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Traumatic Experience (cause of stress): Emotional /Psychological Abuse

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Traumatic Experience (cause of stress): Emotional /Psychological Abuse

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Behavior that damages a child's sense of self worth and negatively impacts their emotional development. This form of abuse can include humiliating, criticizing, threatening, demeaning and berating the child.

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Traumatic Experience (cause of stress): Sudden Death of Parent

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Traumatic Experience (cause of stress): Sudden Death of Parent

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Early childhood trauma from the sudden death of a parent can be seen through a range of emotional, behavioral, cognitive, and physical symptoms.

It's important to seek appropriate professional help and support to address these symptoms and help the child heal from the trauma.

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Traumatic Experience (cause of stress): Physical Abuse

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Traumatic Experience (cause of stress): Physical Abuse

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Intentional and often repetitive physical harm to a child. This may include hitting, slapping, punching, kicking, poisoning, burning, biting, throwing things, drowning... etc.

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Traumatic Experience (cause of stress): Community Violence

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Traumatic Experience (cause of stress): Community Violence

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Community violence is individual or group conflict that occurs in public settings. These can be a one time instance or on going conflicts. This includes bullying, gang violence, shootings, civil wars, terrorist attacks, weapon attacks, robberies, sexual assault and homicide.  Children living in inner city, low income and areas with high crime rates are most likely to be effected by community violence.

Children who experience traumatic stress from community violence lack a feeling of security and are always on alert for the next potential threat.

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Haiti gang violence: Hundreds of children seek shelter in school

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Traumatic Experience (cause of stress): Sexual Abuse

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Traumatic Experience (cause of stress): Sexual Abuse

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Child sexual abuse occurs when a child is used for the sexual stimulation of an adult. This can occur both physically and on-physically and can happen to children of all genders and backgrounds.

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Symptoms of early childhood trauma related to the sudden death of a parent can vary but here are some common symptoms:

Emotional Symptoms:
-Persistent sadness, grief, or depression
-Intense feelings of guilt or shame
-Frequent mood swings
-Anxiety or excessive worry
-Difficulty expressing emotions or emotional numbness
-Low self-esteem and self-worth

Behavioral Symptoms:
-Withdrawal from social activities or relationships
-Sleep disturbances, nightmares, or fear of sleeping alone
-Regression to earlier developmental stages (e.g., bedwetting)
-Aggression, irritability, or anger outbursts
-Increased clinginess or separation anxiety
-Hyperactivity or difficulty concentrating

Cognitive Symptoms:
-Intrusive thoughts or recurrent memories of the parent's death
-Confusion or difficulty understanding the concept of death
-Persistent feelings of disbelief or denial
-Preoccupation with death or dying
-Difficulty with attention, memory, or learning

Physical Symptoms:
-Headaches, stomachaches, or other unexplained physical complaints
-Changes in appetite, either overeating or loss of appetite
-Fatigue, lethargy, or low energy levels
-Increased susceptibility to illnesses

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Brenner, G. (2022, Feb 22). How Losing a Parent Affects Young Children. Psychology Today https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/experimentations/202202/how-losing-parent-affects-young-children

National Child Traumatic Stress Network. (n.d.). Childhood Traumatic Grief: Information for Parents and Caregivers. Retrieved May 11, 2023, from https://www.nctsn.org/sites/default/files/resources/fact-sheet/childhood_traumatic_grief_information_for_parents_and_caregivers.pdf

Tedx. (April 17, 2019).  Coping with the loss of a parent.
https://youtu.be/fXar1rauNn4

Child Mind Institute (n.d.) Helping Children Cope After a Traumatic Event. Retrieved May 11, 2023, from
https://childmind.org/guide/helping-children-cope-after-a-traumatic-event/

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Traumatic Experience (cause of stress): Bullying in School

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Traumatic Experience (cause of stress): Bullying in School

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Mental Health Problems
-Anxiety
-Depression
-Post Traumatic Stress Disorder

Other Symptoms
-Over responsive to potential threats
-Aggression or anger
-Trouble forming trusting relationships
-Being in a constant state of fear or "fight or flight"

Direct quotes from The National Child Traumatic Stress Network from youth who have experience community violence

I don’t know who to trust anymore.

I’m on edge all the time, like something’s going to happen to me, and I can’t be caught off guard.

I’ll do anything to stay safe. That’s why I carry a gun or knife, like my friends do.

I don’t expect to graduate from school. I’ll probably die young anyway.

I worry most about my little brother and sister getting shot.

My friends say I’m different since the shooting.

Sometimes thoughts pop up in my head, and I’m right back to the night my world changed.

I’m more tempted to get drunk or high to numb it all.

I feel angry even when nobody is messing with me.

I get jumpy or nervous at the smallest things or little sounds.

I just can’t stop thinking about all the violence, how it’s never going to end.

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Strategies can vary for all circumstances but also depending on the age of the child.

In general irrespective of age, after the traumatic event it's important to
-Make the child feel safe
-Maintain routines as much as possible
-Help the children enjoy themselves
-Listen well to the child
-Share information about what happened
-Understand that children cope in different ways and be patient
-Foster emotional support.
-Acknowledge what the child is feeling

You would also like to seek professional help so that the child can connect with a mental health professional  who can offer various therapies such as trauma-focused therapy.

It's also important to monitor the child and keep an eye on behaviour changes which can be communicated to the caregivers and mental health professionals involved.

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Being bullied can have a negative impact on a child's or teen's sense of self, their ability to interact with others, and their academic achievement. It can also result in mental health issues like depression, anxiety, substance abuse, and even suicidal thoughts and actions.

Bullying can manifest physically, emotionally, behaviorally, socially, or academically in children. Bullying may have both immediate and long-term impacts, including:
-stress, anxiety, and depression
-Anger or frustration
-Loneliness and isolation
-Feelings of rejection or poor self-esteem
-Poor relational skills
-School avoidance, including missing or dropping out of school
-Poor academic performance
-Self-injury
-Eating disorders
-Suicidal or homicidal ideas or actions

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Children who have been sexually abused display physical, emotional and behavioral symptoms. Without the right support these symptoms can turn into long term effects.

Behavioral/emotional symptoms
-Anxiety and/or depression
-Difficulty sleeping
-Withdrawn or avoidant behavior
-Afraid of being left alone with certain adults
-Displays aggression or anger
-May have accidents while sleeping

Physical symptoms
-Bruising on body
-Sexually transmitted infection
-Swelling of genital area
-Difficulty or pain when walking, sitting or using toilet

Adolescence Symptoms
-Substance abuse
-Suicidal thoughts
-Low self esteem
-Self-harming
-Avoids social settings

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Children who are victims of emotional abuse may lack confidence, act inappropriately for their age, and struggle to control emotions or maintain relationships.
These symptoms may vary with age as well, in younger children (babies and toddlers) some additional symptoms include being overly affectionate to strangers, or being aggressive/ cruel to other children or animals.
In older children additional signs and symptoms include extreme outbursts, lack of social skills, being isolated from parents, and having few or no friends.

Emotional abuse can also cause behavior such as excessive clinginess, indifference to what happens to them, trying to make people dislike them, participating in risky behavior like stealing and bullying. Victims of emotional abuse also have a higher risk for depression, anxiety, eating disorders, self-harm and struggle with language and forming healthy relationships.

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Strategies for dealing with bullying seem to be divided into two parts. The first part will be to help the child with what they're going through, but secondary to that but no less important is finding out a way to prevent the bullying from happening anymore.

Strategies:
Talk to the child about bullying
-Explain what bullying is
-Listen to what they say
-Let them know they can talk about they're feelings

Let them know who to ask for help
-Suggest they speak to other trusted adults like teachers or counsellors

Help them relax and take time out
-Help the child find activities to make them feel good and stop thinking about the bullying to give them opportunities to help build their confidence.

Talk to the school or club where the bullying is occuring
-Arrange a meeting with the teacher or relevant adult
-Explain and provide evidence of the bullying
-Discuss what actions can be taken to prevent this moving forward.

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https://youtu.be/fXar1rauNn4

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Requiem - Coping With the Loss of a Parent | Adeline Woltkamp | TEDxValenciaHighSchool

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Incorporate social emotional learning into curriculum
-Problem solving
-Decision making
-Emotion management

Peer to peer support
-If you know there is another student or adult who has gone through a similar traumatic event introduce them to one another so they can support each other. Adults can also provide guidance.

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Strategies for prevention:
We as teachers can create an open and safe line of communication between us and students. We can do this by encouraging body positivity, body safety and body boundaries. With younger students you can start discussions about private body parts, their names, where they are located and why they are private. Creating this foundational knowledge will allow conversations about creating and respecting boundaries of body parts.

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Teaching Young Kids About Private Parts - Robin Sax

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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eKGYNXF_X9k

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Philadelphia Department of Public Health

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Understanding the Basic Facts of Child Sexual Abuse

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Why do young people join gangs? And what's being done to detour young people | Race and Culture

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Signs of sexual abuse in children and teenagers. (2023, January 23). Raising Children Network. https://raisingchildren.net.au/school-age/safety/child-sexual-abuse/signs-of-sexual-abuse

Peterson, S. (2018, May 25). Sexual Abuse. The National Child Traumatic Stress Network. https://www.nctsn.org/what-is-child-trauma/trauma-types/sexual-abuse

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Peterson, S. (2018a, May 25). Community Violence. The National Child Traumatic Stress Network. https://www.nctsn.org/what-is-child-trauma/trauma-types/community-violence

The Effects of Community Violence on Child Development | Encyclopedia on Early Childhood Development. (2011, November 1). Encyclopedia on Early Childhood Development. https://www.child-encyclopedia.com/social-violence/according-experts/effects-community-violence-child-development

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National Child Traumatic Stress Network. (n.d.). Effects. Retrieved May 11, 2023, from https://www.nctsn.org/what-is-child-trauma/trauma-types/bullying/effects

National Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children. (n.d.). Bullying and Cyberbullying. Retrieved May 11, 2023, from https://www.nspcc.org.uk/what-is-child-abuse/types-of-abuse/bullying-and-cyberbullying/

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It is important for victims of emotional abuse to have a positive relationship with an adult. This relationship can be established by giving constant affirmations and positive reinforcements in class. Trust can also be formed through care and attentive listening.
Aside from following the laws and procedures mandated by the school and state, teachers can should try to make the process as smooth and comfortable as possible. This can be done by frequent private check-ins with the student, establishing a safe corner/ peace corner when students need to feel safe or when they need additional help.

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There are multiple signs that show a child has been a victim of physical abuse, for example if a child constantly has injuries and avoids explanation or their explanations don't match up.
Some visible physical signs include bruises, broken bones, burns, scars ...etc. Other physical indicators may include bed-wetting, frequent vomiting and diarrhea, headaches, stomachaches, nausea.

These children may suffer from depression, anxiety, seem withdrawn or overly aggressive. They may also be overly compliant, or perform self-destructive actions. They may display behaviors like severe detachment, and have poor social skills.

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Nspcc. “Emotional Abuse.” NSPCC, www.nspcc.org.uk/what-is-child-abuse/types-of-abuse/emotional-abuse/. Accessed 15 May 2023.
Ryan, Sarah. “Six Tips for Teachers Who See Emotional Abuse.” OUPblog, 29 Apr. 2020, blog.oup.com/2020/04/six-tips-for-teachers-who-see-emotional-abuse/.

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Explore our guide on identifying emotional abuse, its impact, and steps for reporting. Get the support you need to protect children from harm.

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In this type of situation teachers can provide support by creating a safe environment, listening to the student, and reassure that what happened was not their fault. It is crucial that these children have not just place where they feel safe and comfortable, but an adult they can trust to talk about what they experienced with.
The teacher should also remember to follow school protocol so the student can get proper help.

The teacher can create a safe space by having an established table or corner in their classroom where students can go when they need to have some time alone or to calm down. The corner can include things like hourglasses, fidget toys, pillows, and stuffed animals. Honesty and trust can also be established with activities like a feelings circle where students are encouraged to share how they feel. For a quieter method teachers can also have a feelings chart in their classroom where students can pin/ write their name under whichever emotion they are feeling.

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“Tips for Teachers - United States Department of Justice.” US Justice Department, www.justice.gov/sites/default/files/defendingchildhood/legacy/2011/09/19/tips-teachers.pdf. Accessed 15 May 2023.
Peterson, Sarah. “About Child Trauma.” The National Child Traumatic Stress Network, 5 Nov. 2018, www.nctsn.org/what-is-child-trauma/about-child-trauma.