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poor working conditions, good to show when reading The Circuit

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Fingers to the Bone: Child Farmworkers in the United States

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Greta Thunberg: Our House Is On Fire | Forum Insight

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https://www.poetryfoundation.org/poems/46548/harlem

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Harlem by Langston Hughes | Poetry Foundation

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Lorraine Hansberry, at twenty-nine, became the youngest American, the fifth woman, and the first black playwright to win the New York Drama Critics Circle Award for the Best Play of the Year. Her A Raisin in the Sun has since been published and produced in some 30 countries, while her film adaptation was nominated by the New York critics for the Best Screenplay and received a Cannes Film Festival Award. At thirty-four, during the run of her second play, The Sign in Sidney Brustein's Window, Lorraine Hansberry died of cancer. In the years since her death, her stature has continued to grow. To Be Young, Gifted and Black, a dramatic portrait of the playwright in her own words, was the longest-running Off-Broadway drama of 1969, and has been recorded, filmed, and published in expanded book form, and has toured an unprecedented forty states and two hundred colleges. In 1986, following the stage production of the 25th anniversary of A Raisin in the Sun by the Roundabout Theatre in New York City, the play was widely acclaimed as in the foremost ranks of American classics. In 1990, the PBS American Playhouse TV adaptation of the 25th-anniversary version had one of the highest viewing audiences in PBS history. Les Blancs, her last play-posthumously performed on Broadway and recently in prominent regional theaters-has been hailed by a number of critics as her best.

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"Never before, in the entire history of the American theater, has so much of the truth of Black people's lives been seen on the stage," observed James Baldwin shortly before A Raisin in the Sun opened on Broadway in 1959.This edition presents the fully restored, uncut version of Hansberry's landmark work with an introduction by Robert Nemiroff.Lorraine Hansberry's award-winning drama about the hopes and aspirations of a struggling, working-class family living on the South Side of Chicago connected profoundly with the psyche of Black America-and changed American theater forever.

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https://www.olivalejandra.com/rivermouth

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The Undocumented Americans meets Tell Me How It Ends in this chronicle about translation, storytelling, and borders as understood through the United States' "immigration crisis." | Winner of the Whiting Nonfiction Grant

Alejandra Oliva is Mexican American, her family lineage defined by a long and fluid relationship with the border between Texas and Mexico, each generation born on opposite sides of the Rio Grande. Now a translator advocating for Latin American migrants seeking asylum and citizenship, Oliva knows all too well the gravity of taking someone's trauma and delivering it in the warped form the immigration system demands.
In Rivermouth, Oliva focuses on the physical spaces that make up different phases of immigration and looks at how language and opportunity move through each of them; from the river as the waterway that separates the United States and Mexico, to the table as the place over which Oliva prepares asylum seekers for their Credible Fear Interviews, and finally, to the wall as the behemoth imposition that runs along America's southernmost border.
With lush prose and perceptive insight, Oliva encourages readers to approach the painful questions that this crisis poses with equal parts critique and compassion. By which metrics are we measuring who "deserves" American citizenship? What is the point of humanitarian systems that dole out aid distributed conditionally? What do we owe to our most disenfranchised?
Rivermouth is an argument for porosity. Not just for porous borders and a decriminalization of immigration, but for a more open sense of what we owe one another and a willingness to extend radical empathy. As concrete as she is meditative, sharp as she is lyrical, and incisive as she is literary, Oliva argues for a better world while telling us why it's worth fighting to get there.

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Alejandra Oliva is Mexican American, her family lineage defined by a long and fluid relationship with the border between Texas and Mexico, each generation born on opposite sides of the Rio Grande. Now a translator advocating for Latin American migrants seeking asylum and citizenship, Oliva knows all too well the gravity of taking someone's trauma and delivering it in the warped form the immigration system demands.

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https://bookshop.org/p/books/we-are-not-from-here-jenny-torres-sanchez/13301790?ean=9781984812285

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We Are Not from Here a book by Jenny Torres Sanchez

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A poignant novel of desperation, escape, and survival across the U.S.-Mexico border, inspired by current events. A Pura Belpré 2021 Young Adult Author Honor Book!A BookPage Best Book of 2020!A Chicago Public Library Best of the Best of 2020!A School Library Journal Best Book of 2020!A New York Publi…

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Under the Feet of Jesus [Viramontes, Helena Maria] on Amazon.com. *FREE* shipping on qualifying offers. Under the Feet of Jesus

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Chicana artist Barbara Carrasco made this portrait in homage to Huerta. Carrasco became a supporter of the farm workers' movement in the 1970s and served for decades as a volunteer staff artist for the UFW.

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"One Life: Dolores Huerta" highlights the significant role of this Latina leader in the California farm workers' movement of the 1960s and 1970s. This eleventh installment in the "One Life" series was the first devoted to a Latina. It illuminates Huerta as the co-founder, with César Chávez, of the United Farm Workers (UFW), and highlights her position as the union's lobbyist and contract negotiator. Huerta was instrumental in achieving major legal protections and a better standard of living for farm workers, yet she remains largely under-acknowledged in history.

The exhibition was the first in a national museum to draw attention to her contributions. It was on view at the National Portrait Gallery from July 3, 2015 - May 15, 2016, coinciding with the 50th anniversary of the September 1965 grape strike that launched the farm workers movement. For more about the gallery exhibition, please visit: http://npg.si.edu/exhibition/one-life-dolores-huerta

Taína Caragol, Curator of Painting and Sculpture and Curator for Latino Art and History, was the curator for this exhibition.

The "One Life: Dolores Huerta" exhibition was made possible through federal support from the Latino Initiatives Pool, administered by the Smithsonian Latino Center; the Friends of the National Museum of the American Latino; and by the Guenther and Siewchin Sommer Endowment Fund.

The exhibition is being remodeled as a traveling banner exhibition by the Smithsonian Institution Traveling Exhibition Service (SITES) under the title "Dolores Huerta: Revolution in the Fields / Revolución en los Campos." More information on the traveling version may be found at https://www.sites.si.edu/s/topic/0TO36000000L5OBGA0/dolores-huerta-revolution-in-the-fields-revolucin-en-los-campos.

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One Life: Dolores Huerta - Google Arts & Culture

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Highlighting the key role of this Latina leader as co-founder with César Chávez of the 1960s and 1970s farm workers' movement

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Under the Feet of Jesus https://a.co/d/aletLTh

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Return to Sender https://a.co/d/aTgfSxg

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"My passion for bilingual instruction had its start with my experience in schools where the instruction isolated parts of my being, yet it grew exponentially the more I worked with bilingual students. As a bilingual sixth grade teacher in New York City, I listened to my students' own bilingual journeys."

- Carla España in "Escribiendo para desahogarme: Release and Resistance in a Middle School Bilingual Writing Workshop"

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Compartiendo Nuestras Historias / Telling Our Stories

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The version of the browser you are using is no longer supported. Please upgrade to a supported browser. Dismiss

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Story about immigration, picture book

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Papa calls Lula a Cenzontle (Mockingbird)

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Papa calls Lula a Cenzontle (Mockingbird)

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Use this for setting the mood!

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Before César Chávez and Dolores Huerta, there was Maria Moreno, a union organizer whose story all but disappeared from history until the discovery of lost photographs taken more than 50 years ago by George Ballis, one of the leading photographers of the farmworker movement. It was a discovery that sparked the search for a woman that time had forgotten.

The story of Maria Moreno-a migrant mother of 12, who was elected by her fellow Mexican-American, Filipino, Black and Okie farmworkers to represent them-the first female farm worker in America to be hired as a union organizer, is now being told in a new documentary, " Adios Amor: The Search for Maria Moreno."

As Laurie Coyle, the film's director, told Colorlines: "The search for Maria guides this documentary, where ghosts fade in and out and magic underpins a rawboned reality. In the end, whose stories get told may hinge on memories, coincidence and-in Maria's case-an insistence on pursuing a path that touches the lives of others. From California's great Central Valley, to the Arizona desert and U.S.-Mexico border, the journey yields buried treasure...and stories told with passion and humor."

Ahead of the March 1 world premiere of "Adios Amor: The Search for Maria Moreno" at the Cinequest Film Festival in San Jose, California, Colorlines talked to Coyle about the inspiration for the documentary, Moreno's organizing journey and how her legacy lives on.
Let's start with the basics: Who was Maria Moreno?
Laurie Coyle: Maria Moreno was a migrant mother who was driven by her 12 children's hunger to become an activist in the late 1950s. She was born in Texas in 1920 and came to California during the Dustbowl Migration. Her father was an orphan of the Mexican Revolution and her mother was Mescalero Apache, so Maria was Mexican American, indigenous and a U.S. citizen.
What motivated Moreno to become an organizer? How did she get hired?
Coyle: The 1958 flood in Tulare County, California, left more than 300 farmworkers displaced and without work. According to county regulations, farmworkers weren't eligible for food assistance. Many of them were going hungry, and Maria's eldest son stopped eating so that his younger brothers and sisters would have a little more to eat. He went blind temporarily and had to be hospitalized. Maria started speaking out, and Ron Taylor at The Fresno Bee covered her story. Maria's testimony created such a stir that the county welfare agency reversed its policy and offered food assistance to the farm workers. Word about Maria got out, and in 1959, when Norman Smith was sent by the AFL-CIO to launch the Agricultural Workers Organizing Committee, Maria Moreno was one of the first organizers that he hired.
Describe the conditions that farmworkers faced that led her to start speaking out and organizing.
Coyle: In spite of the unprecedented affluence in the post-World War II years, Maria Moreno's family and other farmworkers were living in conditions that hadn't changed since the Depression. Farmworkers had been excluded from the rights won by most industrial workers in the 1930s, such as the right to organize and bargain collectively, minimum wage, social security and unemployment. Child labor, which had been outlawed decades earlier, was still common in agriculture; families depended on their children's labor to make ends meet, and most of those children attended school irregularly. They lived in rural ghettos and segregated migrant camps, often without heat, running water or toilets. Life was especially difficult in the long winter months after the harvests were done. At the time Maria started organizing, farmworkers were making 85 cents per hour, or a piece rate that amounted to less, well below the minimum wage. At that time, farmworkers were demanding $1.25 per hour. The government never set wage standards for farm labor, and the growers never committed to a living wage.

The movement that César Chávez headed up in the 1960s-'70s pushed through reforms like the right to collective bargaining, a minimum wage, disability, unemployment insurance, and drinking water and toilets in the fields. But these gains applied only to California farmworkers, not the nation. Today, only one percent of California's farmworkers are covered under a union contract, and those who aren't frequently don't benefit from farmworker protections.
Why did it take so many years for Moreno's story to be told?
Coyle: There are many answers to that question! Over the past few decades, virtually everyone doing farmworker research was focused on César Chávez and the United Farm Workers [UFW]. Although the photographs of Maria Moreno that I found weren't literally buried or lost, nevertheless, most everyone visiting the Take Stock archive where I found George Ballis' photographs was looking for images of Chávez and the UFW, so in some sense Maria Moreno was invisible. I, too, went there looking for photos of César Chávez, but digging deeper, reaching further back in time, I found the Moreno photos and they were riveting. Likewise, the audio recordings of Maria and her union were in the stacks at the Walter Reuther Library in Detroit. But nobody had ever listened to the recordings or catalogued them because everyone was looking for documentation of the Chávez era. Having a woman, especially a farmworker woman, as spokesperson for AWOC [Agricultural Workers Organizing Committee] in 1960 was extraordinary-this was before second wave feminism or the civil rights March on Washington. There were other farmworker women activists, but they weren't known outside their community. What you find is largely a matter of what you are looking for, what you deem important, and Maria Moreno was not on anybody's radar.

Then, there's the question of labor politics and union rivalries. Maria Moreno went to work for the AWOC in 1959. Her effectiveness as a speaker and organizer is attested to by the fact that the Okie, Arkie, Black, Filipino and Mexican-American AWOC members elected her to represent them. This was at a time when rural California was highly segregated, with farmworkers living in segregated camps and working on segregated crews. In the fields, growers pitted the different ethnic groups against each other to break strikes and keep wages down. As UFW Co-founder Gilbert Padilla said, AWOC was a pioneering thing, and Maria was ahead of her time.

Although embraced by the rank and file members of her union, her outspokenness got her into trouble with labor bureaucrats at the AFL-CIO, which was funding AWOC. Concerned that AWOC was calling too many strikes and that the AFL-CIO was running up legal bills defending them, George Meany, the AFL-CIO's first president, decided to bring the union to heel and sent in an enforcer who fired Moreno and some other organizers who were considered too independent. After that mini purge, most AWOC members just drifted away. But the Filipinos maintained control of their local committees and it was they who started the 1965 grape strike. Eventually, Chavez's National Farm Workers Association (NFWA), and AWOC joined forces and merged into the UFW.
What was Moreno's relationship to Chávez and the UFW?
Coyle: People often ask me why Cesar Chávez didn't recruit Maria to work with the NFWA. I've heard different explanations, including one that Cesar was a devout Catholic and Maria was a devout Pentecostal. Over the course of my research, I found a letter and a recording with Chávez referring to Maria Moreno's "big mouth." I'm sure that gender bias played a role, as well as rivalry between their unions.

There's the saying that history belongs to the victors-since Maria's movement went down to defeat, that's why she's been forgotten. Beyond that, however, the standard narrative of the farmworkers movement has always been focused on César Chávez. But that's beginning to change, as we can see from the enormous success of Peter Bratt's recent documentary about Dolores Huerta. I began shooting "Adios Amor" before Peter began shooting " Dolores." But making a film about an unknown woman is more of an uphill battle than making a film about a woman who has been a national figure for years. The point is not to replace the history of one famous man with the history of one or two famous women-the point is to be thoughtful about how the narrative is shaped, and whose stories are represented.

There are many women who have made and continue to make significant contributions to social justice struggles but have remained anonymous. It was possible for me to tell Maria's story because the images and recordings made by photographers and journalists (George Ballis, Ernie Lowe, Henry Anderson, Ron Taylor) captured her story. Their documentation of her life and work may have been overlooked or forgotten, but their remarkable record of her life and work survived. Maria Moreno and AWOC planted a seed. It's a seed that still needs nurturing today.
What inspired you to make the film? Describe the journey you were on.
Coyle: The first time I saw Maria Moreno was 20 years ago when I was lead researcher and associate producer for Rick Tejada-Flores and Ray Telles' documentary, "The Fight in the Fields-César Chávez and the Farmworkers' Struggle."

As a producer of history documentaries, finding a treasure trove of photographs I wasn't looking for was tremendously exciting. I wanted to know more, but life as a working mother and freelance filmmaker intervened. Years later, after working on, and in one case directing, numerous documentaries about illustrious men, I returned to the provocative photographs to find their mysterious protagonist. When the search began, I didn't know what I would find or whether Maria Moreno would still be living. With a measure of luck and a lot of work, I traced her life and legacy.

On a personal note, "Adios Amor" represents a homecoming for me. The year that Maria Moreno was pushed out of the labor movement, my parents uprooted our family of nine from the East Coast and moved to the Bay Area. In those days there were still traces of the farms that had been the heart of the Santa Clara Valley. The public library in our town was built in the middle of an apricot orchard, and we would collect the apricots that fell to the ground. But we knew nothing about the lives and struggles of the workers who grew the food on our table. Not until the California grape strike started and my Dad began volunteering at the farmworker clinic in Delano. Mom was busy raising seven kids, taking night classes and protesting the war in Vietnam. I dedicate "Adios Amor" to their memory.

Why was I driven to tell this story? I want people, especially young people, to fall in love with history. I appreciate the importance of STEM education, but history and the humanities are getting the short shrift these days. Knowing where we come from and whose shoulders we stand on is empowering. I hope that "Adios Amor-The Search for Maria Moreno" will inspire viewers to launch their own journeys of discovery, to ask how is history shaped and whose voices are represented. How many Marias walk among us? It's for us to draw a circle around their stories and invite them to speak.
What are some of the issues that women working in the fields face today?
Coyle: Today, over 80 percent of farmworkers are immigrants and more than half are undocumented, making them particularly vulnerable to exploitation and abuse. With the rise in anti-immigrant sentiment and spike in immigration raids, farmworkers live in fear of deportation and family separation. Most farmworkers are married, and/or have children, yet six out of 10 live apart from their families. In spite of gains made in California, nationally, farmworkers continue to be excluded from minimum wage, overtime and disability regulations. Although child labor laws set 16 as the minimum age, the minimum age for farm work is 12. Farmworker annual income is $11,000 for an individual and $16,000 for a family, well below the federal poverty level. And although farmworkers have taxes withheld from their paychecks, less than 1 percent use welfare, 2 percent use social security and 15 percent are Medicaid recipients.

In addition to these conditions, farmworker women have been the victims of widespread sexual harassment and assault on the job. They have suffered these grievances in silence because reporting it would risk their jobs, their reputations, and their ability to feed their families. But that is beginning to change. Farmworker women's organizations such as Lideres Campesinas and the Alianza Nacional de Campesinas have been advocating on these issues for years. Recently, they joined with the emerging #MeToo/#TimesUp campaign, publishing an open letter titled " 700,000 Female Farmworkers Say They Stand With Hollywood Actors Against Sexual Assault." Farmworker women are taking the lead in the campaign to raise awareness and provide legal defense for victims of sexual violence and harassment.

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Meet Maria Moreno: The First Farm Worker Woman in America To Be Hired As A Union Organizer - Colorlines

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A new documentary tells the story of the migrant mother of 12 children who was the first female farm worker in America elected to represent her peers.

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Maria Moreno (years before CC and Dolores)

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Maria Moreno (years before CC and Dolores)

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In Adios Amor, the discovery of lost photographs sparks the search for a hero that history forgot-Maria Moreno, a migrant mother who sacrificed everything but her twelve children in the passionate pursuit of justice for farmworkers. Years before Cesar Chavez and Dolores Huerta launched the United Farm Workers, Maria picked up the only weapon she had-her voice-and became an outspoken leader in an era when women were relegated to the background. The first farm worker woman in America to be hired as a union organizer, Maria's story was silenced and her legacy buried-until now.
Laurie talks about the making of Adios Amor.

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In Adios Amor , the discovery of lost photographs sparks the search for a hero that history forgot-Maria Moreno, a migrant mother who sacrificed everything but her twelve children in the passionate pursuit of justice for farmworkers.

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/ CBS

The day after Thanksgiving in 1960, CBS REPORTS presented what would become one of the most important documentaries of all time, about the plight of the men and women who had provided the holiday feast. They were America's migrant farm workers.

It was intended, the producer said, "To shock the consciousness of the nation." And it did. Now, a half century later, CBS News chief national correspondent Byron Pitts returns to the fields to continue the story.

"They are the migrants, workers in the sweat shops of the soil - the harvest of shame," CBS News correspondent Edward R. Murrow said in 1960.
In "Harvest of Shame," Murrow called them "the forgotten people; the under-educated; the under-fed."

With raw and striking images, Murrow's documentary exposed the poverty and deplorable working conditions endured by America's 2 to 3 million migrant farm workers.

"Only in name are they not a slave," said Rev. Michael Cassidy in the original documentary. "But in the way they are treated, they are worse than slaves."

Men, women and children who harvested crops for the best-fed nation on earth earned barely enough to feed themselves.

From the tomato, bean and sugarcane fields of Florida, working steadily north to the apple orchards of New York, life was an endless road trip. Housing was crowded, dilapidated, often filthy - but all a worker could afford on an average yearly income of $900. That's about $6,700 today.
Watch in Full: CBS REPORTS "Harvest of Shame"
Fifty years later migrant work is still backbreaking. In Immokalee, Fla., the tomato capital of the country, harvest season is just beginning. But while the work is the same, wages have improved.

That is, if the work can be found. In a tiny trailer he shares with his wife and five children, 62 year-old Juan Lopez gets up before dawn hoping to find work as a tomato picker.

In 2009, Lopez said he "earned $7,800 for a full year of work."

For a few months, a rented trailer is home. Six, sometimes seven days a week, he competes with younger men and women for a limited number of jobs. Like every other industry, farming has suffered in this economy. Those at the bottom suffer most. On the day CBS News was with him, Lopez was hired to work on a tomato farm more than two hours away.

Over the years, the faces in the fields have changed from poor whites and poor blacks to poor Hispanics. Today most migrant workers are from Mexico. Workers make about $10,000 to $12,500 a year. There are no mandated benefits like health insurance, overtime or sick pay.

In extreme cases, some farm workers have been held against their will, forced to work for little or no pay - modern day slaves. Women routinely endure sexual harassment. Since 1997, seven slavery operations involving more than 1,000 workers in Florida's fields have been prosecuted.

Most migrants are hard-working people like Claudia Vasquez, a mother of four. This year, Vasquez has already picked Michigan blueberries, Georgia tomatoes, and now Florida grape tomatoes. On top of her $7.25 an hour minimum wage, she'll earn 60 cents for each 32-lb. bucket she fills.

Vasquez said she has just enough to eat, but "we don't have any money to save."

But soon, that may change. Under an agreement between Florida tomato growers and the CIW, an advocacy group for field workers, working conditions will improve to include shade in the fields, a strict code of conduct, and perhaps most importantly - increased wages.

Nine national food giants, including Whole Foods and McDonald's, have agreed to pay an additional penny for each pound of tomatoes picked. That program could put another $5,000-$7,000 in the pockets of America's field workers each year.

Jon Esformes' family owns Pacific Tomato Growers - the first grower to sign on to the new agreement. "Our effort was really about making it a public conversation because it's intolerable that anybody behave inappropriately within agriculture," he said.

"We know that the industry is changing," said Gerardo Reyes of the Coalition of Immokalee Workers. "We know that it doesn't have to be a harvest of shame anymore. It can be a harvest of hope."

For Thanksgiving, Juan Lopez hopes to have enough to "try to buy a turkey."

Fifty years ago this week, America was given its first glimpse at what Murrow called "the sweat shops of the soil."

Fifty years later, the bounty and blessings of many this Thanksgiving remains the burden of a few.

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Have Working Conditions Improved for America's Migrant Workers in Years Since Edward R. Murrow's Groundbreaking Documentary?

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Mexican Family Culture: Important Values, Traditions, and Beliefs

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Mexicans have huge, well-knit families, and all family members, immediate as well as extended, are treated with love and respect. Let’s find out more about Mexican family culture, through this Historyplex post.

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This is one of the resources Aida recommends

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Background Exclusion from Child Labor Laws Extreme Working Conditions Children and Pesticides Emotional Strain Learn More Check out Harvest of Justice 2022: Child Labor in Agriculture for additional resources on this issue. Background When you hear the term "farm worker", what image comes to mind?

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January 1, 2023 Historical Tables

Select a State:

Federal : Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA) applies to migrants and local residents regardless of farm size or number of man-days of farm labor used on that farm.

14,
12 with written parental consent or on farm where parent is employed. Under 12 with written parental consent on farms exempt from Federal minimum wage provisions *

proof of age not required

18,

16 if not required to attend school

8/40, only on non-school day, 12 and 13 8/40 school day/week: 3/18 8/48, 16 and 17 4 school day, (8 on a school day that precedes a non school day) 16 and 17 if required to attend school

An employment certificate is required by Connecticut state law for minors working in agriculture under the age of 16, in which case proof of age or an agriculture permit is required.

18 (proof of age is required)

8/40 school day or week: 3 when followed by school day /15. 8/30 when school is in session, 16 and 17.
Minors under 16 can work 8-40 during non-school day or week.

18, 16 if not legally required to attend school

14,
15 in pineapple harvesting

10 in coffee harvesting

18, applies only to 16 and 17

6/30 no more than 5 consecutive days, under 14 in coffee harvest in non-school period. 8/40; school day or week: 3/18, 14 and 15. 8/48 in pineapple harvesting from June 1 through the day before Labor Day.

Iowa (law exempts part-time work in agriculture (less than 20 hours a week) It covers migratory labor under age 16.

Law exempts work in the production of seed, limited to removal of off-type plants, corn tassels and hand-pollinating during June, July and August for children 14 and over.

14, 12 migratory labor (younger with permit from Labor Commissioner upon court order)

8-40 in week when school is not in session; 4-28 in week when school is in session, (but 8-hour maximum on non-school days)

Under 16 years, 10/48 (if in school, no more than a combined school and work week of 48 hours) and no more than a weekly average of 8 hours a day.

16 to 18 years, 10/48 (if in school, 24 hours in one week) and no more than a weekly average of 8 hours a day.

If farming, 11/62 with consent of the minor and a parent or guardian, provided the minor is not employed between 2 a.m. and 5:30 a.m.

18, 16 if not enrolled in school

8 on non-school day/48 during vacation. School day/week: 3/23 if enrolled in school. 30 in schoolweek/48 during vacation, 16 and 17 if enrolled in school.

6, 16 and 17 if enrolled in school

8/40 during non-school period. 3/18 during school day or week.

Minors 14 through 17 may be employed outside of school hours in excess of permitted weekly hours during peak periods. Time and one-half regular rate of pay must be paid after 50 hours per week.

7 p.m. (9 p.m. before non-school day) to 6 a.m
11 p.m. before school day to 6 a.m., 16 and 17

No specific agriculture HOs. Those of general application for under 16 are considered as covering agriculture where applicable (e.g. working with unguarded belts and adjustible belts)

Delaware
(farm work exempt unless performed in hazardous occupations)

16 (adopts, by reference, the Federal HOs). Law exempts those working with adult supervision.

7PM (9PM during periods outside school year (June 1st - Labor Day- depending on local standards)) to 7AM

the following agricultural occupations, unless otherwise exempt or working as a student-learner pursuant to 41-2-109 are prohibited:

(a) felling, bucking, skidding, loading, or unloading timber with a butt diameter of more than 9 inches;

(b) repairing a building from a ladder or scaffold at a height of more than 20 feet;

(c) working inside:

(i) a fruit, forage, or grain storage structure designed to retain an oxygen-deficient or toxic atmosphere; or

(ii) an upright silo within 2 weeks after silage has been added or when a top unloading device is in operating position;

(d) handling or using agricultural chemicals classified as poisonous;

(e) handling or using a blasting agent, including but not limited to dynamite, black powder, sensitized ammonium nitrate, blasting caps, or primer cord; or

(f) transporting, transferring, or applying anhydrous ammonia.

12 and 13 years, 8 p.m. (9:30 p.m. if not preceding a school day) to 7 a.m. (5 a.m. if farming).

14 and 15 years, 8 p.m. (11 p.m. if not preceding a school day) to 7 a.m. (5 a.m. if farming).

16 and 17 years, during school weeks, 11 p.m. (12:30 if not preceding a school day) to 7 a.m. (5 a.m. if not a school day). If farming, 5 a.m. on all days.

16 and 17 years, during non-school weeks, any time of day with direct adult supervision and 8 consecutive hours of rest between shifts. If farming, no supervision required.

16 All Federal HOs and operating or assisting in the operation of machinery, including, but not limited to, farm type tractors and other self-propelled vehicles, except those minors trained under either the 4-H federal extension service or the U.S. office of education vocational agriculture training programs may work on equipment permitted by their certificate of training.

--- No provision

Agricultural employment is exempted from or is not listed among the covered sectors in the child labor laws of 17 states: Alabama, Delaware (non-hazardous employment), Georgia, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland (non-hazardous employment), Mississippi, Montana, Nebraska (covers only work in detasseling and beet fields), North Carolina, Oklahoma, Rhode Island, Tennessee, Texas, West Virginia (non-hazardous employment) and Wyoming. Laws generally exclude minors employed by parents on family farms.

California. Until January 1, 2005, 16- and 17-year olds in Lake County who were employed in agricultural packing plants were permitted to work more than 48 hours, but no more than 60, in any 1 week with written approval of the Lake County Board of Education.

Operating small hand tools or tractors on a farm with vocational education certification permitted by 14 year olds, provided they have completed a vocational agriculture training program. M.G.L. c. 149, § 62A.

Minors under sixteen are prohibited from being employed to operate or assist in operating picker machines or machines used in picking wool, cotton, hair or other material; upon or in connection with any dangerous electrical machinery or appliances, or in adjusting or assisting in adjusting any hazardous belt to any machinery, or in oiling or cleaning hazardous machinery, or in proximity to any hazardous or unguarded belts, machinery or gearing while such machinery or gearing is in motion; or in any capacity on moving motor vehicles. M.G.L. c. 149, § 61

Operating small hand tools or tractors on a farm with vocational education certification permitted by 14 year olds, provided they have completed a vocational agriculture training program. M.G.L. c. 149, § 62A.
Prepared By: Division of Fair Labor Standards Act and Child Labor
Wage and Hour Division
U.S. Department of Labor This document was last revised in January 1, 2023.
The Wage and Hour Division tries to ensure that the information on this page is accurate but individuals should consult the relevant state labor office for official information.

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State Child Labor Laws Applicable to Agricultural Employment

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January 1, 2023 Historical Tables Select a State: Federal : Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA) applies to migrants and local residents regardless of farm size or number of man-days of farm labor used on that farm. 14, 12 with written parental consent or on farm where parent is employed.

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Simone recommends this book

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"Here's our book, at last! España and Herrera's engaging narrative, and the voices of teachers and students, remind us that we are en comunidad when we express our care, love, and understanding for emergent bilingual learners of Spanish, English, and all world languages. En Comunidad confirms that students possess intellect, creativity, and imagination across their language assets and repertoires. We educators were waiting for España and Herrera as our colleagues, guides, and seers, and they're here at last. Thank you for guiding us further in our journeys toward literacy, libertad, and equity through your humane work, vision, and practices."-R. Joseph Rodríguez, author of Enacting Adolescent Literacies across Communities: Latino/a Scribes and Their Rites

"It shouldn't be a mystery or a chore to educate secondary Latinx bilingual learners. To this end, teachers need to learn how to center their students' voices and experiences in their classrooms, and in so doing, to make education meaningful to them. Kudos to Carla España and Luz Yadira Herrera for this conceptually rich, beautifully written, and highly accessible text that indeed charts a new way forward."-Angela Valenzuela, College of Education, University of Texas at Austin

"Somehow this book manages to be at once deeply personal and profoundly practical all at the same time. Carla and Luz weave their own stories as Latinx educators and students with concrete, transformative suggestions for making all students feel welcome, honored, and supported in our schools. Each year there is one book that comes out that makes me wish I could go back to my first year teaching and do it all over again - to do it better. This is the book for me this year. How I wish I had had Carla and Luz in my ear, and how glad I am they are here for you now." -Kate Roberts, author of A Novel Approach

"This book centers around how to empower minoritized Latinx students as learners by helping them value their own language, their own history, their own community and themselves in a system that has marginalized them for centuries. En Communidad is not just for Latinx students or teachers who teach Latinx students, but for all American students and teachers who desire to bring real democracy to this country and make this world justice for all people. This is indeed a wonderful book."- Danling Fu, Professor of Language and Literature in the College of Education, University of Florida

"In this incredible book, Carla and Luz remind us that, like in all good teaching, the most effective classrooms place students at the center of teaching and learning. In a mix of critical pedagogy and inspirational practice, they demonstrate ways to build curriculum around students' lives, to avoid the trap of monolithic thinking, and to trust-truly trust-students to fill in knowledge gaps (including our own) through shared discussion and inquiry. Carla and Luz guide us to consider: when classrooms are shared spaces, when children teach as much as they learn, we, as a community, can thrive."-Chris Lehman, coauthor of Falling in Love with Close Reading

"Dr. Espana and Dr. Herrera hit a home-run. Together they beautifully bridge the gaps between theory, policy, practice, and personal experience. Their work evokes untold Latinx histories, and offers culturally sustaining pedagogical approaches to classroom practice. It's clear this work is not only about sustaining Latinx raciolinguistic ways being, rather it's also about sustaining researchers and classroom practitioners as well. This work reminds us that we are here and we belong."- Steven Arenas, English Teacher and Recipient of the NCTE 2016 Early Career Educator of Color Leadership Award

"In this book, grounded in research and lifted by story, Carla and Luz provide compelling rationales and practical ideas for valuing students' and colleagues' linguistic repertoires and identities. As a monolingual teacher, this book exponentially expanded my growing understanding of best practices for teaching all children and for building inclusive and appreciative learning communities in which everyone is seen, heard, and valued."-Kathy Collins, coauthor of I Am Reading

"This book is a radical departure from every other professional development book I've read about teaching about emergent bilinguals. Carla and Luz's embrace of each student they work with and their staunch belief that every child brings an abundance of value to our classrooms, not in spite of, but because of their linguistic heritage, feels revolutionary in this day and age. Then they went one step further and made those ideals tangible by providing engaging, practical lessons about language, identity and literacy. Every educator who reads this book will be changed by it. And perhaps most importantly, so will our students."-Colleen Cruz, author of The Unstoppable Writing Teacher

"As a scholar who seeks to challenge racial and linguistic hierarchies in the education of Latinx children, the most common question that I receive from teachers and administrators is how they can work to dismantle these hierarchies in their day-to-day practice. Now the answer has become more simple: En Comunidad. In this book, España and Herrera treat seriously the idea that the cultural and linguistic practices of Latinx children are legitimate and should be made central to their educational experiences. It is a must read for all educators who work with Latinx students."-Nelson Flores, Ph.D., Penn Graduate School of Education

"En Comunidad pushes beyond the common notions of learning language, using language, or having language. Authors España and Herrera send the invitation to live language. When we are safe to live our languages inside classroom spaces, we can live a more represented, connected and liberated life. And I can't imagine a greater gift to give students. Thank you, Carla and Luz, for writing a book that not only offers an insightful course on language, but helps us take the power off the page and into the classroom with a series of researched, dynamic lessons."-Maggie Beatty Roberts, coauthor of DIY Literacy

"Have you ever wondered what bilingual education would look like if it were intentionally designed to sustain the rich practices and identities of Latinx children, families, and communities? If so, you will definitely want to read En Comunidad. In this engaging book, you will be introduced to a critical bilingual literacies approach to curriculum and teaching. Intentionally centering bilingual Latinx voices, values, practices, and experiences, this approach invites us to consider robust pathways for engaging in teaching that honors bilingual Latinx students' full identities. En Comunidad offers us powerful lessons for transforming the education of bilingual Latinx students in the pursuit of justice."-Mariana Souto-Manning, Teachers College, Columbia University

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En Comunidad brings bilingual Latinx students' perspectives to the center of our classrooms, and offers classroom-ready lessons that amplify the varied

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by Carla Espana and Luz Yadira Herrera