituitary. On the other hand, the posterior pituitary gland would be in charge of storing and releasing these oxytocin hormones under the control of the neuroendocrine reflexes.

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HYPOTHALAMIC CONTROL OF THE ANTERIOR PITUITARY 

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HYPOTHALAMIC CONTROL OF THE ANTERIOR PITUITARY 

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The release of its hormones is facilitated by releasing hormones and inhibiting hormones produced by the hypothalamus.

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HORMONES OF THE ANTERIOR PITUITARY GLAND

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HORMONES OF THE ANTERIOR PITUITARY GLAND

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The hypothalamus produces oxytocin, which is then stored and released by the posterior pituitary gland. The release of oxytocin is usually stimulated during the labor process wherein uterine contraction is present. This hormone is essential to further stimulate the delivery of a baby, increase milk secretion, and breastfeeding in lactating women.

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Lipid-soluble hormones bind to nuclear receptors

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Lipid-soluble hormones bind to nuclear receptors

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Lipid-soluble hormones diffuse through the cell membrane of its target cells and bind to a cytoplasmic receptor or a nuclear receptor, In the nucleus, the combination of the hormone and the receptor initiates protein synthesis.

Lipid-soluble hormones are all nonpolar and relatively small.

Nonpolar molecules are free to pass through the cell membrane. Certain lipid-soluble hormones, most notably thyroid hormones, use membrane transporters to enter the target cell. Once lipid-soluble hormones reach their target cell, they bind to nuclear receptors, which are typically found in the cell nucleus.

Nuclear Receptors can also be found in the cytoplasm but move to the nucleus when activated. When hormones bind to nuclear receptors, the hormone-receptor complex interacts with nuclear DNA or cellular enzymes to regulate the transcription of specific genes in the target tissue, a process that can take several minutes to several hours. Thyroid and steroid hormones (testosterone, estrogen, progesterone, aldosterone, and cortisol) bind to nuclear receptors in general.

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Water-soluble hormones bind to membrane-bound receptors

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Water-soluble hormones bind to membrane-bound receptors

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Water-soluble hormones bind to the external portion of membrane-bound receptors, which are integral membrane proteins on its target cell.

Water-soluble hormones are polar molecules, they cannot cross the cell membrane. They instead interact with membrane-bound receptors, which are proteins that extend across the cell membrane and expose their hormone-binding sites on the cell membrane's outer surface.

When a hormone binds to a receptor on the outside of the cell membrane, the hormone-receptor complex causes an internal response. Proteins, peptides, some amino acid derivatives, such as epinephrine and norepinephrine, and some lipid-soluble hormones are examples of hormones that bind to membrane-bound receptors.

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Interstitial cell - stimulating hormone (ICSH)

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Interstitial cell - stimulating hormone (ICSH)

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It is a gonadotropin hormone produced by the anterior pituitary gland.  The anterior pituitary gland releases it in hourly pulses known as "circhoral oscillations." It binds to the receptors in the testes (in males) and ovaries (in females) and regulates gonadal function by stimulating sex steroid production and gametogenesis.

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Generated in the anterior pituitary gland's corticotroph cells During the day, it is released into the circulation in multiple intermittent pulses and distributed throughout the body.

Adrenocorticotropic hormone levels, like cortisol, are normally highest in the morning when we get up, decline during the day, and are lowest during sleep. This is referred to as a diurnal (circadian) rhythm. When adrenocorticotropic hormone attaches to receptors in the adrenal glands, it causes the adrenal glands to release more cortisol, resulting in increased cortisol levels in the blood. It also stimulates the creation of molecular molecules that cause a rise in other hormones like adrenaline and noradrenaline.

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The anterior pituitary gland's glycoprotein hormone It is the major stimulation for the thyroid gland to produce thyroid hormone. It also stimulates the formation of thyroid follicular cells, resulting in thyroid hypertrophy.

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It is also known as vasopressin, attaches to membrane-bound receptors and stimulates water reabsorption by renal tubules. As a result, less water is lost as urine. When ADH is released in excessive levels, it can cause blood vessels to constrict. Reduced ADH release from the posterior pituitary gland results in excessively dilute urine.

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A protein hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary gland and controlled by the hypothalamus. It stimulates early growth and aids in the maintenance of tissues and organs throughout life.

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CHEMICAL NATURE OF HORMONES AND HORMONE RECEPTORS of the PITUITARY GLAND

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CHEMICAL NATURE OF HORMONES AND HORMONE RECEPTORS of the PITUITARY GLAND

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Hormones are the chemical messengers that are directly secreted into the bloodstream via endocrine glands or specialized cells.  These are responsible for the regulation of metabolic activity of other cells in the body.

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Lactotrophs in the anterior pituitary gland synthesize it. During pregnancy, the number of lactotrophs increases in response to the physiological necessity to grow breast tissues and prepare for milk production.

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a vital hormone for the proper functioning of men's and women's reproductive systems FSH regulates the menstrual cycle and the ovaries' egg production in women.

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Under the brain is where the pituitary gland is located. The gland, which has been often called the “master endocrine gland,” is typically no bigger than a pea. It regulates and controls numerous endocrine gland processes. It is enclosed in a depression of the sphenoid bone inferior to the hypothalamus.

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HORMONES OF THE POSTERIOR PITUITARY GLAND

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HORMONES OF THE POSTERIOR PITUITARY GLAND

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Composed of epithelial cells acquired from the embryonic oral cavity. It is responsible for the production of several hormones that affect numerous body organs. The anterior pituitary is the front lobe of your pituitary gland which is located at the base of your brain below your hypothalamus. he anterior pituitary secretes a number of peptide and glycoprotein hormones that regulate various cellular processes including growth, metabolism, reproduction, and response to stress or trauma.

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The endocrine system, also known as "hormone system", is a complex and broadly dispersed network of glands and organs throughout the body. It utilizes hormones to manage body's metabolism, energy level, reproduction, growth and development, and response to injury, stress, and mood.