# data[].attributes.body
Opposition of mass immigration

# data[].attributes.body
Elizabeth Cady Stanton

# data[].attributes.body
In Seneca Falls, New York, two women, Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott, organized a gathering of women's rights activists that became known as the Seneca Falls Convention.

During the Seneca Falls Convention, a rousing manifesto extending the egalitarian republican ideology of the Declaration of Independence to women was issued.

The Declaration of Sentiments declares that "all men and women are created equal," but throughout history, men have repeatedly injured and wronged women, and there has always been an establishment of an absolute tyranny of a man over a woman.

# data[].attributes.body
Women's rights activists devised and developed a new method of reform by the mid-1800s. Rather than challenging the institution, they strengthened legal rights and established gathering and brainstorming conventions.

# data[].attributes.body
Dorothea Dix

# data[].attributes.body
Dorothea Dix served as a role model for women working to improve public institutions.

As a result of her alcoholic father's emotional abuse as a child, she grew up to be a compassionate woman with a strong sense of moral purpose, using money from her grandparents to establish charity schools.

When she persuaded Massachusetts lawmakers to expand the state hospital to house indigent mental patients, she began a national movement to establish state asylums for the mentally ill.

While serving as secretary of the Massachusetts Board of Education, Horace Mann led a movement to increase elementary school enrollment and improve instructional quality.

# data[].attributes.body
Many women worked to improve prisons and educational systems in the early 1800s. Women like Dorothea Dix and Horace Mann inspired these women to make changes like adding asylums for the mentally ill and lengthening the school year while establishing teaching standards in multiple subjects.

# data[].attributes.body
The Know-Nothing Party was formed in opposition to mass immigration in order to combat foreign influences and uphold traditional American values.

German and Irish immigrants accounted for 300,000 men and women in New York City, and their food, signs, religion, and even culture infused the city's neighborhoods.

Due to the alarming influx of ethnically diverse migrants changing the city's culture, anti-immigrant gangs known as the Gangs of B'hoys assaulted Irish youths on the streets.

# data[].attributes.body
By the 1850s, hundreds of thousands of Irish and German immigrants had begun to flush into New York City, This alarmed many native-born New Yorkers were alarmed by this, creating organizations, gangs, and nativist movements to prevent cultural "corruption"

# data[].attributes.body
Group of Minstrelsy performers doing Black-Face.

# data[].attributes.body
Commercialized sex formed one facet of the new urban culture in newly populous cities. New York had 200 brothels in the 1820s, where so-called "public" women openly advertised their wares on Broadway.

Minstrelsy began around 1830 when actors put on blackface and performed song and dance routines. The actor-singers "Negro dialect" poked racist fun at African Americans, portraying images of lazy, sensual, and irresponsible beings.

The prominence of women among abolitionists sparked the Women's Rights Movement. Women entered public life by joining religious revivals and reform movements.

The Temperance Society set out to curb the consumption of alcoholic beverages in 1832, employing group confession and prayer, and using women as spiritual guides.

# data[].attributes.body
Utopian organized communities led to a creation of a new urban culture. Urban growth accelerated as a huge in-migration outweighed the high death rates. Populations rose as both rural and foreign immigrants merged within the countryside.

# data[].attributes.body
Brigham Young

# data[].attributes.body
Brigham Young led 6500 Mormons into Mexican territory where they settled in present-day Utah. After the US acquired Mexico's territories, a Utah Territory was created with Brigham Young being its governor.

Brigham Young led the polygamist faction of Mormons onto the Mormon Trail, which stretched from Fayette to Salt Lake City.

Reaffirming traditional values, Salt Lake Mormons used strict religious controls to perpetuate patriarchy and communal discipline.

The First Amendment from 1791 states that Congress is not allowed to make a law that respects an establishment of religion.

# data[].attributes.body
Members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints were religious utopians with a conservative social agenda. Mormonism emerged from religious ferment among families of Puritan descent that believed in a world of wonders and visions of the divine.

# data[].attributes.body
Ann Lee Stanley

# data[].attributes.body
Rural utopias were symbols of social protest and experimentation. The communalists challenged traditional property rights and gender roles through advocating socialism.

The first successful American communal movement was known as the Shakers. These members embraced the common ownership of property, accepting strict oversight by church leaders and pledging to abstain from alcohol, tobacco, politics, and war.

After the slow of the Shakers' growth during the 1840s, Fourierism flourished as Fourierist socialism promised the liberation of workers from capitalist employers and the "menial and slavish system of Hired Labor or Labor for Wages".

# data[].attributes.body
Between 1820 and 1860, thousands of Americans who grew dissatisfied with life retreated to rural areas, where they sought to create ideal communities that would allow people to live differently and realize their spiritual potential.

# data[].attributes.body
With Ralph Waldo Emerson being a leading voice of transcendentalism, embraced human passion and sought deeper insight into the mysteries of existence. There was a belief that people could come to know the infinite and the eternal.

Ralph Waldo Emerson stood outside of the mainstream American Protestantism, rejecting all organized religion. He wrote influential essays that probed the "infinitude of the private man", a radically free person.

Henry David Thoreau heeded Emerson's call and sought inspiration from the natural world. He published a book after falling into depression. The book acted as an account of his search for meaning beyond the artificiality of civilized society.

Walt Whitman, who wrote Leaves of Grass, recorded in his verses the efforts to transcend various "invisible boundaries". Due to his Emersonian relation with nature, Whitman claims perfect communion with others, stating that "every atom that belongs to me, belongs to everyone else".

# data[].attributes.body
Ralph Waldo Emerson

# data[].attributes.body
Individualism was a result of a rapid economic growth and geographical expansion. It led to a detachment of ties within caste, class, association, and family. Ralph Waldo Emerson influenced the American Renaissance, where a flourishing of literature and philosophy began.

# data[].attributes.body
Charles Finney

# data[].attributes.body
Gave rise to more religious diversity (but still mostly Christian Denominations, Baptists, Methodists)

Held Revivals-fiery and emotional outdoor sermons focusing on graphic descriptions of Heaven and Hell, focused on the equality of all people in the eyes of God.

Charles Grandson Finney was leading Evangelical (spread the beliefs and convert people) preacher of movement.

First movement to unite all sections of the nation, but took hold less in the rural South (empowered women, African Americans and the anti slavery movement)

# data[].attributes.body
The 2nd Great Awakening was a religious revival that swept through the United States in the early 1800s and changed society by empowering women and African-Americans and inspiring other reform movements like Abolition and Women's Rights.