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Evolution is the process by which the heritable traits of a population of organisms change over time. This happens when new generations replace old ones. This image explains the concept of evolution from homo habilis 2.4 MYA (million years ago) to homo sapiens 300,000 YA (years ago)- to present (us humans of today). I will explore the 5 steps that explores natural selection. The five steps are VISTA. V- Variance, I- Inheritance, S- Selection, T- Time, A- Adaptation. Variance in nature serves as a hotbed for mutations. Inheritance is the reproduction stage. Mixing DNA from both parents. Selection is when certain inheritor's are better equipped to survive. Time is gradual when mutations of different species are reproducing. This process takes thousands of years. Adaptation is when the species transforms into their new form. When the earliest of homo genus were forming they were adjusting to climate changes and required adaptability and resourcefulness. Based on paleontologist we evolved from a clash of Neanderthals and Denisovans. Its likely we outcompeted them in hunting for food and diseases and climate changes. Evolution as Darwin explained takes thousands of years before the slightest changes occurs.

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Dinoflagellates are single-celled protists found in both marine and freshwater ecosystems. They can get energy in different ways, like photosynthesis, eating other organisms, or a mix of both. One cool feature is their unique nuclear structure, called a dinokaryon, where their DNA stays partially condensed and doesn’t have histones. Some dinoflagellates, like Pyrocystis lunula, can even glow in the dark (bioluminescence), which helps protect them from predators. They’re really important in the food chain because they contribute to primary production. However, some species can cause problems, like harmful algal blooms (HABs), also known as red tides, which can harm marine life. For example, Karlodinium veneficum produces toxins that are dangerous to aquatic organisms. Dinoflagellates are incredibly diverse, with some having amazing adaptations like glowing, but they can also cause serious environmental and economic issues. Their role as protists makes them a fascinating and important part of aquatic ecosystems.

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Monocots and dicots are two main types of plants, and they differ in their seed structure named cotyledons. Monocots, like grasses and lilies, have only one seed leaf, while dicots, such as roses and sunflowers, have two seed leaves. The veins in monocot leaves are usually parallel, whereas dicot leaves show a branching pattern. Flower parts in monocots typically appear in multiples of three, while dicot flowers usually have parts in multiples of four or five. Common monocots we encounter daily include foods like corn, bananas, and rice. In contrast, dicots are often seen in trees, shrubs, and flowering plants like daisies and tomatoes. The distinction between monocots and dicots is important for understanding plant growth patterns and characteristics. Knowing the difference can also help gardeners and farmers when identifying and cultivating plants.

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diagram that compares monocot and dicot plants

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Polychaeta is a diverse class within the phylum Annelida, consisting primarily of marine segmented worms. They possess parapodia, paired lateral extensions on each segment, which function in locomotion and respiration. Most polychaetes have setae, chitinous bristles that aid in movement and provide structural support. These organisms exhibit a wide range of ecological roles, from free-swimming predators to sedentary tube-dwellers that filter-feed. Polychaetes contribute significantly to nutrient cycling by breaking down organic matter and aerating marine sediments. Their presence in marine ecosystems supports biodiversity, as they serve as prey for various marine organisms. Overall, polychaetes are essential annelids that play a critical role in maintaining the stability and function of marine environments.

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Phylum Annelida Part 2: Polychaeta (Segmented Marine Worms)

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Homeostasis is the body's ability to maintain a stable internal environment despite external changes. It regulates factors like temperature, pH, and glucose levels to ensure proper cellular function. The nervous and endocrine systems work together to detect and respond to deviations from normal conditions. For example, when body temperature rises, sweat glands activate, and blood vessels dilate to release heat. In contrast, when it's cold, shivering and vasoconstriction help conserve heat. The pancreas regulates blood glucose through insulin and glucagon to keep levels stable. The kidneys help maintain water and electrolyte balance by filtering blood and adjusting urine output. Disruptions in homeostasis can lead to serious health issues like dehydration, diabetes, or heatstroke.

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Swamps are wetlands that remain saturated with water and can be either freshwater or saltwater. Freshwater swamps are typically found inland around lakes and rivers, while saltwater swamps develop along tropical coastlines. These ecosystems support diverse plant life, including cypress trees in freshwater swamps and mangroves in saltwater swamps. They provide habitats for a variety of animals such as alligators, fish, birds, and shellfish. Swamps play a crucial role in flood control by absorbing excess water and protecting coastal regions from storm surges. They also function as natural water filters, removing pollutants and improving water quality. In the past, many swamps were drained for agriculture and urban development, leading to significant habitat loss. Today, conservation efforts focus on protecting and restoring swamps due to their environmental and economic importance.

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Biodiversity is essential for maintaining balanced ecosystems that support human life. It helps regulate the climate, purify air and water, and prevent soil erosion. Many crops rely on biodiversity for pollination, pest control, and nutrient-rich soil. Medicines derived from plants, fungi, and microorganisms are crucial for treating diseases. Biodiverse ecosystems provide food, raw materials, and economic opportunities for millions of people. Nature-based activities like tourism, recreation, and cultural traditions depend on a variety of species. High biodiversity strengthens ecosystems, making them more resilient to climate change and natural disasters. The loss of biodiversity can lead to food shortages, disease outbreaks, and environmental instability. Protecting biodiversity is necessary for sustaining human health, economies, and the planet’s future.

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The article discusses the remarkable life of Charles Drew. A Black physician who faced discrimination but was committed to advancing healthcare. After the tragic loss of his younger sister to a disease. Dr. Drew devoted himself to the study of blood and made significant contributions to the field particularly in blood storage, and transfusion methods. His innovative research transformed the way blood is stored and has saved millions of lives. The article also introduces several educational children's books that focus on blood and the circulatory system. One of the listed articles is called: Blood! Not Just a Vampire Drink by Stacy McAnulty presents the importance of blood through a humor suggesting that vampires might prefer chocolate milkshakes or smoothies instead. Another article is called: The Circulatory System by Joseph Midthun, presents a graphic novel to explain how blood circulates throughout the body, making complex concepts easy to understand with drawings in a graphic novel. The last article listed: The Science of Scabs and Pus by Ian Graham addresses intriguing questions about blood and its functions, providing young readers with a better understanding of the science behind crusty scabs.